VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAVAVI

PROJECT WORK REPORT (21MEP76) ON

“FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM”

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

KHALID AHMED (1SP21ME005)

ASHOK (1SP22ME400)
SRIKANTH (1SP22ME412)
THIRUMALA YADAV GT (1SP22ME413)

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF GUIDE

PROF. RAMESH S. BUJARI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S.E.A. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE)

BENGALURU-560049
 S.E.A. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE)
Bengaluru-560049

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that, Project work entitled "FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING
RACK AND PINION MECHANISM” carried out by KHALID AHMED (1SP21ME005),
ASHOK (1SP22ME400), SRIKANTH (1SP22ME412), THIRUMALA YADAV GT
(1SP22ME413), a bonified students of S.E.A. College of Engineering and Technology, in
partial fulfilment for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2024-
2025. The work as satisfactorily completed and has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements prescribed for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering.

Signature of Coordinator Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Prof. Ramesh S. Bujari Dr. Suresha P Dr. B VENKATA NARAYANA

Examiners: 1)

2)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I thank the Management late Shri A KRISHNAPPA, Chairman SEA College of
Engineering and Technology for Providing Necessary infrastructure and creating good
environment.

I would like to express my profound thanks to our respected principal Dr. B

VENKATANARAYANA for the encouragement and support given by him.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to our respected Dr. Suresha P HOD of Mechanical
Engineering department, for assistance and guidance.

I am thankful for the support rendered by my Project guide and coordinator Mr Ramesh S.Bujari
For his valuable suggestions.

I am also obliged, to the faculty members of ME Department who rendered their valuable
assistance for the Project.

And, I would like to express my heart full gratitude to my parents who have extended their help
throughout my Project.

And finally, I would like to express my heart full gratitude to my friends and all those who have
extended their help throughout my Project.
 DECLARATION

We the below-mentioned students hereby declare that the entire work embodied in the
project report entitled ‘FOOT STEP POWER GENERATOR USING RACK AND
PINION’ has been independently carried out by us under the guidance of Prof
Ramesh S. Bujari Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.E.A College of
Engineering and Technology, Bengaluru, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of Bachelor of Degree in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi.
I further declare that I have not submitted this dissertation either in part or full to any
other university for the award of any degree.

TEAM MEMBERS
SL NAME USN SIGNATURE
NO

1 KHALID AHMED 1SP21ME005

2 THIRUMALA YADAV GT 1SP22ME413

3 SRIKANTH 1SP22ME412

4 ASHOK 1SP22ME400

Place: Bangalore

Date:
 ABSTRACT

The demand for electricity is increasing highly due to advancement of present lifestyle of the
human being. As the arising technology demand more electricity and the population is also
increasing rapidly, so the energy demand is also increasing. This system generates power using
a footstep force. This power generation system serves as a medium to generate electricity using
non-conventional sources i.e. force, it will be stored and used. This project is useful at public
places like railway stations, bridges, at every point of entry and exit. In this mechanical project,
the rack is attached to the top plate where a person can press the plate and down. At the top
shaft, the pinion is attached which is a mate to rack. When a person presses the plate, the pinion
starts rotating at the other end of the shaft. Another gear is attached which is connected to the
bottom shaft by chain drive. The chain rotates the freewheel attached to a bottom shaft, In the
middle of the shaft the flywheel is attached which stores the energy in it at the other end gear is
mate with generator motor which generates the energy. This project will be cost effective and
easy to installed in a populated area like railway station, bus stands and in shopping malls. Our
project is cost effective and easy to implement.
 Table Of Contents
SI NO. Topic Page No
1.0 Introduction 1-2
2.0 Component Selection 3
2.1 Bearing 3-4
2.2 Types of Bearing 5
2.3 Bearing Load Types 5-6
2.4 Applications of Bearings 7
3.0 Rack and Pinion Mechanism 8
3.1 Characteristics of Rack and Pinion 9-10
3.2 Types of Rack and Pinion 11
4.0 Springs 12
4.1 Classification of Springs 12-13
4.2 Materials used for Springs 13
4.3 Applications of Springs 14
5.0 Multi-meter 15
5.1 Key Features and Functions 15-16
6.0 Digital Multi-meter 17-22
6.1 Safety Precautions 22
7.0 Ammeter 23-24
7.1 Purpose of Ammeter 25-26
8.0 Moving Magnet 27
9.0 Electrodynamic 27
10.0 D.C Power Generator 27-29
10.1 Working Principle 30
10.2 Main Components 30
10.3 Types of DC Generators 31
10.4 Advantages 31
10.5 Disadvantages 32
 10.6 Applications 32-33
11 Working Process of Foot-step Power Generation 33-34
12 Advantages of Foot-step Power Generation 34-36
12.1 Disadvantages of FSPG 36-37
13.0 Applications of Foot Step Power Generation 38-49
14.0 Power Generation by Foot Steps Using Rack and Pinion 40-43
Arrangement
15.0 Output Power Calculation 43-44
15.1 Calculations for different Body Masses 44
15.2 Energy consumed overview 45-46
16.0 Challenges and Considerations 46-48
17.1 Future Scope 48-50
18.0 Conclusion 50
19.0 Reference 51
 List of Figures
SI NO. Topic Page no.
Figure 1 Bearing 4
Figure 2 Graph of Spring 4
Figure 3 Bearing Lubrication 6
Figure 4 Rack and Pinion 8
Figure 5 Graph of rack displacement versus pinion angle 9
Figure 6 Motion Conversion 10
Figure 7 Springs 12
Figure 8 Digital Multi-meter 17
Figure 9 Ammeter 23
Figure 10 Graph of Ammeter 24
Figure 11 DC Power Generator 28
Figure 12 Simple graph of simple AC and DC generator 29
Figure 13 Components of DC Power Generator 29
Figure 14 Working Process of Footstep Power Generation 33
Figure 15 Power Generation by using Rack and Pinion Mechanism 40
Figure 16 Graph of Mass vs Power 42
Figure 17 Energy Consumed overview 45
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

1. INTRODUCTION:

In this project the weight which acts on the foot step is used to generate electrical energy.
When a person walks over the foot step, a force acts on the step. One can simply be amazed
by knowing how much energy a person can have just by walking on the floor with normal
speed. Whenever a person walks, manages to lose energy towards the floor by means excess
weight to the floor. Therefore, here we will explain a new technique for electricity
generation. This new technique works on the law of conservation of energy “energy neither
created or nor destroyed it can change its form”. Foot step power generation system is
designed to be very useful at public places like railway station, bus stand, shopping malls
where lot of people keep walking through all day. This entire human vitality being
squandered if can be made workable for usage it will incredible development and group
vitality ranches will be extremely helpful vitality sources in packed nations.

Key Words:

1. Basic Principle

 Converts mechanical energy (from foot pressure) into electrical energy using
mechanisms like piezoelectric materials or mechanical systems with generators.

2. Types of Footstep Power Generation

 Piezoelectric-Based: Uses piezoelectric crystals/materials that generate voltage when

subjected to mechanical stress.

 Electromagnetic-Based: Uses gears, racks, and pinions to drive a generator that

produces electricity.

 Hydraulic Systems: Foot pressure pumps fluid to drive a small turbine connected to
a generator.

3. Components Used

 Piezoelectric sensors/materials (if piezo-based).

 Mechanical assembly (e.g., gears, springs, shafts).

 Generator (to convert motion into electricity).

 Energy Storage: Batteries or capacitors to store generated power.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 1
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Control Circuit: To regulate and manage the electrical output.

4. Applications

 Public Places: Train stations, malls, airports, and sidewalks to generate power from
heavy foot traffic.

 Sports Facilities: Gyms, stadiums, and running tracks.

 Smart Cities: Integration with IoT to power streetlights or sensors.

 Remote Locations: Small-scale power for remote areas without electricity.

5. Advantages

 Clean and Renewable: Generates energy without emissions.

 Low Maintenance: Especially piezoelectric systems.

 Utilizes Wasted Energy: Harvests energy that would otherwise go unused.

 Scalable: Can be applied in high-traffic areas to increase output.

6. Challenges

 Low Energy Output: Energy generated per footstep is small.

 High Initial Cost: Installation and material costs can be high.

 Durability: Components may wear out due to constant mechanical stress.

 Efficiency: Requires optimization to make energy collection cost-effective.

7. Future Scope

 Improved materials (e.g., advanced piezoelectric polymers).

 Integration with smart grids and IoT technologies.

 Enhanced efficiency for widespread adoption in urban infrastructure.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 2
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

2. COMPONENT SELECTION

I. FRAME
• Frame is the foremost supportive element in the system. The frame needs to endure
all the heaviness of the exploratory setup. The power applied on the framework is
conveyed to the four legs.
II. Rod
• A high carbon alloy steel that is EN8/ AISI 1045 was selected as material for rod.
III. Spring
• A spring is characterized as a versatile body, whose capacity is to twist when
stacked and to recuperate its unique shape when burden is expelled. There are many
types of springs but here we used a helical compression spring and there are four
springs used as our requirement.
IV. Rack and pinion
• The gear of a shaft meshes externally and internally with gear in a straight line.
Such type of gear is called rack and pinion gear. The straight-line gear is called a
rack and the circular wheel is called pinion.
V. Flywheel
• A flywheel utilized in machines fills in as a repository which stores vitality amid
the period when the supply of vitality is more than the necessity and discharges it
amid the period when the prerequisite of vitality is more than supply

2.1 BEARING:

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion,
and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis;
or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the
moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings
are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the
directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.

The primary function of a bearing is to facilitate motion between two parts while minimizing
friction and wear. Bearings achieve this by allowing relative motion in one or more
directions—typically rotary or linear—while ensuring smooth motion and maintaining the
position of parts under load.
Bearings can handle different types of motion:

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 3
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Rotational Motion: Bearings that allow parts to rotate around an axis (e.g., ball
bearings, roller bearings).
 Linear Motion: Bearings that guide parts in a straight line (e.g., linear bearings, guide
rails).

Fig.1 Bearing

Fig.2 Graph of Spring

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 4
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

2.2 Types of Bearing:

There are at least 6 common types of bearing, each of which operates on different principles:
I. Plain bearing, consisting of a shaft rotating in a hole. There are several specific
styles: bushing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing, composite
bearing;
II. Ball bearing, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls.
III. Roller bearing, in which the rolling elements are cylindrical, taper or spherical
rollers.
IV. Fluid bearing, a non-contact bearing in which the load is supported by a gas or
liquid (i.e. Air bearing).
V. Magnetic bearing, in which the load is supported by a magnetic field.
VI. Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
Common motions permitted by bearings are:
VII. Radial rotation e.g. shaft rotation;

VI. Ball bearing, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls.
VII. Roller bearing, in which the rolling elements are cylindrical, taper or spherical
rollers.
VIII. Fluid bearing, a non-contact bearing in which the load is supported by a gas or liquid
(i.e. Air bearing).
IX. Magnetic bearing, in which the load is supported by a magnetic field.
X. Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
Common motions permitted by bearings are:
XI. Radial rotation e.g. shaft rotation;
XII. Linear motion e.g. drawer;
XIII. Spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint;
XIV. Hinge motion e.g. door, elbow, knee.

2.3 Bearing Load Types:

Bearings are designed to handle specific types of loads:

 Radial Load: Forces act perpendicular to the shaft (e.g., bicycle wheels).

 Axial (Thrust) Load: Forces act parallel to the shaft (e.g., car transmission shafts).

 Combined Load: Bearings handle both radial and axial forces (e.g., angular contact

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 5
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

bearings).

Types of Bearings (Extended)

1. Ball Bearings: Reduce rotational friction with spherical balls.

2. Roller Bearings: Use cylindrical rollers for higher load capacities.

3. Tapered Roller Bearings: Handle both radial and axial loads efficiently.

4. Spherical Bearings: Accommodate misalignment and heavy loads.

5. Needle Bearings: Compact design for limited space applications.

6. Fluid Bearings: Use liquid or air films for near-zero friction.

7. Magnetic Bearings: Use magnetic levitation to eliminate physical contact.

Bearing Lubrication:

Fig.3 Bearing Lubrication

Lubrication is essential to:

 Minimize friction and wear.

 Dissipate heat generated during operation.

 Prevent rust and corrosion.

Types of lubrication:

 Grease Lubrication: Used in sealed bearings.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 6
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Oil Lubrication: Used in high-speed or high-load applications.

 Self-Lubricating Bearings: Use materials like PTFE or graphite.

Bearing Failure Causes

Common causes of bearing failure include:

 Insufficient Lubrication: Leads to friction and heat buildup.

 Overloading: Exceeds the load capacity of the bearing.

 Contamination: Dirt, dust, or metal particles damage the bearing surfaces.

 Misalignment: Improper shaft alignment causes uneven load distribution.

 Fatigue: Repeated stress leads to surface cracking.

Advancements in Bearings

 Smart Bearings: Equipped with sensors to monitor temperature, speed, and vibration.

 Hybrid Bearings: Combine ceramic and steel components for better performance.

 Maintenance-Free Bearings: Require no lubrication, reducing downtime.

2.4 Applications of Bearings

1. Automotive Industry
 Wheel hubs – Support wheels and reduce friction.
 Gearboxes & Transmissions – Ensure smooth gear shifting.
 Engines & Crankshafts – Support rotating shafts and reduce wear.
 Steering mechanisms – Enable smooth steering movement.
 Electric motors – Reduce friction in motor shafts.

2. Industrial Machinery
 Conveyor systems – Facilitate smooth material transport.
 Pumps & Compressors – Support rotating shafts in fluid movement.
 Textile machines – Ensure precise motion in spinning and weaving.
 Printing presses – Provide smooth roller movement.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 7
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

3. Aerospace & Defence

 Jet engines – Handle high-speed rotating components.
 Landing gear – Absorb impact forces during landing.

3. RACK AND PINION MECHANISM:

Fig.4 Rack and Pinion

The main purpose of rack and pinion is to convert the linear motion into rotary motion. Gear
racks are utilized to convert rotating movement into linear motion. A gear rack has straight
teeth cut into one surface of a square or round section of rod and operates with a pinion,
which is a small cylindrical gear meshing with the gear rack. Generally, gear rack and pinion
are collectively called “rack and pinion”. There are many ways to use gears. For example, as
shown in the picture, a gear is used with the gear rack to rotate a parallel shaft.
It consists of two primary components: the pinion, a small gear, and the rack, a straight gear.
The pinion meshes with the rack, and when the pinion rotates, it moves the rack linearly
along its axis. This mechanism is widely used in steering systems of vehicles, machine tools,
and other applications that require precise linear motion driven by rotary motion

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 8
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Fig.5 Graph of rack displacement versus pinion angle

3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RACK AND PINION

The characteristics of rack and pinion systems in steering are as follows:
1) Simple structure
2) High rigidity
3) Small and lightweight
4) Excellent responsiveness

Basic Components

 Rack: A straight, flat bar with teeth cut along its length.

 Pinion: A circular gear (a small toothed wheel) that meshes with the teeth on the rack.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 9
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Motion Conversion

Fig.6 Motion Conversion

 The pinion rotates, and its teeth engage with the teeth on the rack, causing the rack to
move linearly.

 Conversely, linear motion of the rack can cause rotational motion of the pinion.

Applications of Rack pinion

 Steering Systems: Commonly used in automobile steering for precise control.

 Lifting Mechanisms: In lifts, actuators, and cranes for linear motion.

 Linear Actuators: For CNC machines and robotics to control linear movement.

 Measuring Systems: Linear encoders that use rack and pinion for displacement
measurements.

Advantages of Rack pinion

 Simplicity: Simple design with fewer components.

 Precision: Offers accurate and repeatable linear motion.

 Efficiency: Minimal friction losses when well-lubricated.

 Compact: Requires less space for motion conversion compared to other systems.

 Versatility: Can work with manual or powered systems (e.g., motors).

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 10
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Disadvantages of Rack pinion

 Wear and Tear: High contact forces between teeth lead to wear over time.

 Lubrication Requirement: Continuous lubrication is needed for smooth operation.

 Load Limitations: Not suitable for very heavy loads without significant reinforcement.

Design Features

 Tooth Profile: Typically, straight teeth or helical teeth. Helical teeth reduce noise
and provide smoother operation.

 Material: Made from steel, aluminium, or reinforced plastics depending on the

application and load requirements.

 Pitch: The distance between adjacent teeth of the rack or pinion. Determines the
smoothness of motion.

3.2 Types of Rack and Pinion

1. Straight Tooth Rack and Pinion: Simple and cost-effective; used in general
applications.

2. Helical Rack and Pinion: Helically cut teeth for smoother, quieter operation; used for
precision applications.

Key Parameters

 Module: Defines the size of the teeth.

 Pressure Angle: Affects the force transmission and contact characteristics (common
angles are 14.5°, 20°).

 Length of Rack: Determines the total linear motion range.

 Number of Teeth on Pinion: Affects the rotational speed and linear travel per rotation.

For Finding Module (m):

 Defines the size of the teeth on both the rack and pinion.

 Larger module = larger teeth (used for heavy loads), smaller module = smaller teeth
(precision systems).

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 11
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

4. SPRINGS:

Fig.7 Springs

Springs can store energy when compressed. In everyday use the term often refers to coil
springs, but there are many different spring designs. Modern springs are typically
manufactured from spring steel. An example of a non-metallic spring is the bow, made
traditionally of flexible yew wood, which when drawn stores energy to propel an arrow.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being spring steel.
Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from
annealed steel and hardened after manufacture. Some non-ferrous metals are also used,
including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance, and low-
resistance beryllium copper for springs carrying electrical current.

4.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPRINGS

a) Tension/extension spring
The spring is designed to operate with a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is
applied to it.
b) Compression spring

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 12
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Designed to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is applied
to it.
c) Torsion spring
Unlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring
is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is
applied.

d) Constant spring
Supported load remains the same throughout deflection cycle.
e) Variable spring
Resistance of the coil to load varies during compression.
f) Variable stiffness spring
Resistance of the coil to load can be dynamically varied for example by the control system,
some types of these springs also vary their length thereby providing actuation capability as
well. They can also be classified based on their shape.

g) Flat spring
Made of a flat spring steel.
h) Machined spring
Manufactured by machining bar stock with a lathe and/or milling operation rather than a
coiling operation. Since it is machined, the spring may incorporate features in addition to the
elastic element. Machined springs can be made in the typical load cases of
compression/extension, torsion, etc.

i) Serpentine spring
A zig-zag of thick wire, often used in modern upholstery/furniture.
j) Garter spring
A coiled steel spring that is connected at each end to create a circular shape.

4.2 Materials Used for Springs

 High Carbon Steel: Common for most springs due to elasticity.

 Stainless Steel: Offers corrosion resistance.

 Alloy Steel: Used for heavy loads and high performance.

 Phosphor Bronze: Used in electrical applications for conductivity.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 13
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Titanium: Lightweight and strong for aerospace applications.

4.3 Applications of Springs

 Automotive: Suspension systems, clutches, and brakes.

 Mechanical Devices: Clocks, valves, and ballpoint pens.

 Electronics: Battery contacts, connectors.

 Industrial Machines: Shock absorbers, vibration isolators.

 Aerospace: Landing gear systems.

Advantages:

 Simple and reliable operation

 Efficient energy storage and release.

 Cost-effective and durable.

 Compact design for various applications.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity
Spring can be complicated and have a steep learning curve. It has many variables and
options, which can be confusing and lead to delays.

 Configuration
Spring can be time-consuming to configure from scratch for each project.

 Documentation
Spring documentation may not provide enough guidance on how to deal with threats
like cross-site request forgery (XSS).

Limitations of Springs

 May fail due to fatigue from repeated use.

 Corrosion can weaken the material over time.

 Limited force output based on material and design.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 14
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

5. MULTI-METER:

A digital multimeter is an instrument that provides functionality for making basic

measurements of electric circuits, from current to voltage and resistance.
A multimeter (also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter, volt-ohmmeter or VOM) is a measuring
instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. A typical multimeter can measure
voltage, resistance, and current, in which case can be used as a voltmeter, ammeter, and
ohmmeter. It can measure voltage, current, and resistance—hence the name "multimeter."

Types of Multimeters:
1. Analog Multimeter:

o Uses a needle and scale to indicate measurements.

o It works based on a moving coil meter, where the needle moves according to
the measured electrical value.

o Analog meters are less accurate but are often used for observing trends in
fluctuating signals (like AC voltages).

2. Digital Multimeter (DMM):

o Displays measurements in numerical form on a digital screen (LCD or LED).

o Digital multimeters are more accurate and easier to read than analogue ones.

o They offer additional features like auto-ranging, data hold, and higher precision.

5.1 Key Features and Functions of a Multimeter:

1. Voltage Measurement (Voltmeter Function):

o A multimeter can measure DC (Direct Current) and AC (Alternating

Current) voltages.

o To measure voltage, the multimeter is connected across two points in a circuit

(in parallel), and the result is displayed in volts (V).

o The range can be adjusted to measure low or high voltages depending on the
type of circuit.

2. Current Measurement (Ammeter Function):

o The multimeter can measure the flow of electric current, either DC or AC.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 15
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

o To measure current, the multimeter is connected in series with the circuit,

meaning the current flows through the multimeter.

o It can measure small currents (milliamps) to large currents (amperes),

depending on the multimeter's range and capability.

3. Resistance Measurement (Ohmmeter Function):

o Multimeters can measure resistance in a circuit or component, displayed in

ohms (Ω).

o It works by applying a small voltage and measuring how much current flows
through the component to calculate resistance.

o This function is useful for testing the integrity of components like resistors,
wiring, and switches.

Other Features:

 Diode Testing: Many multimeters have a built-in diode test function to check whether
a diode is working properly by checking its forward voltage drop.

 Continuity Testing: A common feature that checks for short circuits or continuity in
a circuit. It typically gives an audible beep if the circuit is complete (closed).

 Capacitance Measurement: Some digital multimeters can measure capacitance in

capacitors.

 Frequency Measurement: Certain models can measure the frequency of AC signals

in hertz (Hz).

How to Use a Multimeter:

1. Voltage Measurement: Set the multimeter to the appropriate voltage range (AC or
DC), then connect the probes across the points where you need to measure the voltage.

2. Current Measurement: Set the multimeter to the appropriate current range (AC or
DC), then break the circuit at the point where you need to measure current, and connect
the multimeter in series with the load.

3. Resistance Measurement: Set the multimeter to the resistance (Ω) setting and connect
the probes across the component (e.g., resistor) or part of the circuit to measure
resistance.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 16
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

6. DIGITAL MULTI-METER:

Fig.8 Digital Multi-Meter

Digital instruments, which necessarily incorporate amplifiers, use the same principles as
analog instruments for resistance readings. For resistance measurements, usually a small
constant current is passed through the device under test and the digital multimeter reads the
resultant voltage drop; this eliminates the scale compression found in analog meters, but
requires a source of precise current. An auto ranging digital multimeter can automatically
adjust the scaling network so the measurement circuits use the full precision of the A/D
converter.

Functions:

 Voltage Measurement: Measures both AC (alternating current) and DC (direct

current) voltage.
 Current Measurement: Measures the current in a circuit, both in AC and DC.

 Resistance Measurement: Measures the resistance of components or circuits.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 17
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Additional Functions: Some models also measure capacitance, frequency,

continuity, temperature, and diode testing.

Display:

 LCD Screen: Most digital multimeters have an LCD display to show the
measurement readings, making them easier to read than analog meters.
 Accuracy: The readings are typically more precise than analog multimeters due to the
digital nature of the display.

Input Selection:

 A rotary dial or buttons to select different measurement types and ranges (voltage,
current, resistance, etc.).
 Some models feature auto-ranging that automatically selects the correct range for the
measurement.

Probes:

 The device comes with two probes: a red (positive) probe and a black (negative or
common) probe.
 These probes are connected to the multimeter and the test points in the circuit.

Safety Features:

 Most digital multimeters have built-in fuses to protect against overloads.

 Many models have voltage alerts and overload indicators to prevent incorrect
readings and damage.

Accuracy:

 Accuracy is typically indicated as a percentage, e.g., ±(0.5%+2), which tells you how
precise the measurements will be.
 High-end multimeters offer more precision and better tolerance levels for industrial

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 18
 FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Types of Digital Multimeters:

 Basic Models: Offer basic measurements such as voltage, current, and resistance.

 Advanced Models: Can measure more complex parameters like capacitance, temperature,
and frequency, often with higher accuracy and additional features like data logging or
Bluetooth connectivity.

Power Source:

 Powered by batteries (typically 9V or AA).

 Some models also have an auto-off feature to save battery when not in use.

Applications:

 Used by professionals and hobbyists in various fields such as electrical work,

electronics, automotive diagnostics, and troubleshooting.

 Essential for tasks like testing batteries, checking fuses, diagnosing faulty wiring, or
troubleshooting circuit boards.

Units of Measurement:

 Voltage (V): Measured in volts.

 Current (A): Measured in amperes.

 Resistance (Ω): Measured in ohms.

Calibration: Digital multimeters may require periodic calibration for accuracy, especially
in precision measurement applications.
Temperature Measurement: Many DMMs include a temperature probe that allows
for temperature measurements, usually in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F).

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 19
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Working Principle
 It operates based on Ohm’s Law: V=IRV=IR.

 The device detects the current flow through a low-resistance path (shunt
resistance).

Construction
 Coil and Magnet: In analog ammeters, a moving coil in a magnetic field detects
current.

 Shunt Resistor: Provides a bypass path to allow high current flow while protecting
the meter.

 Digital Components: Digital ammeters use sensors (e.g., Hall-effect sensors) and
ADC (Analog to Digital Converters).

Types of Ammeters
 Analog Ammeter: Uses mechanical movement (e.g., moving coil).

 Digital Ammeter: Displays current readings numerically.

 AC Ammeter: Measures alternating current.

 DC Ammeter: Measures direct current.

 Clamp Ammeter: Measures current without breaking the circuit by clamping around
a conductor.

Key Features
 Low Internal Resistance: Ensures minimal voltage drop across the meter.

 Series Connection: Always connected in series in the circuit to measure current.

 Range Selection: Some ammeters allow users to select different ranges for
measurement.

Applications
 Measuring current in electrical circuits.
 Testing batteries, motors, and power supplies.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 20
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Used in laboratories, industries, and electronic devices.

Advantages
 Provides accurate current measurement.
 Digital ammeters are easy to read and reliable.
 Portable and versatile for different applications.

Disadvantages:

1. Limited Measurement Range

 Issue: Digital multimeters have a limited measurement range, especially for very
high voltages or currents.

 Explanation: DMMs typically come with a set of predefined ranges for different
measurements. If the measurement exceeds these limits, the meter could either give
an inaccurate reading or, in some cases, be damaged.

2. Requires Proper Calibration

 Issue: Digital multimeters can lose accuracy over time and may need regular
calibration.

 Explanation: While DMMs are generally accurate, they can drift due to factors like
aging of components or environmental influences. Calibration is necessary to
maintain measurement accuracy, which can be time-consuming and costly.

3. Sensitivity to Overload

 Issue: Digital multimeters are generally more sensitive to overload compared to

analog meters.

 Explanation: Applying a voltage or current beyond the meter's rated capacity can
permanently damage the internal circuits or sensors, especially if the overload
protection is not working.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 21
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Limitations:
 High current can damage the meter if not handled properly.

 Requires series connection, which may interrupt the circuit.

 Analog ammeters are prone to parallax errors.

6.1 Safety Precautions:

1. Proper Connection
 Always connect an ammeter in series with the circuit to avoid short circuits.
 Never connect an ammeter directly across a voltage source, as it has very low internal
resistance and may cause high current flow.

2. Voltage and Current Ratings

 Check the maximum current rating of the ammeter before using it to prevent damage.
 Use an appropriate range selector switch to choose the correct range before
measurement.

3. Handling and Probes

 Use properly insulated probes to avoid electric shock.
 Hold probes by their insulated handles and avoid touching metal parts.

4. Circuit Power Safety

 Always switch off the circuit before connecting or disconnecting the ammeter.
 Ensure no live wires are exposed when inserting the ammeter into a circuit.
5. Fuse and Protection
 Use an ammeter with an inbuilt fuse to protect against overcurrent.
 If the fuse blows, replace it with the same rating to avoid equipment damage.

6. Avoid Overloading
 Start with the highest current range and then switch to lower ranges as needed.
 Avoid using an ammeter in high-power circuits without proper knowledge.

7. Environment and Storage

 Keep the ammeter away from moisture and flammable materials.
 Store it in a dry place to prevent damage to internal component.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 22
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

7. AMMETER:

Fig.9 Ammeter

An ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current

in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct
measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to
be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant
voltage drop in the circuit being measured.

Key Features of an Ammeter:

1. Measurement Unit: The primary unit used by an ammeter is amperes (A).

Depending on the design, it can measure currents in different subunits, like milliamps
(mA) or microamps (µA), which are typically used for measuring smaller currents.

2. Types of Ammeters:

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 23
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

o Analog Ammeter: This type uses a moving coil mechanism. It has a needle
that moves across a calibrated scale to show the value of the current. The
movement of the needle is proportional to the amount of current passing
through the device.
o Digital Ammeter: This type uses electronic circuits to measure current and
display the value in digital form, typically on an LCD or LED screen. Digital
ammeters provide more accurate readings and are often used in modern
electronic devices.

3. How It Works:

o When connected in series with a circuit, the ammeter allows the current to pass
through it.

o It has very low resistance to ensure that it does not significantly alter the
current flowing through the circuit.

o The current flowing through the ammeter generates a magnetic field (in the
case of analog meters) or directly impacts the digital sensor, which is then
converted to a current reading.

Fig.10 Graph of Ammeter

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 24
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

7.1 Purpose of Ammeter

 The main function of an ammeter is to measure the current (in amperes) flowing
through an electrical circuit. This current can be either direct current (DC) or
alternating current (AC), depending on the type of ammeter.

Types of Ammeters

 Analog Ammeter: Uses a moving coil or moving iron mechanism with a needle
pointer on a calibrated scale to display the current.

 Digital Ammeter: Displays the current value in numerical form using an electronic
display, such as an LED or LCD screen.

Measurement Unit

 The unit of measurement for current is the ampere (A), and ammeters are calibrated
to display readings in amperes.
Construction

 Analog Ammeter: Typically consists of a coil of wire (moving coil or moving iron)
and a needle that moves across a calibrated scale.

 Digital Ammeter: Uses sensors, such as a shunt resistor or Hall effect sensor, to detect
the current and then convert it to a readable value on a digital display.

Connection to the Circuit

 An ammeter is always connected in series with the component or section of the circuit
whose current is being measured. This ensures that the entire current flows through
the ammeter for accurate measurement.

Internal Resistance+

 Ammeters are designed to have low internal resistance to avoid affecting the circuit's

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 25
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

current flow. A high internal resistance could alter the current in the circuit and give
inaccurate readings.
Current Range

 Ammeters typically have a range of measurement, which may be adjustable in some

models. For example, an ammeter might have multiple ranges to measure small
currents (milliampere range) or large currents (ampere range).

Overload Protection

 Most ammeters are equipped with an overload protection feature, such as a fuse or a
circuit breaker, to prevent damage in case the current exceeds the maximum range of
the ammeter.

Accuracy and Calibration

 The accuracy of an ammeter is determined by how precisely it measures current.

Digital ammeters are usually more accurate than analogue ones. Calibration is
necessary to ensure that the ammeter gives correct readings over time.

Applications

 Electric Circuits: To monitor and control current flow in electrical circuits.

 Power Systems: To measure current in power transmission lines and transformers.

 Testing and Troubleshooting: Used in laboratories and repair work to check the
current in electrical components.

Safety Considerations

 Care must be taken when using ammeters, especially with high current circuits, as
improper connection or overload can lead to damage or electrical hazards.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 26
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

8. Moving magnet:

Moving magnet ammeters operate on essentially the same principle as moving coil, except
that the coil is mounted in the meter case, and a permanent magnet moves the needle.
Moving magnet Ammeters are able to carry larger currents than moving coil instruments,
often several tens of Amperes, because the coil can be made of thicker wire and the current
does not have to be carried by the hairsprings. Indeed, some Ammeters of this type do not
have hairsprings at all, instead using a fixed permanent magnet to provide the restoring
force.

9. Electrodynamic:

An electrodynamic ammeter uses an electromagnet instead of the permanent magnet of the

arsenal movement. This instrument can respond to both alternating and direct current and
also indicates true RMS for AC. See Wattmeter for an alternative use for this instrument.

Electric and Magnetic Fields:

 Electric Fields (E): Arise from electric charges and exert force on other charges.

 Magnetic Fields (B): Generated by moving electric charges (currents) or changing

electric fields.

 Both fields are interdependent and combine to form the electromagnetic field.

10. D C Power Generator

A DC generator is an electrical machine whose main function is to convert mechanical
energy into electricity. When the conductor slashes magnetic flux, an emf will be generated
based on the electromagnetic induction principle of Faraday's Laws.
A DC generator operates on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that
when a conductor (such as a coil of wire) moves through a magnetic field, an electromotive
force (EMF) or voltage is induced across the conductor. This induced voltage is what generates
the current in the external circuit.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 27
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Fig.11 DC Power Generator

In a DC generator, the mechanical energy (typically from a rotating mechanical source, like
an engine or turbine) is used to turn a coil inside a magnetic field. The movement of the
coil through the magnetic field generates an electric current. The basic components
involved in the operation are:
 Armature: The rotating part of the generator (typically a coil of wire) that moves
through the magnetic field and produces electricity.

 Field Windings or Permanent Magnets: These create a constant magnetic field

through which the armature rotates.

 Commutator: A rotary switch that reverses the direction of current flow in the
armature, ensuring that the output remains in one direction (DC).

 Brushes: Conductive materials (typically carbon) that maintain electrical contact with
the rotating commutator to allow the current to flow to the external circuit.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 28
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Fig.12 Simple Graph simple dc and ac-generator

Fig.13 Components of DC Power Generator

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 29
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

10.1 Working Principle:

The operation of a DC generator is based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction:

"When a conductor cuts a magnetic field, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in it."
In a DC generator:

1. A coil rotates in a magnetic field (provided by field magnets).

2. As the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic lines of force, inducing an EMF in the coil.

3. Using a commutator, the alternating current (AC) induced in the coil is converted
into direct current (DC).

10.2 Main Components of a DC Generator:

1. Field Windings or Magnets
 Produces the stationary magnetic field.

 Can be permanent magnets or electromagnets.

2. Armature
 The rotating part of the generator.
 A coil of wire wound around an iron core that cuts through the magnetic field.

3. Commutator
 A split-ring device connected to the armature.

 Converts the induced alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) by
reversing the connection of the coil every half cycle.

4. Brushes
 Stationary carbon contacts that press against the rotating commutator.
 Allow the current to flow out of the generator.

5. Shaft
 Transfers mechanical power to rotate the armature.

6. Frame
 The structure that supports the generator components.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 30
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

10.3 Types of DC Generators:

1. Separately Excited DC Generator

 The field winding is powered by an external source.

2. Self-Excited DC Generator

 The generator uses its own output to power the field windings.
 Types:

 Shunt-Wound Generator: Field windings connected in parallel with

the armature.

 Series-Wound Generator: Field windings connected in series with the

armature.

 Compound-Wound Generator: Combination of shunt and series

windings.

10.4 Advantages of DC Power Generator:

1. Simple Design:
 DC generators have a straightforward design with fewer components, making
them easier to operate and maintain.

2. Reliable Power Output:

 Provides a stable and continuous DC power output, which is suitable for low-
voltage applications.

3. Ease of Voltage Regulation:

 The output voltage of DC generators can be easily adjusted with field
windings.

4. Portability:
 Small DC generators are lightweight and portable, making them ideal for
mobile or remote applications.

5. Direct Connection to DC Loads:

 DC generators can directly supply batteries, DC motors, and electronic

devices without requiring conversion.

6. Good for Battery Charging:

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 31
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 They are commonly used for battery charging applications due to the direct
DC output.

7. Efficient for Short-Distance Power Supply:

 DC power experiences minimal energy losses over short transmission
distances.

10.5 Disadvantages of DC Power Generator:

1. High Maintenance:

 DC generators have brushes and commutators that experience wear and tear,
requiring frequent maintenance.

2. Lower Efficiency:
 Compared to AC generators, DC generators are less efficient due to losses in
the commutator and brushes.

3. Limited Power Output:

 DC generators are not suitable for large-scale power generation.

4. Shorter Lifespan:
 Mechanical parts like brushes and commutators reduce the lifespan of DC
generators.

5. Higher Cost:
 DC generators can be costlier to manufacture and maintain compared to AC
generators.

6. Transmission Losses Over Long Distances:

 DC power suffers significant energy losses during long-distance

transmission, making it impractical for large-scale power distribution.

7. Complex Construction for High Voltage:

 Generating high-voltage DC power requires more complex equipment and
insulation.

10.6 Applications of DC Generators:

Although DC generators were widely used in the past, especially in applications
requiring a stable DC power supply, they are now largely replaced by AC generators
and other modern power generation systems. However, DC generators still have

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 32
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

specific uses in:

 Battery Charging: DC generators are used for charging batteries in various systems,
such as backup power supplies and renewable energy storage.

 Electroplating: DC power is often required in electroplating processes where metal

ions are reduced onto a surface.

 Small-scale Applications: DC generators are still used in some specialized industrial

applications, such as small power supplies, low-voltage equipment, or motor drives.

 Communication Systems: In earlier telecommunications infrastructure, DC

generators were used to provide power to radio transmitters, communication systems,
and remote-control equipment. Even today, in places where DC power is needed for
long-distance communication, DC generators are still used.

 Transportation Systems:

Railroad Systems: In the past, DC generators were used to power lighting, air
conditioning, and other electrical systems in trains.

Automotive Applications: Older vehicles (especially trucks and buses) used DC

generators (also called dynamos) to charge the vehicle’s battery.

11. WORKING PROCESS OF FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION:

Fig.14 Working Process Of Footstep Power Generation

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 33
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Working Process:

A. When a person moves from a foot step power generation system the plates move
downward direction due to force is applied on the plate by virtue of impressing on
the plate the force spring gets compressed.

B. The rack here moves vertically downward.

C. When the rack moves pinion will have engaged with the rack gear results in circular
motion of the pinion gear.
D. For one full compression the pinion moves 1 half circle.
E. When the force will have removed on the plate the pinion reverses and moves another
half circle.
F. The dynamo attached to the pinion hence result in the sinusoidal wave form (for single
dynamo).
G. Then, in this result energy produced will stored on battery for used.
H. There is a small led light placed near the base.
I. There are two terminals connected to the led light.
J. The two terminals are connected to a tachometer which shows how much power is
produced.
K. The purpose of flywheel is to store the energy produced and send it to the battery.
L. It produces more noise. It consists many mechanical moving parts.

12. ADVANTAGES OF FOOT-STEP POWER GENERATION:

1. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Source

 Utilizes human movement, which is an unlimited energy source.

 Can continuously generate electricity in high-footfall areas.

2. Environmentally Friendly

 Zero carbon emissions – Does not contribute to pollution.

 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels and conventional electricity sources.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 34
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

3. Energy Generation in Crowded Areas

 Public places like railway stations, airports, and stadiums have high foot traffic.

 Ideal for locations where solar or wind energy is not feasible.

4. Low Maintenance

 Once installed, it requires minimal maintenance compared to other energy sources.

 No moving parts (in piezoelectric systems), reducing wear and tear.

5. Space-Efficient

 Utilizes existing walking areas, requiring no additional land.

 Can be integrated into flooring in malls, stations, and schools.

6. Cost-Effective in the Long Run

 After the initial investment, it provides free energy with little maintenance.

 Reduces electricity bills for public spaces and commercial areas.

7. Independent & Off-Grid Power Source

 Useful in remote areas without access to electricity.

 Can provide power for emergency lighting, signage, or small electronic devices.

8. Scalable & Customizable

 Can be installed in various sizes and adapted for different locations.

 Works with other renewable sources like solar panels for hybrid energy systems.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 35
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

9. Can Store Energy for Later Use

 Can be connected to batteries or capacitors to store power.

 Helps in providing backup power during emergencies.

10. Raises Awareness About Green Energy

 Encourages people to participate in energy conservation.

 Creates interest in sustainable energy solutions among students and researchers.

11. Suitable for Various Applications

 Can power LED streetlights, display boards, charging stations, and more.
 Useful in airports, railway stations, schools, hospitals, and gyms.

12.1 DIS-ADVANTAGES OF FOOT-STEP POWER GENERATION:

1. Low Energy Output

 The amount of energy generated per step is very small, typically in milliwatts or a few
watts.

 Requires a large number of footsteps to generate a meaningful amount of electricity.

2. High Initial Cost

 Installation of piezoelectric or electromagnetic generators is expensive.

 Custom-designed flooring materials and wiring add to the cost.

3. Limited Efficiency

 Energy conversion efficiency is low compared to other renewable sources like solar or
wind power.

 Some energy is lost in the form of heat and mechanical friction.

4. Durability & Maintenance Issues

 Continuous foot traffic can lead to wear and tear of the power-generating units.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 36
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Regular maintenance is needed to keep the system functional.

 Components like piezoelectric plates may degrade over time.

5. Space Requirement

 Needs a large surface area to generate significant power.

 Not suitable for low-footfall areas.

6. Weather & Environmental Constraints

 Moisture and dust can reduce system performance.

 Outdoor installations may require protective measures.

7. Energy Storage Challenges

 Batteries or capacitors are needed to store and regulate power.

 Storage systems increase the overall cost and require maintenance.

8. Not a Primary Energy Source

 Cannot replace conventional energy sources like electricity grids, solar, or wind power.

 Works best as a supplementary power source rather than a primary one.

9. Complexity in Design & Implementation

 Requires careful integration with existing infrastructure.

 Installation in public places needs government approvals and safety considerations.

10. Impact on Walking Comfort

 Some footstep power generation materials may feel hard or uneven underfoot.

 May affect walking experience in public spaces like malls and train stations.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 37
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

13. APPLICATIONS OF FOOT-STEP POWER GENERATION:

1.Public Places & Infrastructure

 Footpaths & Pavements – Generates electricity from pedestrian movement.

 Bus Stops & Railway Stations – Powers lighting, display boards, and ticketing
machines.

 Airports – Helps in emergency lighting and passenger information displays.

3. Smart Cities & Urban Development

 Smart Footpaths – Contributes to powering streetlights and surveillance cameras.

 Shopping malls & Markets – Reduces dependency on conventional power.

 Theme Parks & Tourist Spots – Provides sustainable energy for attractions.

4. Sports & Fitness Facilities

 Gyms & Treadmills – Converts workout energy into usable electricity.

 Stadiums & Running Tracks – Helps power LED screens and speakers.

5. Educational Institutions

 Schools & Colleges – Students' footsteps can generate power for classrooms and
corridors.

 University Campuses – Supports green initiatives and research projects.

6. Commercial & Industrial Use

 Workplaces & Factories – Employees’ movements can generate power for small
electrical loads.

 Warehouses & Logistic Centers – Converts energy from worker and forklift
movement.

7. Rural Electrification & Sustainable Energy

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 38
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Villages & Remote Areas – Provides an alternative power source for basic lighting
and phone charging.
 Agricultural Farms – Can be used for small-scale irrigation systems.

8. Healthcare & Emergency Services

 Hospitals & Clinics – Helps in energy backup for monitoring systems.

 Disaster Relief Camps – Provides power in areas lacking electricity after natural
calamities.

9. Military & Defense Applications

 Army Training Centers – Can generate power from soldier movements.

 Border Posts & Remote Bases – Provides sustainable energy in isolated locations.

10. Entertainment & Event Management

 Concerts & Festivals – Audience movements can generate electricity.

 Dance Floors & Clubs – Energy from dancing can power lights and sound systems.

11. Transportation Hubs

 Metro Stations & Subways – Passengers’ footsteps can power escalators and digital
boards.

 Highways & Pedestrian Bridges – Can generate power for streetlights and traffic
signals.

Other Applications:

 Emergency Power Supply: Foot-powered generators can provide backup power in

emergencies, particularly in remote areas where electricity is unavailable or during
power outages.

 Portable Energy Source for Outdoor Activities: They can be used in camping,
hiking, or trekking, where people need a small, lightweight generator to charge devices
such as phones, GPS units, or radios.

 Mobile Charging Devices: Foot-powered generators can be used to charge small

electronics, such as cell phones, tablets, or lights, by generating power as you walk or
pedal, making them ideal for people on the go or during outdoor activities.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 39
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

14. POWER GENERATION BY FOOT STEPS USING RACK AND

PINION ARRANGEMENT:

Fig.15 Power Generation By Using Rack And Pinion Mechanism

This process involves number of simple setups that is installed under the walking platform.
When People Walk on this platform their body weight compresses the setup which rotates
a dynamo and current is produced. Greater movement of people will generate more power.
This whole human energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great
invention and power producing platform will be very useful energy sources in crowed
countries. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion
is very much important. The generated power can be stored by batteries, and it will be used
for slighting the building. The concept you're referring to is a human-powered energy
generation system that harnesses the kinetic energy produced by human locomotion
(specifically walking or running). This type of energy harvesting system can be a sustainable
and innovative way to generate electricity, particularly in high-foot-traffic areas such as
crowded urban centers, public spaces, or transportation hubs. Let's delve deeper into how it
works, its potential applications, and its advantages and challenges.

 Compression of the System: As a person walks, their foot applies pressure to a set
of mechanical components placed under the walking surface, such as a pressure pad,
spring, or piezoelectric material. This action causes the mechanical components to

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 40
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

compress.

 Energy Conversion: The pressure from the foot’s impact can be used to rotate a
generator (often a dynamo or a small turbine). The motion from the compression can
drive the rotation of the generator, converting the mechanical energy (from foot
traffic) into electrical energy.

 Electricity Generation: The rotational energy of the dynamo produces alternating

current (AC) or direct current (DC). This electricity can be stored in batteries or
used directly for power applications.

Advancement:

1. Efficiency Considerations:

 The efficiency of power generation depends on factors such as:

 Friction between the rack and pinion.
 The load-bearing capacity of the system.
 Mechanical losses in the system (e.g., bearings, shaft, and gear teeth).

2. Gear Ratio and Power Output:

 By altering the gear ratio (size of pinion relative to the rack), the rotational
speed (RPM) of the generator shaft can be increased. Higher RPM increases
the electrical output of the generator.
 However, a higher gear ratio may require more force or displacement to move
the rack.

3. Energy Optimization:

 Use of high-efficiency bearings and low-friction materials for the rack and
pinion ensures minimal energy loss.

 Incorporating a flywheel on the generator shaft helps smooth out rotational

motion and improve energy generation consistency.

4. Regenerative Design:

 The system can be designed to capture bidirectional movement of the rack.

For example:
 When the rack moves forward, the pinion rotates in one direction.

 When the rack moves backward (or is reset), a ratchet

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 41
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

mechanism or freewheel clutch can allow the pinion to rotate

continuously in the same direction, maximizing power generation.

5. Load Analysis:
 Structural analysis of the rack and pinion is critical to ensure it withstands
applied forces, especially in footstep power generation systems where the
loadvaries with user weight.

Fig.16 Graph of Mass vs Power

This graph compares the mass applied (Kg) against the generator power output (W) for
both theoretical and experimental results. The x-axis represents different mass ranges (15-19
Kg, 20-24 Kg, etc.), while the y-axis shows the power output in watts.
Observations
1. Theoretical vs Experimental Results:

 Blue bars represent theoretical values of generator power.

 Orange bars represent experimental values of generator power.
 For most mass ranges, the theoretical power exceeds the experimental power,
except at the 55-59 Kg range, where the experimental power slightly exceeds
the theoretical power.

2. Trend:

 As the applied mass increases, the power output also increases for both
theoretical and experimental values.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 42
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 This shows a positive correlation between applied mass and generator power.

3. Discrepancies:

 The differences between theoretical and experimental values are more

prominent at lower mass ranges (e.g., 15-19 Kg and 20-24 Kg).
 At higher mass ranges (e.g., 50-54 Kg and 55-59 Kg), the experimental values
closely match or slightly exceed the theoretical predictions.

15. OUTPUT POWER CALCULATION:

Where:

 g=9.81g = 9.81g=9.81 m/s² (acceleration due to gravity)

 Distance travelled d=0.08d = 0.08d=0.08 m

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 43
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Time t=60t = 60t=60 sec

15.1 Calculations for different body masses:

1. For 50 kg

 Force = 50×9.81=490.550 \times 9.81 = 490.550×9.81=490.5 N

 Work done = 490.5×0.08=39.24490.5 \times 0.08 = 39.24490.5×0.08=39.24 J

 Output Power = 39.2460=0.654\frac {39.24}{60} = 0.6546039.24=0.654 Watts

2. For 75 kg

 Force = 75×9.81=735.7575 \times 9.81 = 735.7575×9.81=735.75 N

 Work done = 735.75×0.08=58.86735.75 \times 0.08 = 58.86735.75×0.08=58.86 J

 Output Power = 58.8660=0.981\frac {58.86}{60} = 0.9816058.86=0.981 Watts

3. For 100 kg

 Force = 100×9.81=981100 \times 9.81 = 981100×9.81=981 N

 Work done = 981×0.08=78.48981 \times 0.08 = 78.48981×0.08=78.48 J

 Output Power = 78.4860=1.308\frac {78.48}{60} = 1.3086078.48=1.308 Watts

4. For 120 kg:

 Force = 120 × 9.81 = 1177.2 N

 Work Done = 1177.2 × 0.08 = 94.176 J

 Output Power = 94.176 / 60 = 1.569 W

15.2 Energy Consumed in 2013:

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 44
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Fig.17 Energy Consumed in 2013

The chart presents total world energy consumption by source for the year 2013, breaking it
into major categories: Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, and Renewable Energy. Let’s break it down:
Key Observations:

Breakdown of Renewable Energy:

The right pie chart further divides the 19% Renewable Energy into specific sources. The key
contributors include:

1. Traditional Biomass (9%)

 This includes burning wood, crop residues, or animal waste, often in
developing regions.
 It is the largest contributor within the renewable sector.

2. Hydropower (3.8%)
 Energy generated from flowing water, such as dams and rivers.

3. Bio-heat (2.6%)
 Heating energy from biofuels like wood pellets or biogas.

4. Wind (0.39%)
 Energy generated using wind turbines.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 45
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

5. Solar Energy
 Solar Heating/Cooling: 0.16%
 Solar PV (Photovoltaics): 0.077%
 Solar CSP (Concentrated Solar Power): 0.0039%

6. Geothermal Energy
 Geothermal Heat: 0.061%
 Geothermal Electricity: 0.049%

7. Ocean Power (0.00078%)

 A very small contributor, energy derived from ocean tides, waves, or thermal
gradients.

8. Other Biofuels
 Ethanol: 0.34%
 Biodiesel: 0.15%
 Biopower Generation: 0.25%

Key Takeaways:

 Fossil Fuels dominate global energy consumption at 78.4%, with coal, petroleum, and
natural gas as the main contributors.

 Renewable Energy (19%) is growing but is still heavily dependent on traditional

biomass and hydropower.

 Modern renewables like wind, solar, and geothermal have small but increasing shares.

 Nuclear Energy accounts for 2.6% of the total.

16. CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS

1. Energy Output: The amount of energy generated from foot traffic is relatively small
compared to other energy generation methods like solar, wind, or hydro power. It may
not be enough to power large systems or buildings entirely, but can be used to supplement
energy needs for specific applications.
2. Cost of Installation: The initial setup cost for installing foot-powered energy systems
(pressure plates, dynamos, energy storage) can be high. However, over time, the energy
savings and environmental benefits could offset these costs.
3. Durability and Maintenance: Foot-powered energy systems need to be durable enough
to handle constant pressure and wear from foot traffic. Regular maintenance is required
to ensure that the system continues to work effectively, and to replace worn-out
components like pressure plates or batteries.
4. Limited Efficiency: The system typically only works when there is foot traffic. This
means that in low-traffic areas, the amount of energy generated could be very limited,
making it unsuitable for high-energy-demand applications.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 46
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

5. Space Requirements: Depending on the scale, these systems might require a significant
amount of space to generate meaningful amounts of energy, especially in locations where
foot traffic is not very dense.

Technological Advancements in Foot-Powered Energy Generation

Recent advancements are being made to improve the efficiency and scalability of foot-
powered energy systems:
 Piezoelectric Materials: These materials generate electricity when subjected to
mechanical stress, such as the pressure exerted by a person’s footsteps. Piezoelectric
generators can be embedded in flooring and produce energy with each step taken on them.
This technology is being explored in various applications, from walkways to shoes.
 Energy-Harvesting Tiles: Smart floor tiles embedded with piezoelectric materials or
mechanical actuators are increasingly being developed to capture energy from foot
traffic. These tiles are designed to be easily installed in public spaces and provide a
steady, though small, source of renewable energy.
 Microgenerators: Small-scale generators capable of capturing energy from low-motion
inputs (like footsteps) are being designed with higher efficiency and compactness,
making it possible to deploy them in a variety of locations, such as shopping malls or
sports arenas.
 Integration with IoT (Internet of Things): Foot-powered energy systems can be
connected to an IoT network for monitoring, optimization, and efficient storage of
generated energy. This can allow better distribution of energy or integration with larger
energy systems.
 Kinetic Energy Harvesting: Footsteps generate kinetic energy, and advancements
have been made in capturing and converting this energy using specialized devices like
pressure plates, electromagnetic generators, and mechanical springs. These systems
are often placed in high-foot-traffic areas such as walkways or floors of public spaces,
where energy can be generated and stored for later use.
 Smart Insoles: Technology has enabled the development of "smart" insoles that
harness the energy produced from walking. These insoles use piezoelectric generators
or small mechanical devices to convert the motion of the foot into electrical energy,
which can be used to charge devices like smartphones or wearables.

 Energy Storage Systems: Along with the development of foot-powered energy

generation, there have been improvements in energy storage systems. Advanced
batteries and capacitors are now being used to store the energy captured from foot
traffic, making it possible to use the energy on demand

 Infrastructure Integration: There has been an increase in the use of energy-

harvesting flooring and tiles in commercial and public spaces. These systems use the
constant flow of foot traffic to generate power for lighting, signage, and other low-
power needs. Technological advancements have made these systems more cost-
effective and durable, allowing for their integration into a wider range of
environments.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 47
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

17. FUTURE SCOPE:

1. Improved Energy Efficiency

 Advanced piezoelectric materials with higher energy conversion rates.

 Nanotechnology for ultra-sensitive energy harvesting.

 Hybrid systems integrating electromagnetic and piezoelectric generation.

2. Smart Cities Integration

 Smart footpaths and pavements to power streetlights and traffic signals.

 Interactive walkways that generate power and provide real-time energy data.

 Integration with IoT (Internet of Things) for data analytics and energy monitoring.

3. Sustainable Public Transportation

 Railway stations & metro platforms with footstep energy capture.

 Airports & bus stops with self-powered LED displays and charging stations.

 Energy-generating escalators & moving walkways in public places.

4. Wearable Energy Harvesting

 Energy-generating shoes to power small electronic devices.

 Self-charging smartwatches & mobile phones from walking energy.

 Military applications – Soldiers' boots generating power for communication devices.

5. Large-Scale Implementation in Commercial & Industrial Sectors

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 48
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

 Shopping malls & business centers with energy-harvesting floors.

 Factories & warehouses utilizing workers’ footsteps for energy.

 Gyms & fitness centres where workout energy powers gym equipment.

6. Integration with Other Renewable Energy Sources

 Combination with solar & wind energy for hybrid renewable systems.

 Energy-storing pavements that collect solar heat along with footstep energy.

 Self-sustaining power grids for smart homes and offices.

7. Advanced Energy Storage Systems

 Supercapacitors & high-capacity batteries for efficient power storage.

 Wireless energy transfer to eliminate the need for physical connections.

 Self-powered emergency backup systems for critical infrastructure.

8. Rural & Disaster Relief Applications

 Electrification in remote villages without access to power grids.

 Portable footstep energy generators for disaster relief operations.

 Emergency lighting systems powered by human movement.

9. Environmental Impact & Sustainability

 Eco-friendly and recyclable materials for energy-harvesting surfaces.

 Carbon footprint reduction by using renewable human energy.

 Government incentives & green energy policies to promote adoption.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 49
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

10. Research & Development Innovations

 AI-powered predictive analytics to optimize footstep energy harvesting.

 Integration with virtual reality (VR) & gaming for immersive experiences.

 Public awareness campaigns to encourage participation in sustainable energy solutions.

18. CONCLUSION:

This project can be handled in various ways to make the best use of it. There are many more
extensions that can be made to this project. Generators of more load capacity can be used to
get more power. Although the power generation is little less in this project. It tries to make
use of the energy wasted to generate electricity. The power generation using footsteps get
its energy requirements from the Non-renewable source of energy. There is no need of
power from the mains and there is less pollution in this source of energy. It is very useful in
the places like railway stations, shopping complex etc.

This is also an eco-friendly method for energy production, there is no huge required to install
the as like other energy plants. There is no pollution, no sound, no smoke so this is a best
method to install this in public place area. There is no maintenance cost and installation cost
are also less as compared to other.

We will also make the energy production greater than 10.925KW (hr.) by increasing the size
of power generation system. We can further design it for a different size as requirement of
energy to full fill. It’s also installs on parks to light up the lights. Executing this system, we
can easily reduce the dependence on the other conventional sources of energy, thus can be
considered valuable from that point of view.

In energy crises facing countries where the load shading of electricity is due to the shortage
of energy, this foot step power generation system is best method to produce energy and the
output of electricity production is increased by increasing the size of foot step power
generation system. As compare to other energy producing system the cost of this system is
less.

19. REFERENCE:
[1] Bhosale, P. P. A. et al. (2017) „Design of Foot Step Power Energy Generation Machine‟,
4(June), pp. 943–948.
[2] Dhana Lakshmi, G. et al. (2017) „Footstep Power Generation System‟, International

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 50
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING RACK AND PINION MECHANISM 2024-2025

Journal of Engineering and Computer Science. doi:10.18535/injects/v6i4.38.

[3] Gothane, A. V and Gosavi, A. R. (2018) „Foot step power generation‟, pp. 1582–1584.
[4] Janu Gade, S. V, Yadav, G. A. and Mahadik, O. R. (2017) „Foot Steps Power
Generation using Mechanical System‟, 4(1), pp. 55–59.
doi:10.17148/IARJSET/NCDMETE.2017.15.

[5] Journal, D. et al. (2017) „Footstep Power Generation‟, 2(7), pp. 8–13.
[6] Journal, I., Technology, E. R. and Volume, S. (2016) „Power Generation by Foot Steps
Using Rack‟, International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology
(IJERAT), 2(01), pp. 10 –14.

S.E.A.C.E.T DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page | 51