The E factor 25 years on: the rise of green chemistry and
sustainability
• Greenness
• mass-based metrics such as atom economy
• E factors
• process mass intensity
• life cycle assessment
System boundaries and intrinsic E factors
• simple E factors (sEF)
• Doesn’t take solvents and water
• Scouting activities
• complete E factors (cEF)
• Includes Solvent and water
• No recycling
• Total waste stream analysis
Environmental impact of waste: life cycle assessment
(Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis)
• cradle-to-grave
• cradle-to-gate
• gate-to-gate
ISO 14040 : 2006 Standard
• goal and scope definition,
• inventory analysis,
• impact assessment,
• interpretation.
1. acidification
2. ozone depletion
3. smog formation
4. global warming
5. human toxicity by ingestion and inhalation
6. Persistence
7. Bioaccumulation
8. abiotic resource depletion
Sustainability metrics
• Role of catalysis
• aerobic oxidations of alcohols
• catalytic C–C bond formation
• Olefin metathesis
• Neoteric solvents
• ionic liquids
• deep eutectic
solvents
• Refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners and CRT TVs
• Base metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn and Zn)
• Personal computers, mobile phones, video game consoles and digital devices
• Precious metals (Ag, Au and Pd)
• Information and communication technology
• Common metals (Ba, Bi, Co, Ga, Sr and Ta)
Components with ceramic materials
metals, ceramics and plastics
LCD monitors
• Front cover
• Polymeric frame
• LCD screen
• PCB
• Back cover
• Polymers: 51 %
• Metals: 16 %
• LCD Glass: 22 %
• PCB: 9 %
• Backlight: 0.34 %
• Wire, rubber, laminated
plastics and other: 1.7 %
Item 1: Front of the monitor Item 9: Back of the glass screen
Item 2: Monitor without polymeric frame Item 10: Diffuser sheets
Item 3: Front of the LCD screen Item 11: Perspex
Item 4: Back of the LCD screen Item 12: Reflective sheet
Item 5: Fluorescent lamp over a 20 cm ruler Item 13: Back cover of the monitor and PCB
Item 6: Front Screen Glass with PCB Item 14: Back of the monitor
Items 7 and 8: PCB
Air
Pollutants Concentration Site description Treatment Location
Cu 111 Backyard recycling sites Crude recycling Bangalore (India)
Cr 18 Backyard recycling sites Crude recycling Bangalore (India)
Co 1.2 Backyard recycling sites Crude recycling Bangalore (India)
Zn 191 Backyard recycling sites Crude recycling Bangalore (India)
Mn 59.6 Backyard recycling sites Crude recycling Bangalore (India)
Mo 0.99 Backyard recycling sites Crude recycling Bangalore (India)
Soil
Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo 34.8 E-waste dumping and recycling sites Open disposal Loni and Mandoli, Delhi NCR(India)
Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo 22.1 E-waste dumping and recycling sites Open burning Loni and Mandoli, Delhi NCR(India)
Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo 136 Informal E-waste site near Ram Ganga river Crude recycling Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh
(India)
Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo 287 E-waste dismantling workshop Mechanical treatment and dumping Chandigarh and Ludhiana
(India)
Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo 83.6 E-waste recycling site Crude recycling Mandoli, New Delhi (India)
Water
Zn, As, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb 0.35 Informal E-waste site near Ram Ganga River Crude recycling Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh(India)
Zn, As, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb 1.89 E-waste recycling site Crude recycling Mandoli, New Delhi (India)
Dust
Cd 4.36 E-waste dismantling workshop Mechanical treatment and dumping Chandigarh and Ludhiana(India)
Cd < 5 Former E-waste recycling area Mechanical treatment Zarfarabad, New Delhi (India)
Sediment; Rice; Vegetables, Wild Plants
Increased concentration of pollutants into the human body due to informal recycling of E-waste.
Human Blood
Human Urine
Human Hair
Implications for Future Prospect
All the Best for the EnD SeM
Thank you !
