Life Process Class 10 Science Notes

Nutrition in Plants and Animals – Life

Processes Class 10 Notes
 Nutrition: The process by which an organism takes
food and utilizes it, is called nutrition.
 Need for Nutrition: Organisms need the energy to
perform various activities. The energy is supplied by
the nutrients. Organisms need various raw materials
for growth and repair. These raw materials are
provided by nutrients.
 Nutrients: Materials which provide nutrition to
organisms are called nutrients. Carbohydrates,
proteins and fats are the main nutrients and are
called macronutrients. Minerals and vitamins are
required in small amounts and hence are called
micronutrients.
 Modes of Nutrition
1. Autotrophic Nutrition.
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition.

Autotrophic Nutrition – Life Processes Class 10

Notes

The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its

own food is called autotrophic nutrition. Green plants and
blue-green algae follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.

 The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition

are called autotrophs (green plants).
  Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process, by
which autotrophs intake CO and H O, and convert
2 2

these into carbohydrates in the presence of

chlorophyll, sunlight is called photosynthesis.
 Equation

Nutrition in Plants: Green plants prepare their own

food. They make food in the presence of sunlight.
Sunlight provides energy’, carbon dioxide and water are
the raw materials and chloroplast is the site where food is
made.

What is Photosynthesis in biology class

10?
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants
prepare food is called photosynthesis.

 During this process, the solar energy is converted into

chemical energy and carbohydrates are formed.
 Green leaves are the main site of photosynthesis.
  The green portion of the plant contains a pigment
chloroplast, chlorophyll (green pigment).
 The whole process of photosynthesis can be shown by
the following equation:

Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:

 Sunlight
 Chlorophyll: Sunlight absorbed by chloroplast
 CO : Enters through stomata, and oxygen (O ) is
2 2

released as a byproduct through stomata on the leaf.

 Water: Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen,
phosphorous etc., are taken up by the roots from the
soil.

How do raw materials for photosynthesis become

available to the plant?

 Water comes from the soil, through the xylem tissue

in roots and stems.
 Carbon dioxide comes in the leaves through stomata.

Site of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast in the leaf.

Chloroplast contains chlorophyll (green pigment)

Main Events of Photosynthesis:

 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

 Conversion of light energy into chemical energy +
splitting (breaking) of water into hydrogen and
oxygen.
 Reduction of CO to carbohydrates.
2
  Sunlight activates chlorophyll, which leads to splitting
of the water molecule.
 The hydrogen, released by the splitting of a water
molecule is utilized for the reduction of carbon dioxide
to produce carbohydrates.
 Oxygen is the by-product of photosynthesis.
 Carbohydrate is subsequently converted into starch
and is stored in leaves and other storage parts.
 The splitting of water molecules is a part of the light
reaction.

Other steps are part of the dark reaction during

photosynthesis.

Stomata – Life Processes Class 10 Notes

  Stomata: These are tiny pores present in the
epidermis of leaf or stem through which gaseous
exchange and transpiration occur.

Functions of stomata

 Exchange of gases, O and CO .

2 2

 Loses a large amount of water (water vapour) during

transpiration.

Opening and closing of stomatal pores:

 The opening and closing of stomatal pores are

controlled by the turgidity of guard cells.
 When guard cells uptake water from surrounding
cells, they swell to become a turgid body, which
enlarges the pore in between (Stomatal Opening).
  While, when water is released, they become flaccid
shrinking to close the pore (Stomatal Closing).

Significance of Photosynthesis:

 Photosynthesis is the main way through which solar

energy is made available for different living beings.
 Green plants are the main producers of food in the
ecosystem. All other organisms directly or indirectly
depend on green plants for food.
 The process of photosynthesis also helps in
maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the air.

Heterotrophic Nutrition – Life Processes Class 10

Notes

The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food

from another organism is called heterotrophic nutrition.
Organisms, other than green plants and blue-green algae
follow the heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Heterotrophic
nutrition can be further divided into three types, viz.
saprophytic nutrition, holozoic nutrition, and parasitic.
 Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition, the
organism secretes the digestive juices on the food.
The food is digested while it is still to be ingested. The
digested food is then ingested by the organism. All
the decomposers follow saprophytic nutrition. Some
insects, like houseflies, also follow this mode of
nutrition.
 Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the
digestion happens inside the body of the organism.
i.e., after the food is ingested. Most of the animals
follow this mode of nutrition.
 Parasitic Nutrition: The organism which lives inside
or outside another organism (host) and derives
nutrition from it is known as parasites and this type of
mode of nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. For
example Cuscuta, tick, lice, leeches etc.
Nutrition in Amoeba

 Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the

holozoic mode of nutrition.
 In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows
after the ingestion of food. Thus, digestion takes
place inside the body of the organism.
 Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion,
digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Steps of Holozoic Nutrition:

 Ingestion: The process of taking in the food is called

ingestion.
 Digestion: The process of breaking complex food
substances into simple molecules is called digestion.
Simple molecules, thus obtained, can be absorbed by
the body.
 Absorption: The process of absorption of digested
food is called absorption.
  Assimilation: The process of utilization of digested
food, for energy and for growth and repair is called
assimilation.
 Egestion: The process of removing undigested food
from the body is called egestion.

Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic

mode of nutrition. The cell membrane of amoeba keeps
on protruding into pseudopodia. Amoeba surrounds a
food particle with pseudopodia and makes a food
vacuole. The food vacuole contains food particle and
water. Digestive enzymes are secreted in the food
vacuole and digestion takes place. After that, digested
food is absorbed from the food vacuole. Finally, the food
vacuole moves near the cell membrane and undigested
food is expelled out.

Nutrition in Human Beings – Life

Processes Class 10 Notes
Human beings are complex animals, which have a
complex digestive system. The human digestive system
is composed of an alimentary canal and some accessory
glands. The alimentary canal is divided into several parts,
like oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum and anus. Salivary gland, liver and pancreas are
the accessory glands which lie outside the alimentary
canal.

Structure of the Human Digestive System:

The human digestive system comprises of the alimentary
canal and associated digestive glands.
  Alimentary Canal: It comprises of mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
 Associated Glands: Main associated glands are

 Salivary gland
 Gastric Glands
 Liver
 Pancreas

Mouth or Buccal Cavity:

 The mouth has teeth and tongue. Salivary glands are

also present in the mouth.
 The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive
the sense of taste.
 The tongue helps in turning over the food so that
saliva can be properly mixed in it.
 Teeth help in breaking down the food into smaller
particles so that, swallowing of food becomes easier.
 There are four types of teeth in human beings. The
incisor teeth are used for cutting the food.
 The canine teeth are used for tearing the food and for
cracking hard substances.
  The premolars are used for the coarse grinding of
food. The molars are used for fine grinding of food.

Salivary glands secrete saliva: Saliva makes the food

slippery which makes it easy to swallow the food. Saliva
also contains the enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin.
Salivary amylase digests starch and converts it into
sucrose, (maltose).

Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by

Peristaltic movement.

Peristaltic movement: Rhythmic contraction of muscles

of the lining of the alimentary canal to push the food
forward.

Stomach

 Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly muscular walls of

the stomach help in churning the food.
 The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid kills the germs which may be
present in food.
 Moreover, it makes the medium inside the stomach as
acidic. The acidic medium is necessary for gastric
enzymes to work.
 The enzyme pepsin, secreted in the stomach, does
partial digestion of protein.
  The mucus, secreted by the walls of the stomach
saves the inner lining of the stomach from getting
damaged from hydrochloric acid.

Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-like structure.

The small intestine is longer than the large intestine but
its lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine. The
small intestine is divided into three parts, like duodenum,
jejunum and ileum.

What are the different parts of the small intestine?

 Duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the

small intestine that the stomach feeds into.

 Jejunum. The remaining small intestine lays in many

coils inside the lower abdominal cavity. ...

 Ileum. The ileum is the last and longest section of the

small intestine.

Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body. The

liver manufactures bile, which gets stored in the gall
bladder. From the gall bladder, bile is released as and
when required.
Pancreas: Pancreas is situated below the stomach. It
secretes pancreatic juice which contains many digestive
enzymes.

Difference between pepsin and trypsin

Pepsin is an enzyme that acts only in an acidic medium,

trypsin is an enzyme that acts in an alkaline medium.
Pepsin is secreted by the gastric juice, and trypsin is
secreted by the pancreatic juice. Pepsin is secreted in the
stomach, trypsin is secreted in the small intestine.

o Definition: Pepsin is o Definition: Trypsin

the chief digestive is an enzyme
enzyme found in the produced by the
stomach. pancreas.

o Secretion Source: It is o Secretion Source: It

secreted by is secreted by
the gastric glands. the exocrine glands
of the pancreas.

o Medium of Action: o Medium of Action:

Pepsin functions Trypsin functions
effectively in an acidic optimally in
medium. an alkaline
medium.

o Function: Pepsin o Function: Trypsin

breaks down proteins plays a crucial role
into smaller in breaking down
polypeptides. proteins into amino
acids.
 o Location: It operates o Location: It
within the stomach operates primarily
during the initial in the small
stages of protein intestine, aiding in
digestion. further protein
digestion.

Bile and pancreatic juice go to the duodenum through a

hepatopancreatic duct. Bile breaks down fat into smaller
particles. This process is called emulsification of fat. After
that, the enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty acids and
glycerol. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes which
digest protein into amino acids. Complex carbohydrates
are digested into glucose. The major part of digestion
takes place in the duodenum.

No digestion takes place in the jejunum: The inner

wall in the ileum is projected into numerous finger-like
structures, called villi. Villi increase the surface area
inside the ileum so that optimum absorption can take
place. Moreover, villi also reduce the lumen of the ileum
so that food can stay for a longer duration in it, for
optimum absorption. Digested food is absorbed by villi.

Large Intestine:

 Large intestine is smaller than the small intestine.

 Undigested food goes into the large intestine.
 Some water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the
large intestine. After that, the undigested food goes
to the rectum, from where it is expelled out through
the anus.
 Large Intestine absorb excess of water. The rest of
the material is removed from the body through the
anus. (Egestion).

Respiration – Life Processes Class 10

Notes
Types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic respiration,
human respiratory system, respiration in plants.

Respiration: The process by which a living being utilizes

the food to get energy, is called respiration. Respiration is
an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to
produce energy. Mitochondria is the site of respiration
and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria
and is released as per need.

Steps of respiration:
 Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate: This
step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is
broken down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is
composed of 6 carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid is
composed of 3 carbon atoms.
 Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of
pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and the
molecules formed depend on the type of respiration
in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types,
viz. aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
 Respiration involves

 Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen from the

atmosphere and release of CO → Breathing.
2

 Breakdown of simple food in order to release

energy inside the cell → Cellular respiration

Types of Respiration – Life Processes

Class 10 Notes
 Aerobic respiration: This type of respiration
happens in the presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is
converted into carbon dioxide. Energy is released and
water molecule is also formed at the end of this
process.
  Anaerobic respiration: This type of respiration
happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is
either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl
alcohol is usually formed in case of anaerobic
respiration in microbes, like yeast or bacteria. Lactic
acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the
muscle cells.

 Glucose (6 carbon molecule) → Pyruvate (3

carbon molecules) + Energy
 Pyruvate (In yeast, lack of O ) → Ethyl alcohol +
2

Carbon dioxide + Energy

 Pyruvate (In muscles, lack of O ) → Lactic Acid +
2

Energy
 Pyruvate (In mitochondria; the presence of O ) →
2

Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

The equations for the above reactions can be written as

follows:
Pain in leg muscles while running:
  When someone runs too fast, he may experience
throbbing pain in the leg muscles. This happens
because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the
muscles.
 During running, the energy demand from the muscle
cells increases. This is compensated by anaerobic
respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process.
 The deposition of lactic acid causes pain in the leg
muscles. The pain subsides after taking rest for some
time.

Exchange of gases:

 For aerobic respiration, organisms need a continuous

supply of oxygen, and carbon dioxide produced
during the process needs to be removed from the
body.
 Different organisms use different methods for the
intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
 Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular
and some simple organisms for this purpose.
 In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of
gases.
 In complex animals, respiratory system does the job
of exchange of gases.
 Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take
in oxygen which is dissolved in water through gills.
 Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic
environment, so the breathing rate of aquatic
organisms is faster.
 Insects have a system of spiracles and tracheas which
is used for taking in oxygen.
 Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for
exchange of gases.
  Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the
terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower as
compared to what it is in fishes.

Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for

respiration.
Aquatic organisms: Use dissolve oxygen for respiration.

Human respiratory system – Life Processes Class

10 Notes

The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of

lungs. These are attached to a system of tubes which
open on the outside through the nostrils.
Following are the main structures in the human
respiratory system:

1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to

form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils
is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus
secretion. The mucus and the hair help in filtering the
dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is
warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues
after the nasal passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also
called voice box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage.
Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in
the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the
trachea, with one bronchus going to each lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and
sub-branches inside the lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles.
The alveolus is composed of a very thin membrane
and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is
alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with the blood and
carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of
gases, in alveoli, takes place due to the pressure
differential.
Passage of air through the respiratory system in human
beings:

Breathing Mechanism

 The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by

the diaphragm and the intercostalis muscles.
 The diaphragm is a membrane which separates the
thoracic chamber from the abdominal cavity.
 When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand
and the air is inhaled.
 When the diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract
and air are exhaled.
Transportation – Life Processes Class 10
Notes
Circulatory system of human being, transportation in
plants. Human beings like other multicellular organism
need a regular supply of foods, oxygen etc. This function
is performed by a circulatory system or transport system.
Transportation in Human Beings: The circulatory
system is responsible for transport of various substances
in human beings. It is composed of the heart, arteries,
veins and blood capillaries. Blood plays the role of the
carrier of substances.

1. Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed

of cardiac muscles.

 It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist. The

heart is a pumping organ which pumps the blood.
 The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz.
right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle and left
atrium.
 Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called
systole.
 Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles is called
diastole.

2. Arteries:

 These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry

oxygenated blood from the heart to different organs.
  Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry
deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs, where
oxygenation of blood takes place.

3. Veins:

 These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry

deoxygenated blood from different organs to the
heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions because they
carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.
 Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of
blood.

4. Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have

single-celled walls.
Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role
of the carrier for various substances in the body. Blood is
composed of 1. Plasma 2. Blood cells 3. Platelets.

 Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid

which is mostly composed of water. Blood plasma
forms the matrix of blood.
 Bloods cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red
colour because of the presence of haemoglobin which
is a pigment. Haemoglobin readily combines with
oxygen and carbon dioxide. The transport of oxygen
happens through haemoglobin. Some part of carbon
dioxide is also transported through haemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale
white colour. They play important role in the
immunity.
 Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood
coagulation. Blood coagulation is a defense
mechanism which prevents excess loss of blood, in
case of an injury.

Lymph:

 Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in

lymph.
 Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from
blood capillaries and goes to the intercellular space in
the tissues. This fluid is collected through lymph
vessels and finally return to the blood capillaries.
 Lymph also plays an important role in the immune
system.
  Lymph a yellowish fluids escape from the blood
capillaries into the intercellular spaces contain less
proteins than blood.
 Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in
transportation and destroying germs.

Double circulation: In the human heart, blood passes

through the heart twice in one cardiac cycle. This type of
circulation is called double circulation. One complete
heartbeat in which all the chambers of the heart contract
and relax once is called cardiac cycle. The heart beats
about 72 times per minute in a normal adult. In one
cardiac cycle, the heart pumps out 70 mL blood and thus,
about 4900 mL blood in a minute. Double circulation
ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood which is necessary for optimum
energy production in warm-blooded animals.

Transportation in plants: Plants have specialized

vascular tissues for transportation of substances. There
are two types of vascular tissues in plants.
  Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of
water and minerals. It is composed of trachids, xylem
vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre.
Tracheids and xylem vessels are the conducting
elements. The xylem makes a continuous tube in
plants which runs from roots to stem and right up to
the veins of leaves.
 Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other
part of the plant.
 Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of
food. Phloem is composed of sieve tubes, companion
cells, phloem parenchyma and bast fibers. Sieve
tubes are the conducting elements in phloem.
 Carries product of photosynthesis from roots to other
part of the plant.

Transportation in plants

Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and

minerals from roots to different plant parts is called
ascent of sap. Many factors are at play in ascent of sap
and it takes place in many steps. They are explained as
follows :

 Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very

thin. Water from soil enters the root hairs because of
osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement
of water up to the base of the stem.
 Capillary action: A very fine tube is called capillaiy,
water, or any liquid, rises in the capillary because of
 physical forces and this phenomenon is called
capillary action. Water, in stem, rises up to some
height because of capillaiy action.
 Adhesion-cohesion of water molecules: Water
molecules make a continuous column in the xylem
because of forces of adhesion and cohesion among
the molecules.
 Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through
stomata and lenticels, in plants, is called
transpiration. Transpiration through stomata creates
vacuum which creates a suction, called transpiration
pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column
from the xylem tubes and thus, water is able to rise to
great heights in even the tallest plants.
 Transport of food: Transport of food in plants
happens because of utilization of energy. Thus, unlike
the transport through xylem, it is a form of active
transport. Moreover, the flow of substances through
phloem takes place in both directions, i.e., it is a two-
way traffic in phloem.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour
from aerial parts of the plant.

Functions

 Absorption and upward movement of water and

minerals by creating pull.
 Helps in temperature regulation in plant.

Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different

parts of the plant is called Translocation.

Excretion – Life Processes Class 10 Notes

Human excretory system, excretion in plants.
Excretion in human beings:

 Removal of harmful waste from the body is called

excretion.
 Many wastes are produced during various metabolic
activities.
 These need to be removed in time because their
accumulation in the body can be harmful and even
lethal for an organism.

Human Excretory System:

 The human excretory system is composed of a pair of

kidneys.
 A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and
goes to the urinary bladder.
 Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it
is expelled out through urethra as and when required.

Excretory system of human beings includes :

 A pair of kidneys.
 A urinary bladder.
 A pair of the ureter.
 A urethra.
Kidney:

 Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the

vertebral column in the abdominal cavity.
 The kidney is composed of many filtering units, called
nephrons.
 Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney.

Nephron

 It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a

filtering part, called glomerulus.
 The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to
which renal artery is attached.
 The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is
called afferent arteriole and the one receiving blood
from the glomerulus is called efferent arteriole.
 The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion,
called bowman’s capsule. The bowman’s capsule
extends into a fine tube which is highly coiled.
 Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting
duct, which finally goes to the ureter.

Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation

involves three steps:
  Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose,
water, amino acid filter from the blood into bowman’s
capsule of the nephron.
 Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from
the filtrate are reabsorbed back by capillaries
surrounding the nephron.
 Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the
tubule which opens up into the collecting duct and
then into the ureter.

Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters

into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is
released through the urethra.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product
from the blood i.e., urea which is produced in the liver.

Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an

artificial kidney. It is meant for kidney failure patient.

Excretion in Plants

 Other wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which

fall off from the plant.
 Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
 Gums, resin → In old xylem
 Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of
calcium oxalates in the leaves of colocasia and stem
of Zamikand.

Nutrition in Plants and Animals

Nutrition: Process of obtaining and utilizing of food is
known as nutrition.

Mode of nutrition:

 Autotrophic Nutrition (All green plants)

 Heterotrophic Nutrition (Animals, Man, Non-green
plants)

 Saprotrophic nutrition
 Parasitic nutrition
 Holozoic nutrition

Autotrophs: It is a mode of nutrition in which organisms

can make their own food from simple raw material.
Example, all green plants.

Heterotrophs: It is a mode of nutrition in which

organisms cannot prepare their food on their own and
depend on others. Example, animals.

Saprotrophic Nutrition: It is the process by which the

organism feeds on dead and decaying matter. Example,
Rhizopus, Mucor, yeast.

Photosynthesis: It is the process by which green plants

prepare their own food.

Raw materials for photosynthesis:

 Water and Minerals: These are absorbed by the

roots from the soil.
 Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide enters the leaves
through tiny pores called stomata.
  Sunlight: Energy from the sun is called solar energy.
 Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll pigment helps leaves to
capture solar energy.

Products of Photosynthesis: Carbohydrate-glucose- It

is converted to starch.

Symbiotic relationship: Two organisms live in a close

association and develop a relationship that is beneficial to
both this is called a symbiotic relationship.
Example, Lichen is a living partnership between a fungus
an alga. Fungus absorbs water and provides shelter and
alga prepare food by photosynthesis

Insectivores: Plants feed on insects for their nitrogen

requirements.

Holozoic nutrition: It means feeding on solid food.

Organism takes complex organic food into the body.
Example, man, amoeba, dog, etc.

 Herbivores: Animals which feed on plants only.

Example, deer, cow.
 Carnivores: Animals which feed on flesh or meat.
Example, tiger.
 Omnivores: Animals which feed on both plant and
flesh. Example, man, dog.

Steps of Holozoic nutrition:

 Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.

 Digestion: Break down of large insoluble food into
small water-soluble molecules by enzymes.
 Absorption: Digested food absorbed through the
intestinal wall into the blood.
  Assimilation: Absorbed food is taken by body cells
for releasing energy, growth and repair.
 Egestion: Eliminating undigested food from the
body.

Digestive organs of human beings: Mouth,

oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
with glands like salivary gland, liver, pancreas.

Teeth: An organ which breaks down the complex food

and helps in chewing the food.

 Milk teeth: The first set of 20 small teeth when the

baby is 6-7 months old.
 Permanent teeth: The second set of 32 larger teeth,
when a child is 6-7 years old and comes by replacing
milk teeth.

Enamel: A white, strong, shining, protective material

covering on teeth.

Tongue: A muscular organ attached to the floor of the

buccal cavity which helps in tasting and mixing the food
with saliva for digestion.

Transportation in Plants and Animals

 Vascular tissue: A plant tissue which helps in

transportation.
 Xylem tissue: It helps in transporting water and
minerals in plants.
 Phloem: It helps in transporting food in plants.
 Translocation: The process of transporting food
from leaves to other parts of plants.
 Transpiration: A loss of water from stomata in
leaves.
 Blood: A red colour fluid which circulates in the body
of animals.
 Plasma: Fluid part of the blood which consists of
nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
 Blood vessel: Tube-like structure present in the
body for carrying blood inside the body.
 Artery: It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to
body parts.
 Vein: It carries deoxygenated blood from body parts
to the heart.
 Capillary: A thin-walled narrow tube which connects
artery and vein.
 Heart: A muscular organ present in the thoracic
cavity and helps in pumping blood in the body.
 Double circulation: A circulatory system in which
blood travels twice through the heart in one complete
cycle.
 Heartbeat: One complete contraction and relaxation
of the heart (72 times in a minute).
 Stethoscope: Instrument which measures heartbeat.
 Systolic pressure: Maximum pressure at which
blood flows during contraction of the heart. (120 mm
Hg)
 Diastolic pressure: Minimum pressure at which
blood flows during relaxation of the heart. (80 mm
Hg)
 Sphygmomanometer: Instrument which measures
blood pressure.
 Lymph: A light yellow liquid flowing from body tissue
to the blood circulatory system and provides
immunity.
Excretion in Plants and Animals

 Excretion: It is the process of removing waste

products from the body.
 Excretory products of plants: CO , O , water
2 2

vapour, peel of bark, fruits, leaves, gum, raisin, etc.

 Excretory products of humans: Carbon dioxide,
urea, etc.
 Kidney: Organ which removes the toxic substance
urea from blood and filters it.
 Urine: A yellowish liquid which contains water and
urea.
 Dialysis: The procedure used for cleaning the blood
of a person in case of kidney failure.
 Nephron: Functional unit of excretory system
present in the kidney for filtering blood.
 Renal Artery: Blood vessels which bring blood from
heart to kidney.
 Renal Vein: Blood vessel which brings blood from
kidney to heart.