19EAC385 R Programming Lab
Date: ..../....../......
Lab Sheet 3
Linear Algebra using R
Aim
• To perform linear algebra in R environment
Introduction
Linear algebra in data science refers to the use of mathematical concepts involving
vectors, matrices, and linear transformations to manipulate and analyze data. It
provides useful tools for most algorithms and processes in data science, such as
machine learning, statistics, and big data analytics. It turns theoretical data models
into practical solutions that can be applied in real-world situations.
Exercises
1. Vectors: Perform the following functions: Create one hori-
zontal and vertical vector. Perform the arithmetic operations
on them: vector addition, subtraction, Multiplication and di-
vision, vector dot product, cross product, L1 Norm, L2 Norm,
L∞ Norm
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
Figure 1
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
0.0.1 Inference: The vector operations involve creating horizontal and
vertical vectors, performing arithmetic operations element-wise,
computing the dot and cross products, and calculating L1, L2,
and L norms to measure vector magnitude.
2. Matrix operations: Addition, Subtraction, Scalar Multi-
plication, Matrix Multiplication, Transpose, Inverse.
Figure 2
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
0.0.2 Inference: Matrix operations include addition, subtraction, scalar
multiplication, and matrix multiplication, along with computing
the transpose using t() and checking invertibility using det() be-
fore applying solve().
3. Matrix determinants: Adjoint
Figure 3
0.0.3 Inference
The determinant of a matrix is calculated using det(A), and the adjoint (inverse
multiplied by determinant) is computed using solve(A) * det(A).
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
4. Matrix decomposition: LU, QR, NMF, Eigen decomposi-
tion, SVD
(a) LU (b) QR
(c) Eigen (d) SVD
Figure 4
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
0.0.4 Inference: Matrix decompositions involve breaking a matrix into
simpler components: LU splits into lower (L) and upper (U) matri-
ces with lu(), QR factorizes into an orthogonal (Q) and upper (R)
matrix with qr(), NMF approximates non-negative matrices using
nmf(), Eigen decomposition extracts eigenvalues and eigenvectors
with eigen(), and SVD decomposes into U, , and V matrices.
5. Eigen values and Eigen vectors
Figure 5
0.0.5 Inference: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed using eigen(A),
where eigenvalues represent scaling factors and eigenvectors indi-
cate directions of transformation.
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
6. PCA: Covariance, Correlation matrix
Figure 6
0.0.6 Inference: PCA analyzes the covariance and correlation matrices
using cov() and cor() to identify relationships between variables,
while prcomp() performs dimensionality reduction to capture the
most important features of the data.
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19EAC385 R Programming Lab
Question
1. What is the application of linear algebra in data science
and machine learning
0.0.7 Ans: Linear algebra is widely used in data science and machine
learning for representing and processing data efficiently. Datasets
are often stored as matrices, and operations like matrix multipli-
cation and decomposition help in feature transformation, dimen-
sionality reduction (PCA), and optimization (gradient descent).
Algorithms like neural networks and support vector machines rely
heavily on vector spaces, matrix factorization, and eigenvalues to
extract meaningful patterns from data.
2. What are the challenges in learning linear algebra in data
science and machine learning?
0.0.8 Ans: Many concepts in linear algebra, such as eigenvalues, singu-
lar value decomposition (SVD), and vector spaces, can be abstract
and difficult to visualize, making them hard to grasp. Under-
standing how these concepts translate into real-world applications,
like recommendation systems or image recognition, requires both
mathematical intuition and coding skills. Additionally, working
with large datasets requires computational efficiency, which adds
another layer of complexity in implementing linear algebra tech-
niques in practical machine learning tasks.
Evaluation
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