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Hadoop IO Explanation

Hadoop I/O encompasses the framework for data input and output operations within the Hadoop ecosystem, emphasizing efficient I/O for scalable data processing. It includes mechanisms for data integrity through checksums, the use of the local file system for temporary data storage, and various compression and serialization techniques to optimize performance. Notably, Avro is highlighted as a key serialization framework that supports schema evolution and inter-language communication, making it suitable for big data applications.

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44 views3 pages

Hadoop IO Explanation

Hadoop I/O encompasses the framework for data input and output operations within the Hadoop ecosystem, emphasizing efficient I/O for scalable data processing. It includes mechanisms for data integrity through checksums, the use of the local file system for temporary data storage, and various compression and serialization techniques to optimize performance. Notably, Avro is highlighted as a key serialization framework that supports schema evolution and inter-language communication, making it suitable for big data applications.

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subramanyau67
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Hadoop I/O

Definition

Hadoop I/O refers to the framework and mechanisms used for data input and output operations in the

Hadoop ecosystem. Efficient I/O is critical in distributed systems like Hadoop to ensure scalable and reliable

data processing. Hadoop provides a set of libraries and utilities to handle various data formats, serialization

frameworks, and compression methods for optimal storage and transmission.

Data Integrity

Data integrity in Hadoop ensures that the data being read or written is accurate and uncorrupted. Hadoop

uses checksums to verify the correctness of data blocks. Each file in HDFS is divided into blocks, and for

every block, a checksum is calculated and stored separately. When the data is read, the checksum is

recalculated and compared to the stored value. If a mismatch occurs, the system attempts to read the block

from another replica, thereby ensuring fault tolerance and reliability.

Hadoop Local File System

The Hadoop Local File System is a non-distributed file system used primarily for storing temporary data on a

single machine (often intermediate job outputs). It is not suitable for large-scale distributed data storage. It is

typically used by MapReduce tasks to read input splits and write temporary output before transferring to

HDFS. Although it does not offer replication and fault tolerance like HDFS, it provides fast local read/write

operations critical for performance in processing pipelines.

Compression

Compression in Hadoop reduces the size of data stored and transmitted across the network, improving

performance and reducing disk I/O. Hadoop supports various compression codecs such as Gzip, Bzip2, LZO,

and Snappy. Compression can be applied at different stages:


Hadoop I/O

- Input Compression: Reduces storage and bandwidth when reading input files.

- Intermediate Compression: Compresses intermediate MapReduce outputs.

- Output Compression: Minimizes size of final job output.

Proper use of compression increases throughput but may add CPU overhead during

compression/decompression.

Serialization

Serialization is the process of converting data structures or objects into a format that can be stored or

transmitted and reconstructed later. Hadoop relies on serialization for transferring data between nodes in a

MapReduce job. Writable is Hadoop's native serialization format, providing efficient, compact binary

representations. Hadoop serialization must be fast, compact, and compatible with versioning.

Common serialization frameworks used in Hadoop:

- Writable (native)

- Avro

- Protocol Buffers

- Thrift

Avro

Avro is a serialization framework developed within the Hadoop ecosystem, used for compact, fast, binary

data serialization. It uses JSON for defining schemas and supports schema evolution, making it highly

suitable for big data.

Features of Avro:
Hadoop I/O

- Row-based storage format.

- Supports dynamic typing through schemas.

- Enables inter-language communication (e.g., Java and Python).

- Facilitates big data exchange between systems using different programming languages.

- Efficient serialization with minimal overhead.

Avro is often used in Kafka, Hive, and Pig as well as for storing log data and in data lake solutions.

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