MCDM608L: COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

M.Tech (WS24-25)

Sivakumar, R
SMEC, VIT Chennai
Objectives

 To provide the students with sufficient

background to understand the mathematical
representation of the governing equations for fluid
flow and heat transfer problems
 To enable the students to understand the
fundamental concepts of FDM, FVM and different
discretization techniques
 To Enable students to apply the grid generation
techniques
 To expose students to the computational complicities
on various turbulence models
Expected Outcome at the end of the course
 Student will be able to :
1. Analyze the governing equations of fluid flow and heat
transfer
2. Explain the physical behavior of Finite difference
discretization
3. Solve fluid flow fields using FVM for diffusion problems
4. Solve fluid flow fields using FVM for diffusion-
convection and unsteady flow cases
5. Interpret the Solution Algorithm for Pressure-velocity
Coupling in Steady Flows
6. Analyze the model turbulence fluid flow modeling for
different fluid flow cases
Syllabus: Module-1

Governing Equations of Fluid flow and Heat

Transfer:
Modeling of flow, control volume concept, substantial
derivative, physical meaning of the divergence of velocity.
Continuity equation, momentum equation, energy
equation and its conservation form. Equations for viscous
flow (Navier Stokes equations), Equations for inviscid flow
(Euler equation). Reynolds Transport Theorem, Exact
Solution of Simplified Navier Stokes Equation – Parallel
Flow, Blassius Solution for determining boundary layer over
a flat plate. (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-2

Classification of Physical behavior and FDM:

Elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic equations. Finite
difference discretization (FDM), Forward, backward
and central difference, Order of accuracy, different
types of errors and boundary conditions. (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-3

Finite Volume Method(FVM) for Diffusion

Problems:
FVM for 1D and 2D steady state diffusion, Solution
of discretized equations- TDMA scheme for 2D flow
(6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-4

FVM for Convection-Diffusion Problems:

FVM for 1D steady state convection-diffusion,
Central differencing scheme, Conservativeness,
Boundedness, Transportiveness, Upward
differencing scheme, Hybrid differencing scheme for
2D convection-diffusion, Power-law scheme, QUICK
scheme. (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-5

FVM for Unsteady Flows:

1D unsteady heat conduction (Explicit, Crank-
Nicolson, fully implicit schemes), Implicit methods
for 2D problems, Discretization of transient
convection diffusion problems. (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-6

Solution Algorithm for Pressure-velocity Coupling

in Steady Flows:
Concept of staggered grid, SIMPLE, SIMPLER,
SIMPLEC, PISO algorithm (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-7

Turbulence Modeling:
Basic equations of Turbulence: Derivation of
turbulence using non-dimensional analysis,
Reynolds averaging, Reynolds averaged N-S
equations, Eddy viscosity hypothesis, Reynolds
Stress Transport Equations. First order closures: k-ε
two equation models, SST k-ω model. Large Eddy
Simulations (7 hours)
Syllabus: Module-8

Contemporary Issues (2 Hours)

Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan
CFD Overview
What is Fluid Dynamics?

14
What is Fluid Dynamics?

 Science of Fluid Motion

 Fluid flow is studied by

 Experimental Fluid Dynamics

 Theoretical Fluid Dynamics

 Numerically: CFD

 Sufficient knowledge required

15
What is CFD?

16
What is CFD?

Computational
Fluid
Dynamics

17
What is CFD?

Analysis of system involving fluid flow, heat transfer and

associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by means
of
 Mathematical Modeling (Partial Differential Equations)
 Numerical Methods (Discretization & Solution Techniques)
 Software Tools (Pre, Solver & Post Processing Utilities)

Virtual Flow
Laboratory

18
What is CFD?

 High performance computing  Made CFD

possible

19
Why CFD?

20
Why CFD?

 Analysis and Design

1. Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”

 More cost effective and more rapid than EFD
 CFD provides high-fidelity database for
diagnosing flow field

21
Why CFD?

 Analysis and Design

2. Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are

difficult for experiments
 Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and
airplanes)
 Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)
 Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)

 Knowledge and exploration of flow physics

22
Why CFD?

Results of CFD Analysis used in

 Conceptual studies of new designs

 Detailed product development

 Troubleshooting

 Redesign

23
CFD Applications

24
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

25
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

26
CFD Applications – Automotive

Vehicle Aerodynamics
 Analyzing drag
 Improving fuel economy by proper external design
27
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Underhood Thermal Management

 To predict temperature distribution on the
underhood surfaces
28
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Passenger Comfort
 To predict the thermal distribution felt by the
passengers
 To find Footwell flow
 To find flow through compartment 29
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Brake Cooling
 Flow rate and heat transfer characteristics
 Heat transfer coefficients are exported to ANSYS
for doing thermal stress analysis 30
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Fog Lamp Heat Dissipation

 Automotive fog lamp generate significant amount of
heat  select suitable materials to handle high
thermal loads
 Predict radiation and convection flows in lamp’s
interior 31
CFD Applications – Aerospace & Defence

 Gas turbine engines

 Missiles
 Rocket and Scramjet
engines
 Spacecraft
 Aerodynamics
 Propulsion and
Power
 Heat Transfer
 Fluid Structure
Interaction [FSI]

32
CFD Applications – FSI

 Interaction between
complex fluid flow
and complex
structural and/or
thermal behavior

Fig. : Reed Valve

Displacement,
Temperature,
boundary velocity
Structural CFD
analysis analysis
Pressure,
Heat Flux,
HTC

33
CFD Applications – Turbo machinery

 Fan
 Blower
 Turbine

Fan hub, blade, shroud

Mini air system

simulation for room
Wind turbine – wake effect air-conditioner
34
CFD Applications – Power Generation

 Boilers
 Burners
 Coal Handling
 Combustors
 Duct flows
 Hydro power
 Silencers
 Wind boxes

35
CFD Applications – Oil and Gas

 Burners
 Furnaces
 Deep water
Technology
 Drilling
 Downhole analysis
 Emission control
 Offshore rigs
 Pipeline flow analysis
 Oil spill clean up
36
CFD Applications – Flow Assurance
 Heat transfer in Christmas tree
 Multiphase flow in long pipe
 Severe slugging in riser
 Sand transport in pipes
 Temperature effects in
transportation of viscous oil
 Hydrate formation
 Slug flow around pipe elbow
 Riser V&V
 3 phase separator
 Wave impact on platform
 Launching of lifeboat Courtesy: CD adapco
37
Deep Sea Mining System

Area of interest

• Flexible riser
– 5̴ ,000 m vertical
transport
– Nodules + water
mixture
CFD Applications – Chemical

 Combustion
 Filtration
 Fluid Handling
 Heat and Mass
Transfer
 Pumps
 Reactions
 Refining operations
 Waste handling
Fluidized bed
coater  Water treatment

39
CFD Applications – Electrical

Thermal performance of
 Electrical motors -
Brushless DC motor,
induction motors,
permanent magnet motor,
Sector model of the BrushLess DC motor etc.,
James Kuria & Pyung Hwang, Int. journal of Mech.Engineering, 1(1).
 Drive and power
convertor design
 Generators
Predict flow in complex
regions – around the motor
Alternator
end windings
40
CFD Applications – Electrical

 Fan design & performance

studies
 Supporting analysis – water
flow in cooling jackets and
cooling of associated power
electronics
 Ventilation cooling in large
Generator
electrical machines

41
CFD other Applications

 Biomedical

 Healthcare and Pharmaceutical

 Electronics
 Marine
 Glass processing
 Home and Security
 Environmental and Water quality
 Metals, Minerals and Mining
 Sports Equipments
42
Work done at VIT IC Engine
 Comparison of Toroidal Combustion Chambers in a
Direct Injection Diesel Engine (Dr. Manimaran)

43
Work done at VIT IC Engine
 Flow characteristics of a Diesel Injector Throttle (Rince,
M.Tech)

 Automotive radiator with nano fluid (Reynold, M.Tech)

44
Work done at VIT Aerospace
 Double ramp for hypersonic flow (Lakshman, M.Tech)

 Micro ramp for hypersonic flow (Ashish, Gogoi, M.Tech)

45
Work done at VIT Aerospace
 Flow over a elliptic cylinder with a parabolic plate
behind it (Sagar, Rahul, M.Tech)

46
Work at VIT Industrial
 Optimization of centrifugal fan of an industrial travelling
cleaner (Sumedh, M.Tech)

 Thermal analysis of capacitor bank (Sumedh, M.Tech)

47
Work at VIT Subsea & Chemical
 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Anuprita, M.Tech)

 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Pavan, M.Tech)

48
Work at VIT Subsea & Chemical
 Slurry flow in a vertical riser (Rahul, M.Tech)

 Corrugated pipe (Rince. M.Tech)

49
Work at VIT Medical
 Design of Stent in the Aortic Arc Aneurysm (Reynold,
M.Tech)

50
Work at VIT Electrical
 Thermal analysis of electrical machines (Pavan,
M.Tech)

51
Consultancy – Diesel Filter
 CFD analysis of Diesel Filter

Deliverable: Pressure drop

Chennai

52
Consultancy - TEG heat exchanger
 CFD analysis of heat exchanger for TEG

Spurt innovation,
bangalore 53
Consultancy – TEG heat exchanger
 CFD analysis of heat exchanger for TEG

Deliverable: Temp. difference

Spurt innovation, across TEG, Outlet temperatures
bangalore 54
Consultancy – Space heater
Fresh air
Fresh air outlet
outlet

Bottom
view

Hot air
outlet Hot air
Hot air outlet
inlet Fresh air Hot/Fresh
inlet Existing Design air inlets
Spurt innovation,
bangalore New Design
Experiments Vs Simulations

56
Experiments Vs Simulations

 CFD gives an insight into flow patterns that are difficult,

expensive or impossible to study using Experiments
Experiments Simulations
Quantitative description of flow Quantitative Prediction of flow
phenomena using Measurements phenomena using Simulations
• for a single quantity at a time • for all desired quantities
• at a limited number of locations • with high resolution in space and
and duration time
• for a laboratory scale model • for the actual flow domain
• for a limited range of problems • for virtually any problem and
and operating conditions realistic operating conditions
Error Sources: Measurement Error Sources: Modeling,
Errors, Flow disturbances by the Discretization, Iteration,
probes Implementation

57
Experiments Vs Simulations

 CFD does not replace the measurements completely

 CFD can reduce the amount of experimentation and
the overall cost
Experiments Simulations

Expensive Cheaper
Slow Fast
Sequential Parallel
Single- Purpose Multi- Purpose

 Equipment and Personnel are difficult to transport

 CFD software is portable, easy to use and modify

58
History of CFD

59
History of CFD: 1930 to 1950s

 Earliest numerical solution: for flow past a cylinder (1933)

A.Thom, ‘The Flow Past Circular Cylinders at Low
Speeds’, Proc. Royal Society, A141, pp. 651-666,
London, 1933
 Kawaguti obtains a solution for flow around a cylinder, in
1953 by using a mechanical desk calculator, working 20
hours per week for 18 months

60
History of CFD: 1960 to 1970s

 During the 1960s the theoretical division at Los Alamos

contributed many numerical methods that are still in use
today, such as the following methods:
 Particle-In-Cell (PIC)
 Marker-and-Cell (MAC)
 Vorticity-Stream function Methods
 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE)
 k- turbulence model

61
History of CFD: 1960 to 1970s

 During the 1970s a group working under D. Brian Spalding,

at Imperial College, London, develop:
 Parabolic flow codes (GENMIX)
 Vorticity-Stream function based codes
 The SIMPLE algorithm
 The form of the k- equations that are used
today
 Upwind differencing
 ‘Eddy break-up’ and ‘presumed pdf’ combustion
models

62
History of CFD: 1980 to 1990s

 In 1980 Suhas V. Patankar published “Numerical Heat

Transfer and Fluid Flow”, probably the most influential
book on CFD
 Previously, CFD was performed using academic, research
and in-house codes. When one wanted to perform a CFD
calculation, one had to write a program
 This is the period during which most commercial CFD
codes originated

63
How CFD works?

64
Steps involved in Modeling
 Creation of the geometry.
 Division of geometry into a
computational mesh
 Application of mass balance, force Cross sectional view of
the 3D Supersonic intake
balance and energy balance
principles to small computational
cells
 Solution of variables such as
velocity, pressure, density,
temperature, stresses,
displacements etc. at various
points in the geometry
65
Steps involved in Modeling

 Pre-Processing – Geometry creation, Meshing & Definition

 Analysis - Solution

 Post-Processing - Visualization

66
Pre-Processing

67
Pre-Processing

 Creation of Geometry
 Grid generation
 Selection of the physical and chemical phenomena
that need to be modeled
 Definition of fluid properties
 Specification of appropriate boundary conditions

68
Pre-Processing - Geometry

Creation of Geometry – the computational domain

 Selection of an
appropriate
Cross sectional view of the 3D
coordinate
Supersonic intake  Determine the
domain size and
shape
 Simplifications, if
any

69
Commercial Packages - Modeling

Pro-Engineer

Catia V5

70
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Sub-division of the domain into a number of smaller, non-

overlapping sub-domains
 Called grid/ mesh of cells/ control volumes/ elements

Cells/ control
volumes/ elements
Grid/ Mesh

71
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Selection of grid type and types of cells

tetrahedron pyramid
triangle

hexahedron
prism or wedge
quadrilateral

72
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Selection of grid type and types of cells

Structured Grid

Block-Structured Grid

UnStructured Grid
73
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Simple Geometries: Quad/ Hexa Meshes

 Complex Geometries: Tri/ Tetra Mesh

74
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Degree of grid resolution

 Depends on the flow features to be captured
 Examples:
 Boundary layer
 Flow separation
 Recirculation

air fuel

75
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Number of cells
 Computer memory tet
mesh
hex
mesh

wedge mesh

Hybrid mesh for

an IC engine
valve port

76
Commercial Packages - Meshing

GridPro

ICEM CFD
77
Pre-Processing – Selection of physical and
chemical phenomena

 Compressible/ Incompressible flow

 Laminar/ Turbulent flow

 Steady/ Unsteady

 Combustion

 Fluid Structure interaction

 Single phase/ Multiphase flow

78
Incompressible & Compressible flows

 Incompressible Flow  ρ is constant

 Compressible Flow  ρ is variable
 Incompressible flow occurs when the Mach number of the
flow is < 0.3
 If the density changes by more than 5% or more, the flow
is considered to be Compressible flow
 Pressure variation is strong in compressible flow whereas
in incompressible flow, it is very less

air

fuel

HSTDV
Flow through Backward Facing Step
79
Laminar flow

 Smooth
 Steady
 No eddies Reynold’s Experiment

 No swirl
 Layers of fluid seem to slide by one another
 Occurs at low velocities
 Solved using the conservation equations

80
Turbulent flow

 Irregular and fluctuating

 Unsteady
 Eddies are present
Reynold’s Experiment
 Eddies interact with
each other as they move around
 Occurs at high velocities
 Solved using the time averaged conservation
equations

81
Reynolds Number

 Primary parameter used to decide the flow type

 Inertia Force / Viscous Force
 Inertia Force = ρv2/D
 Viscous Force = μv/D2

82
Reynolds Number

 High Reynolds number

Transition to
Turbulent flow
occurs at Re >
2300
 Boundary layer over a flat plate

 Re = 60000 at point A
 Re = 5 x 105 at point B

83
Steady and Unsteady flow

 Defined with respect to time

Schematic of the feedback

air fuel
processes responsible for a
combustion instability

84
Combustion

 Any chemical reaction involved

 Examples:
IC Engine combustion
Gas turbine combustion

85
Single/ Multiphase flow

 Single phase: Gas phase combustion

 Multiphase:
 Droplet flow – Discrete fluid droplets in a
continuous gas
 Fluidized beds

86
Pre-processing – Selection of material
properties

Fluid/ Solid
 Density
 Specify capacity
 Thermal conductivity
 Viscosity

87
Pre-processing – Boundary conditions

OPERATING CONDITIONS

Mach No.= 2.99

Angle of attack = 0
P∞= 0.15 bar;
T∞= 135 K

88
Typical flow boundary conditions

u=0, v=0, w=0

(no slip-condition on the wall)

Far stream b.c.  u=Ua, v=0,w=0, p=pa

No-slip b.c. Exit b.c.

extrapolation
Symmetry
v=0, y-der. = 0
Inlet
b.c.

89
Governing Equations

 Represent mathematical statements of the

Conservation laws of physics

 The mass of a fluid is conserved (Continuity equation)

 The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the

forces on a fluid particle (Newton’s second law)

 The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the

rate of heat addition to and the rate of work done on a
fluid particle (First law of thermodynamics)

90
Governing equations (Incompressible flow)

u v w
Continuity equation:   0
x y z

u u u u p
x-mom.: ( u v  w )     2 u  g x
t x y z x

v v v v p
y-mom.:  (  u  v  w )     2 v  g y
t x y z y

w w w w p
z-mom.: ( u v  w )     2 w  g z
t x y z z
T T T T
Heat balance: C p ( u v  w )  k 2T  Q
t x y z

91
Governing equations (Compressible flow)

Mass balance:   ( u )  ( v)  ( w)

   0
t x y z
 ( u )  ( u 2 )  ( uv)  ( uw)  xx  xy  xz
       g x
Momentum t x y z x y z

Balance  ( v)  ( uv)  ( v 2 )  ( vw)  yx  yy  yz

       g y
(x,y,z) t x y z x y z
equations:  ( w)  ( uw)  ( vw)  ( w 2 )  zx  zy  zz
       g z
t x y z x y z
u 2  v 2  w v
 xx   p  2  (.V )  yy   p  2   (.V )  yz   zy   (  )
x 3 y 3 y z

w 2  u v u w
 zz   p  2  (.V )  xy   yx  (  )  xz   zx  (  )
z 3 y x z x
Energy  ( e)  ( uH )  ( vH )  ( wH )
    .(kT )    Q
equation t x y z
92
Discretization/ Modeling Method

 Finite Difference Method (FDM)

 Finite Volume Method (FVM)
 Finite Element Method (FEM)

93
Finite Difference Method (FDM)

 Oldest Method
 Easiest Method for simple Geometries
 Differential equations are converted into difference
expressions
 Not suitable for complex flows

dT Ti  Ti 1 Ti 1  Ti
 or
dx x x

i-1 i i+1

94
Finite Volume Method (FVM)

 Conservation equations in integral form

 The solution domain is subdivided into a finite number of
control volumes
 Conservation equations are applied to each control volume
 Suitable for simple and complex geometries
Boundary node
Packages:
Control volume Fluent
CFX
Computational node TASCflow

95
Finite Element Method (FEM)
 While FDM and FVM were applied for flow/ thermal
problems, FEM was initially developed for structural
problems
 In this method, a large structure is divided into small
elements and characteristic of each element is written as a
matrix contribution
 By adding contributions of all elements, we get the matrix
equation for the whole geometry

Packages:
ANSYS
ABACUS

96
Analysing

97
Analysis
 Conserved equations solved iteratively
 Convergence is reached when
 Changes in the solution variables from one iteration to
the next are negligible
 Overall property conservation is achieved
 When local and global errors are below a specified
threshold
 Accuracy depends on
 Accuracy of physical model
 Grid resolution
 Problem setup
98
Commercial Packages – CFD Solver

99
Post-Processing

100
Post-Processing

Visualization

 To see overall flow pattern

 To check separation
 Shocks location
 To identify key flow features
 To check whether boundary conditions and
physical models are appropriate

101
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

102
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line tet
mesh
 Isosurface hex
mesh

 XY plots
 Animations
wedge mesh
103
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

104
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

105
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

106
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

107
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

108
Post-Processing

Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations

109
Post-Processing

Numerically reporting tools

 Flux balances
 Surface integrals
 Volume integrals
 Averages
 Forces and moments

110
Commercial Packages – Post-processing

111
CFD Process
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Select Heat Unstructured Steady/ Forces Contours

Geometry Transfer Unsteady Report
ON/OFF

Compressible Structured Iterations/ XY Plot Vectors

Geometry ON/OFF Steps
Parameters

Domain Flow Convergent Verification Streamlines

Shape and properties Limit
Size

Viscous Precisions Validation

Model

Boundary Numerical
Conditions Scheme

Initial
Conditions

112
Example
Re = 2.03 x 105

Figure : Problem Specification

113
Step - 1
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Select
Geometry

Geometry
Parameters

Domain
Shape and
Size

114
Step - 2
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Heat
Transfer
ON/OFF

Compressible
ON/OFF

Flow
properties

Viscous
Model

Boundary
Conditions

Initial
Conditions

115
Step - 3
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Unstructured

Structured

116
Step - 4
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Steady/
Unsteady

Iterations/
Steps

Convergent
Limit

Precisions

Numerical
Scheme

117
Step - 4
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Steady/
Unsteady

Iterations/
Steps

Convergent
Limit

Precisions

Numerical
Scheme

118
Step - 4
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Steady/
Unsteady

Iterations/
Steps

Convergent
Limit

Precisions

Numerical
Scheme

119
Step - 4
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Steady/
Unsteady

Iterations/
Steps

Convergent
Limit

Precisions

Numerical
Scheme

120
Step - 5
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Forces
Report

XY Plot

Verification

Validation

121
Step - 6
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Contours

Vectors

Streamlines

122
Summary

 CFD is an important tool in many branches of

Science and Engineering
 CFD - a numerical method used to find fluid flow
and heat transfer
 CFD gives an insight into flow patterns that are
difficult, expensive or impossible to study using
Experiments
 CFD – important for fundamental researches and
Research & Applications in industries

123
Summary

 More reliable if the input data, physics of the

model, boundary conditions & discretization
methods are proper
 Visualization of CFD data is an important and
challenging problem, requiring clever use of all
available visualization tools and skills

124
 Module-1
Modeling of flow, control volume concept, substantial
derivative, physical meaning of the divergence of velocity.
Continuity equation, momentum equation, energy
equation and its conservation form. Equations for viscous
flow (Navier Stokes equations), Equations for inviscid flow
(Euler equation). Reynolds Transport Theorem, Exact
Solution of Simplified Navier Stokes Equation – Parallel
Flow, Blassius Solution for determining boundary layer
over a flat plate (6 hours)
125
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
 Represent mathematical statements of Conservation
laws of physics
 The mass of a fluid is conserved
 The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the
forces on a fluid particle (Newton’s second law)
 The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the
rate of heat addition to and the rate of work done on a
fluid particle (First law of thermodynamics)
Governing Equations
 Continuity Equation
 Momentum Equation
 Energy Equation
Models of the flow

Conservation form of Non- Conservation form

governing equation of governing equation
Conservation & Non-conservation forms
Conservation Form:
 Forms of governing equations that are directly
obtained from a flow model which is fixed in
space

Non-Conservation Form:
 Forms of governing equations that are directly
obtained from a flow model which is moving
with the flow
Total or Substantive Derivative
 It is physically time rate of change following a moving
fluid element

Convective Derivative –
Local Derivative – physically the time rate of
physically the time rate change due to the movement of
of change at a fixed the fluid element from one
point location to another in the flow
field where the flow properties
are spatially different
Total or Substantive Derivative
 General form
Divergence of Velocity
 It is physically time rate of change of the volume of the
moving fluid element, per unit volume

Moving control volume

Mass Conservation or Continuity
Equation
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Conservation Form
Mass balance for the fluid control volume

Time Rate of decrease of mass = Net rate of flow of mass

inside the control volume out of control volume
through control surface
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Conservation Form
Time rate of decrease of mass inside the control volume is

___ (1)

Elemental mass flow across the area dS is

Finite control
Net rate of flow of mass out of control volume
volume fixed in
space
(2)
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Conservation Form
Equating (1) and (2) leads to

+ =0
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Non-Conservation Form
Total mass of the finite control volume is

The volume integral is taken over the whole moving control

volume

 Mass is conserved principle is applied to the model 

Mass is constant as the control volume moves with the
flow
Continuity Equation – Integral form
Non-Conservation Form

 Finite control volume is made up of an infinite number

of infinitesimally small fluid elements, all with a fixed,
unchanging mass

 All with substantial derivatives of the unchanging

masses = 0
=0
Assumptions in deriving governing equations
 Continuum
 Analysis at macroscopic length scale
 Molecular structure of matter and molecular motions
may be ignored
 Behavior of fluid expressed in terms of macroscopic
properties – Pressure, Velocity, Density, Temperature
and their space and time derivatives
 The values are average over suitably large numbers of
molecules
Assumptions in deriving governing equations
 A Fluid particle or point in a fluid is the smallest possible
element of fluid whose macroscopic properties are not
influenced by individual molecules
 The element under
consideration is so small
that fluid properties at the
faces can be expressed
accurately enough by
means of the first two
terms of a Taylor Series
 Taylor Series Expansions
 dT   d 2T  x 2  d 3T  x 3  d nT  ( x) n
Ti 1  Ti    x   2    3   ....   n   0(x n 1 )
 dx i  dx i 2!  dx  3!  dx  n!
(1)
 dT   d 2T  x 2  d 3T  x 3  d nT  x n
Ti 1  Ti   x   2    3   ....   n   O(x n 1 )
 dx   dx  i 2!  dx  i 3!  dx  n!
(2)
 dT   d 2 T  (2x ) 2  d 3 T  ( 2x ) 3
Ti  2  Ti    (2x )   2    3 
 dx  i  dx  i 2!  dx  3!
 d n T  ( 2x ) n
.......   n   0 (x n 1 ) (3)
 dx  n!
 dT   d 2 T  (2x ) 2  d 3 T  (2x ) 3
Ti  2  Ti    (2x )   2    3 
 dx  i  dx  i 2!  dx  i 3!
 d n T  (2x ) n
…..   n   0(x n 1 ) (4)
 dx  i n!
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Mass balance for the fluid element

Rate of increase of mass = Net rate of flow of mass

in a fluid element into fluid element

Rate of increase of mass in the fluid element is

(1)
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Mass flows in and out of the fluid element
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Net rate of flow of mass flow into the fluid element is

(2)
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
Equating (1) and (2) and divided by the elemental volume
yields

Unsteady Convective term

term

In Vector form,
Unsteady, 3D mass
conservation or
continuity equation
for a compressible
fluid
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Conservation Form
For incompressible fluid,

Unsteady  = constant
Convective term
term

In Vector form, Unsteady/ steady, 3D

mass conservation or
continuity equation
for a incompressible
fluid
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Non-Conservation Form

(1)

 Since mass is conserved, the

time rate of change of the mass
of the fluid element is zero as
the element moves along with
the flow
(2)
Continuity Equation – PDE form
Non-Conservation Form

 Combining equations (1) and (2),

Divergence of Velocity
Different forms of Continuity Equation

Integral form

+ =0 =0

Differential form

Conservation form Non-Conservation form

Continuity Equation
 The PDE and Integral equations in conservation form are
not fundamentally different
 They are different forms of the Continuity Equation
 By doing manipulation, one form can be converted to
another form
 The terms in each equation have slightly different physical
implications
Continuity Equation
Integral form to PDE Form (Conservation Form)
Integral Form

PDE Form
Application of Continuity Equation
 Functional form of the velocity field is somehow known
and also the density distribution  possible to determine
whether mass is conserved or not
 If mass is conserved, the given flow is physically possible

Problem:
 Determine the flow field is physically possible for the given
steady incompressible flow with the velocity field
u(x,y,z) = 2x + y + z v(x,y,z) = -y
w(x,y,z) = -z
More fundamental form of Governing Equation
 Integral form of governing equation is the more
fundamental form of governing equation. Why?
 Integral form allows the presence of discontinuities
present in the flow
 Example: Shock waves where discontinuities are
present
 Differential form of the governing equations assumes the
flow properties are differential and hence continuous