Components of a GIS
A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods.
Hardware
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of
hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or
networked configurations.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic
information. Key software components are:
· Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information
· A database management system (DBMS)
· Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
· A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
Data
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and related tabular
data can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS will
integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most
organizations to organize and maintain their data, to manage spatial data.
People
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and develop plans
for applying it to real world problems. GIS users range from technical specialists who design and
maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work.
Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the
models and operating practices unique to each organization
1. Hardware
What is it?
GIS hardware refers to the physical devices necessary to run GIS software and store the vast
amounts of spatial data. This includes computers, servers, GPS units, and even drones.
Why is it Important?
Without the right hardware, running complex spatial analyses or rendering large datasets would
be next to impossible. Think of hardware as the engine room of the GIS ship, powering all
operations.
2. Software
What is it?
Software is where the magic happens. This includes the applications and programs used to
input, store, retrieve, manage, analyze, and visualize geospatial data. Popular GIS software
includes ArcGIS, QGIS, and GRASS GIS.
Why is it Important?
Imagine having all the data in the world but no way to interpret or visualize it. That’s where
software comes in. It provides tools and functions necessary to turn raw data into meaningful
spatial information and insights.
3. Data
What is it?
Data is the lifeblood of GIS. It can be vector (points, lines, and polygons) or raster (grid-based,
like satellite images). Data can represent anything from land use types, population distribution,
to the spread of diseases.
Why is it Important?
Data is what you’re trying to analyze and understand. Without data, GIS is like an empty library.
Accurate and comprehensive data ensures the reliability and credibility of GIS analyses, making
it a pivotal component.
4. People
What is it?
These are the individuals who run the GIS systems – the cartographers, analysts, field surveyors,
and decision-makers.
Why is it Important?
Even the most advanced GIS technology would be useless without skilled professionals behind it.
People bring context, experience, and intuition into the GIS equation, ensuring that the system’s
output aligns with real-world needs and challenges.
5. Methods
What is it?
Methods refer to the procedures and techniques used in collecting, analyzing, and presenting
spatial data. It’s the ‘how’ of GIS, guiding the processes and operations.
Why is it Important?
Using appropriate and standardized methods ensures that GIS results are consistent, reliable,
and reproducible. It’s the difference between making an educated guess and drawing a
scientifically sound conclusion.
