Da Nang University
University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Transportation Mechanical Engineering
Essay
Report On Electrical And Electronic
Systems For Internal Combustion
Engines
Lecturer : PGS. TS Pham Quoc Thai
Class : 21.nh18
Name : Võ Văn Tuấn
Student Code : 103210041
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Da Nang, 26 May, 2024
I. BATTERY
.1 Battery Functions.
• ENGINE OFF: Battery energy is used to operate the lighting and accessory systems.
• ENGINE STARTING: Battery energy is used to operate the starter motor and to
provide current for the ignition system during cranking.
• ENGINE RUNNING: Battery energy may be needed when the vehicle's electrical load
requirements exceed the supply from the charging system.
In addition, the battery also serves as a voltage stabilizer, or large filter, by absorbing
abnormal, transient voltages in the vehicle's electrical system. Without this protection,
certain electrical or electronic components could be damaged by these high voltages.
.2 Battery Structure.
• The internal structure of a car battery includes:
- The negative plate and positive plate contain fragments and are connected to each other
by connecting rods.
- There are many small compartments and each compartment contains H2S04 solution.
• The external structure includes the following details:
- The shell is usually made from hard rubber or bitumen material because these materials
have high thermal insulation and anti-corrosion properties and great mechanical strength.
- The most recognizable feature of a battery is that there are 2 protruding poles above the
positive and negative poles of the battery, usually the terminal covers have colors to
distinguish such as: red is the positive (+) pole; Blue is the negative pole (-).
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.3 Operating Principle Of Car Batterry.
• Car batteries operate on the principle of charging and discharging through a chemical
reaction with an electrolyte solution.
• When discharged, the battery will provide an electric current to the consumer. When the
acid in the electrolytic solution reacts with lead, it turns into water, causing electrical
energy to be released. At that time, sulfuric acid along with the negative and positive plates
is converted into lead sulfate. The discharge process causes the amount of water to increase
but reduces the amount of sulfuric acid, causing the electrolyte concentration to decrease
and the plates gradually approach the outside due to the nature of PbSO4, causing the
potential difference between them to gradually decrease.
• When charging, the electrolyte concentration increases, the electrolyte changes into sulfuric
acid. Along with that, the positive plates will turn into lead oxide, and the negative plates
will turn into lead. At this time, the direction of the charging current is opposite to the
discharge current.
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II. IGNITION SYSTEMS
An electronic ignition system is a part of the mechanical system in a car or other utility
vehicle, used to create an electrode to light a fire in mechanical combustion. In the history
of the classical ignition system, it was replaced by an electronic ignition system.
In an electronic ignition system, it is not necessary to use a solenoid (conductor) to create an
electric pole. Instead, a control processor (ECU) or similar electronic circuit controls the
activation of the explosions by sending electrical signals to the corresponding explosions.
Electronic ignition systems typically have higher efficiency, better accuracy, and are less
affected by external factors such as temperature or humidity.
Electronic ignition systems are commonly found in modern vehicles and help improve
performance and fuel economy..
.1 Contact Ignition System.
• The contact ignition system, also known as the screwdriver ignition system, was the first
ignition system used for cars. The structure of this system is quite simple and
rudimentary, including: electric lock, battery, auxiliary resistor, high voltage ball bearing,
primary coil, secondary coil, circuit breaker, contactor, capacitor, spark plug , rotor..
• This system is quite stable, easy to repair and easy to install. However, being the first
generation, the operation is not flexible when the engine changes operating modes.
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.2 Semiconductor Ignition System.
This ignition system has more improvements and more complex structure. There are two
types of semiconductor ignition systems:
• The contact type has a simple structure, is easy to repair, has a low price, and is well
adapted to operating modes but is only used for low-speed engines.
• Type without contact includes 2 types:
- The touch type has a longer lifespan, easy angle adjustment, and stable operation, but
has a rather complicated structure, requires some additional circuits, and is quite
expensive.
- The photoelectric type also has a fairly long lifespan, increasing ignition quality but is
quite difficult to repair.
In general, semiconductor ignition systems in cars are far superior to contact ignition
systems. This system is often used for new cars with average or lower engine speeds.
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.3 The System Is Programmed Without A Distributor
• Known by other names as direct ignition system, this is the most modern ignition system
today. This system has more features than a programmable ignition system with a
distributor. At the same time, the accuracy and efficiency of this system are also high, so
it is often used on luxury cars.
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