Ova

Language Shift, Gender, and Ideologies of Modernity in Central Java, Indonesia

by: Nancy J. Smith-Hefner

This article examines the language shift from Javanese to Indonesian among Yogyakarta youth,
influenced by modernization, education and social change. Young women use Indonesian more
because it is considered more communicative, flexible, and reflects equal relationships.
Meanwhile, men tend to maintain formal Javanese as a form of respect and status symbol. This
shift also shows changes in gender ideology and family roles in Javanese society today.

Theory

• Ideological Theory of Language: This concept was developed by several researchers,

including Judith Irvine and Susan Gal, who examined the relationship between language and
social power. They point out that language ideology is a way of seeing that is tied to broader
social and cultural phenomena. In the context of this article, language ideology relates to how
Javanese and Indonesian are viewed in terms of modernity and gender.

• Theories of Gender and Language Change: This article also refers to previous research by
Penelope Eckert, which reveals that women are often the pioneers in language change. Eckert's
research shows that language change can reflect the social standing and opportunities afforded to
women in the wider social context.

Methods

1. Ethnographic Observation: The author collected data through direct observation of

language use in Yogyakarta.

2. Interviews: Interviews were conducted with students and parents to explore attitudes and
language use in the context of their daily lives.

3. Survey: A survey was conducted among university students to assess the language used
in interactions with parents and planned language use with their children.

Findings
1. Shift from Formal Javanese to Bahasa Indonesia: There is a decline in the use of formal
Javanese style and an increase in the use of Bahasa Indonesia which is considered more
communicative and egalitarian, especially among young women.

2. Perception of Change: Younger generations see Bahasa Indonesia as a tool for more
egalitarian relationships, reflecting changes in social structures and gender norms.

Conclusion

In this article, Nancy J. Smith-Hefner highlights the language shift from formal Javanese to
Indonesian among Javanese youth, reflecting changes in gender ideology and modernity.
Research shows that young women, who are increasingly gaining access to education and social
opportunities, tend to turn away from traditional norms in favor of Indonesian, which is
considered more communicative and egalitarian, thus creating closer and more equal
relationships in social interactions, especially in the context of marriage. This shift reflects not
only linguistic changes, but also challenges to social structures and traditional values,
demonstrating how language functions as a tool to negotiate gender identities and roles in a
changing society.
Angga

Reconstructing Gender in Languagae: Methodological Approaches

by: Farah Adil

Theory

The article discusses how gender is shaped by the way language is used. It presents the idea that
gender isn’t just a biological fact but something created and performed in society through
language. The authors highlight feminist theories that argue that language often supports male
dominance, which can lead to women's oppression and lower social status. This foundational
idea pushes the authors to explore how language can either reinforce traditional gender roles or
help challenge them.

Method

To study this topic, the authors conducted a narrative review, meaning they looked at existing
research and literature rather than conducting new experiments. They gathered information from
various academic articles and books to find effective ways to study gender through language.
They identified seven key methods that researchers can use to analyze language:

1. Sociolinguistics - This method studies how language relates to social life and how it varies in
different social settings.

2. Corpus Linguistics - This approach analyzes large collections of spoken or written texts to find
patterns in how language is used.

3. Conversation Analysis - This technique looks closely at the structure of conversations to

understand how people interact and communicate.

4. Discursive Psychology - This method examines how people express psychological ideas
through language and conversation.

5. Critical Discourse Analysis - This approach explores how language can reflect and shape
power dynamics in society.
6. Feminist Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis - This method focuses on how language
contributes to constructing and understanding gender identities.

7. Queer Theory - This perspective challenges traditional ideas about gender and sexuality and
looks for ways language contributes to these concepts.

Each of these methods has its own strengths, and the authors argue that they can provide
valuable insights into how gender is constructed through language.

Findings

The article concludes that language is very important in shaping how society views gender. It
finds that:

- Language that is biased towards one gender—usually towards men—continues to promote

stereotypes and discrimination against women, negatively affecting their status and
representation in society.

- The methodologies discussed can help researchers understand and challenge these biases by
examining how language is used in various contexts.

- When researchers apply these methods thoughtfully, they can uncover hidden biases in
language and work toward creating language that promotes equality between genders.

- The authors stress that maintaining objectivity in research is crucial, which can be achieved by
using a mix of different study methods and being aware of how a researcher’s personal views
might influence their findings.

Conclusion

in conclusion the article highlights how important it is to use clear and organized research
methods when studying the connection between language and gender. It suggests that we should
change the way we use language so that it better shows and supports gender equality. This means
moving away from the old way of speaking or writing that often keeps unfair ideas and
stereotypes about gender.
Yusril

Language and Gender in Short Films: I'm Just Your Clown: Sociolinguistic Study

by: Neneng Aida Rosyidah

Theory

This article draws on the theory of sociolinguistics which states that language use is influenced
by gender and social context. It asserts that there are differences in language use between men
and women, which may be due to biological and social factors, such as cultural norms governing
gender roles in society.

Methods

The methods used in this study are:

- Descriptive Qualitative: This research is descriptive, where data is collected by observing and
analyzing the film "I'm Just Your Clown" from beginning to end, with a duration of less than 15
minutes.

- Observation Technique: Data was collected by recording observations and analyzing the dialog
and interactions between male and female characters in the film.

Findings

The main findings of this study include:

- There are differences in language characteristics between men and women in the movie, where
women tend to use more formal and polite language, while men tend to be more innovative and
expressive.

- Factors that influence these language

Conclusion

This article concludes that language use is influenced by gender and social context, and these
differences are evident in the characters' interactions in the film "I'm Just Your Clown." This
research provides a new perspective on how language and gender can be analyzed in the context
of Indonesian short films, as well as adding insight to the broader discussion on gender in media.
Ajiz

The Analysis of Women’s and Men’s Language Features in Disney Movies

by: Ni Komang Sri Sapitri, Luh Putu Laksminy, Made Detriasmita Saientisna

The article studies how boys and girls speak differently in two Disney movies: Turning Red
(2022) and Ron's Gone Wrong (2021). The researcher looks at Mei Lee, the girl character, and
Barney, the boy character, to see how their language shows gender differences.

Theory

Based on Lakoff’s (1975) theory, women’s language features include:

a. Lexical Hedges or Fillers : Used to express uncertainty or hesitation.

b. Tag Questions : Added to declarative statements to seek confirmation or express doubt.

c. Rising Intonation on Declaratives : Changes a statement into a question, showing uncertainty.

d. Empty Adjectives : Used to convey emotion rather than specific information.

e. Intensifiers : Words that strengthen the meaning of a statement.

f. Super Polite Forms : Indirect or polite expressions used to soften commands or requests.

g. Avoidance of Strong Swear Words : Preference for milder expressions instead of harsh
language.

h. Emphatic Stress : Increased intonation to emphasize certain words for clarity or persuasion.

According to Coates (2004), men’s language features include:

a. Minimal Responses : Short answers often used to show agreement or acknowledgment.

b. Commands and Directives : More direct speech patterns that give orders or instructions.

c. Swearing and Taboo Language : Frequent use of informal or offensive language.

d. Compliments : Typically given based on skills or achievements rather than appearance.

e. Theme : Conversations often revolve around factual topics like current events, sports, or
activities.

f. Questions : Direct questioning to obtain information efficiently.

Methodology

This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze language differences between
men and women. The data is collected from two Disney movies, Turning Red (2022) and Ron’s
Gone Wrong (2021), focusing on the speech patterns of the main characters. The analysis is
conducted using the linguistic frameworks proposed by Lakoff (1975) for women's language
features and Coates (2004) for men's language features.

Findings

The study analyzes the language features used by female and male characters in two animated
movies: Turning Red (2022) and Ron’s Gone Wrong (2021).

A. Women’s Language Features (Turning Red, 2022)

The lead character, Mei Lee, demonstrates several linguistic features commonly associated with
women's speech, including:

1. Lexical Hedges : Expressing uncertainty ( “Kinda look like Devon”)

2. Tag Questions : Seeking confirmation ( “I’m not going to regret this, am I?”)

3. Rising Intonation on Declaratives : Turning statements into questions ( “Maybe?”)

4. Empty Adjectives : Using emotionally expressive words ( “So cute!”)

5. Intensifiers : Strengthening statements ( “I’m just really excited about math.”)

6. Super Polite Forms – Using politeness markers ( “Move, please!”)

7. Avoidance of Strong Swear Words : Replacing harsh language with milder terms ( “You
good-for-nothing hosers!”)

8. Emphatic Stress : Emphasizing words for conviction ( “Totally. Siu-Jyu is so two-faced.”)

B. Men’s Language Features (Ron’s Gone Wrong, 2021)

The main character, Barney, shows language features that are often found in the way men speak,
such as:

1. Minimal Responses : Giving short replies ( “Ya,” “Uh-huh”)

2. Commands and Directives : Issuing direct orders ( “You, come with me!”)

3. Swearing and Taboo Language : Using mild insults ( “It’s my birthday, you dumb goat!”)

4. Compliments : Praising actions ( “That was awesome... but terrible, but awesome!”)

5. Thematic Focus : Discussing external topics rather than emotions ( shifting from food to past
events)

6. Questions : Asking direct questions with interruptions ( “Stop! What is wrong with you?!”)

Conclusion
Ojan

The Reasons Of Male And Female’s Way In Communication Used By Indonesian Food
Vlogger by Dina Hanifa, Anni Holila Pulungan, Rahmad Husein

This article was written by Dina Hanifa and published in the Jurnal Linguistik Terapan
Pascasarjana Unimed in 2023. The research focuses on the reasons behind the communication
styles of male and female Indonesian food vloggers known as "Ken and Grat."

theory

This article was discussed about the reasons of male and female’s way in communication by
Indonesian food vlogger “Ken and Grat” based on Basow and Rubenfield theory. They were
assertive, power-hungry, expressive, tentative, and polite. This article was aimed to found the
reasons why the food vlogger “Ken and Grat” used the ways in the way they are in
communication. This article used Lakoff theory to found that reasons.

methode

This article applied descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research were taken from the
vlog videos on youtube and the video transcript.

Finding

The study identified four main reasons that influence the communication style of the "Ken and
Grat" food vloggers:

Culture: In their Chinese (Tionghoa) culture, the position of men and women follows the concept
of "Yin" and "Yang." Men are considered the active element ("Yang") and family leaders, while
women are the passive element ("Yin"). This causes men to be more dominant in
communication.

Stereotype: Gender stereotypes affect how they communicate. For example, the male vlogger
uses very polite language forms toward women because of the stereotype that "men must speak
politely to women."
Confidence: Confidence levels influence how they use language. Both male and female vloggers
in this study used "question tags" when they were uncertain about their statements.

Society: Social perceptions influence how they communicate. The female vlogger in the video
used super-polite forms because she considered how society would view what she said or did.

Conclusion

There are four reasons why the food vlogger “Ken and Grat” used the ways in the way they are
in communication are namely culture, stereotype, confidence, and society. They are culture, male
and female food vloggers were assertive because of culture and society, the and is stereotype.
Male and female food vloggers were polite because of stereotype and society. The third reason is
confidence. Male and female were tentative because of confidence. And the fourt is society.
Male and female food vloggers were power hungry because of culture and society. And male and
female were expressive also because of culture and society. And from all of the reasons, the most
dominant reason was society both by male and female.