Heat Transfer

Unit 1. Conduction
MCQs

The Fourier's law of heat transfer by conduction is expressed as

(a) Q = kA dt / dx (b)_ kA dt / dx (c) Q = kA dx /dt (d) _ kA dt / dx

1 In general, the thermal conductivity of a substance is

(a) independent of temperature
(b) a strong function of pressure
(c) strongly temperature dependent
(d) independent of pressure.

2 One face of a cooper plate 3 cm thick is main- tained at 400°C whereas the other is kept
at 100°C. The thermal conductivity of the plate is 300 W/mK. The rate of heat transfer
per unit area (1 m2) through the plate would be
(a) 300 W
(b) 3 kW
(c) 30 kW
(d) 3 MW

3 3. The predominant mode of heat transfer in electrical transmission lines is

(a) conduction
(b) natural convection
(c) forced convection
(d) radiation.

4 . The product of overall heat transfer coefficient and surface area (UA) is related to the
total thermal resistance R as
(a) R2
(b) R0.5
(c) R (d) R-1.0\

5 The rate of heat transfer from a hot surface to a cold surface is directly proportional to
the difference in temperatures between the two surfaces and the surface area normal to
the direction of heat flow. This is
(a) Newton's law of cooling
(b) Kirchoff's law
(c) Fourier law
(d) Wien's law.
6 With increase in temperature, the thermal conductivity of gases
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains constant
(d) first increases and then decreases.

7 Which of the following has the lowest thermal conductivity

(a) air
(b) water
(c) brick
(d) copper.

8 Electrical analogy for heat transfer coefficient is

(a) resistance
(b) inductance
(c) unit conductance
(d) capacitance.

9 Heat transfer takes place according to:

(a) Fourier's law
(b) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(c) first law of thermodynamics
(d) second law of thermodynamics.

10 Heat is transferred by all the three modes, viz., conduction, convection and radiation in
(a) refrigerator freezer coils
(b) melting of ice
(c) boiler tubes
(d) steam condenser.

11 Cork is a good insulator because

(a) it is porous
(b) it can be powdered
(c) it is flexible
(d) its density is low

12 Which liquid metal can be taken as the best conductor

(a) tin
(b) mercury
(c) bismuth
(d) sodium
13 The unit of overall heat transfer coefficient is
(a) W/m3K
(b) W/m2K
(c) W/m2
(d) W/mK

14 Three identical rods made of aluminium, wrought iron and glass are heated at one end
up to 150°C. The temperature at the free end of these rods will be such that it is
(a) the lowest in the aluminium rod
(b) the lowest in the glass rod
(c) the lowest in the wrought iron rod
(d) the same for all rods.

15 For a given volume and specified heat input which material will have the smallest
temperature rise
(a) water
(b) mild steel
(c) aluminium
(d) copper.

16 Choose the correct statement

(a) the thermal conductivity of insulating solids increases with temperature.
(b) the thermal conductivity of good electrical conductors is generally low
(c) the thermal conductivity of gases decreases with temperature
(d) the thermal conductivity of liquids is a strong function of temperature.

Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of:

(a) thermal conductivity to thermal capacity
(b) thermal resistance to thermal conductivity
(c) thermal potential to thermal resistance
(d) thermal resistance to thermal conductivity.

Thermal diffusivity is
(a) a physical property of material
(b) a mathematical entity
(c) a configuration for heat conduction.
(d) a dimensionless parameter.

In SI system, the unit of thermal conductance is:

(a) W/mK
(b) W/K
(c) K/W
(d) W/m.

A composite plane wall is made of two different materials of same thickness with
thermal conductivities k1 and k2 respectively. The equivalent thermal conductivity of
the slab is
(a) k1 + k2
(b) kik2
(c) (k + k2)/(k1k2)
(d) (2k, k2)/k, + k2

A composite wall consists of three different materials having thermal conductivities, k,

2k and 4k respectively. The temperature drop across different materials will be in the
ratio
(a) 1:1:1
(b) 1:2:4
(c) 4:2:1
(d) 2:4:1.

The concept of log mean area is normally used in the analysis of

(a) composite plane surfaces
(b) cylindrical surfaces
(c) spherical surfaces
(d) any plane surface.

For pipes, the rate of heat transfer by con- duction at the critical radius is
(a) equal to the rate of heat transfer by convection and is maximum
(b) equal to the rate of heat transfer by convection and is minimum
(c) greater than the rate of heat transfer by convection
(d) less than the rate of heat transfer by convection.

The ratio of heat flows from two walls of thickness ratio 1:2 and thermal conductivity
ratio 3:1 for the same temperature difference on the two sides is

(a) 5:1

(b) 6:1

(c) 2:3

(d) 3:2.
34. A 30 mm OD pipe is to be insulated with asbestos having a thermal conductivity of
0.1 W/mK. The convective heat transfer coeffi- cient is 5 W/m2K. The critical radius of
insulation for this pipe would be

(a) 10 mm

(b) 20 mm

(c) 40 mm

(d) 60 mm.

For conduction heat transfer the geometric mean area is defined only in the case of a

(a) plane slab

(b) hollow cylinder

(c) hollow sphere

(d) truncated cone

The heat transfer rate by conduction for a hollow sphere with areas A and A, varies as
(a) √A1A2
(b) (A1A2)
(c) (1/A1A2)
(d) 1/√A1A2

The reduction of temperature drop in a heat generating solid can be most effectively
achieved by reducing
(a) the heat generation rate
(b) the convective coefficient on the surface
(c) the thermal conductivity
(d) the linear dimension.

The thermal gradient in a sphere under steady state conduction at half the radius
location will be

(a) twice of that at the surface

(b) one half of that at the surface

(c) one fourth of that at the surface

(d) one eighth of that at the surface

In a cylinder under steady state conduction with uniform heat generation, the
temperature gradient at half the radius location will be

(a) One half of that at surface

(b) one fourth of that at surface

(c) twice that at surface

(d) four times that at surface

The heat transfer is constant when

(a) temperature remains constant with time (b) temperature decreases with time
(c) temperature increases with time.

Heat conduction in gases is due to

(a) electromagnetic waves (b) motion of electrons
(c) mixing motion of the different layers of the gas (d) elastic impact of molecules

Due to which of the following reasons most metals are good conductors of heat ?
(a) Capacity to absorb free energy of electrons
(b) Energy transport due to molecular vibration (c) Lattice defects
(d) Migration of neutrons from hot end to cold end.
(e) Presence of many free electrons and frequent collision of atoms.

in which of the following cases most unsteady heat flow occurs?

. (a) Through the walls of a furnace (b) Through lagged pipes carrying steam
(c) Through the wall of a refrigerator (d) During annealing of castings.

Due to which of the following reasons cork is a good insulator?

(a) It is porous (b) Its density is low (c) It can be powdered (d) All of the above.

.......... is the most widely used heat insulating material for pipelines carrying steam.
(a) Sawdust (b) Cotton (c) Asbestos (d) 85% magnesia cement and glass wool.

With regard to 'thermal diffusivity' which of the following statements is incorrect?

(a) It is a dimensionless quantity
(b) It represents a physical property of the material
(c) It is an important characteristic for unsteady heat conduction (d) None of the
above.

The temperature distribution for a plane wall, for steady state heat flow and constant
value
of thermal conductivity, is
(a) logarithmic (b) parabolic (c) linear (d) any of the above

The coefficient of thermal conductivity is defined as

(a) Quantity of heat transfer per unit area per one degree drop in temperature
(b) Quantity of heat transfer per one degree temperature drop per unit area
(c) Quantity of heat transfer per unit time per unit area
(d) Quantity of heat transfer per unit time per unit area per one degree temperature
drop

The thermal conductivity is expressed as

(a) W/mK (b) W/m2K (c) W/hmK (d) Wlh2m2K.

The relation ⛛2T = 0 is referred to as ---------------------- equation.

(a) Poisson's (b) Laplace (c) Fourier heat conduction (d) none of the above

If k is the thermal conductivity, p is the mass density and c is the specific heat then the
Thermal diffusivity of substance is given by
(a)p c/ k (b) k/ p c (c) k c /p (d) k p/c

............... is expected to have highest thermal conductivity.

(a) Water (b) Melting ice (c) Solid ice (d) Steam.

In the heat flow equation Q = kA (t, - t2)/x, the term (t, - t2)/x is known as
(a) thermal conductivity (b) thermal coefficient
(c) thermal resistance (d) temperature gradient.
Q.34) In the heat flow equation Q = kA (t, - t2)/x, the term x/kA is known as
(a) temperature gradient (b) thermal coefficient
(c) thermal resistance (d) thermal coductivity .

Film coefficient is defined as

(a) thermal conductivity / equivalent thickness of film
(b) inside diamter of tube I equivalent thickness of film
(c) (specific heat x viscosity) / thermal conductivity (d) none of the above

In the heat flow equation Q = kA (t, - t2)/x, the term x/kA is known as
(a) temperature gradient (b) thermal coefficient
(c) thermal resistance (d) thermal coductivity .
Q.35) Film coefficient is defined as
(a) thermal conductivity / equivalent thickness of film
(b) inside diamter of tube I equivalent thickness of film
(c) (specific heat x viscosity) / thermal conductivity (d) none of the above.

Q.36) Why are fins provided on heat transferring surface?

(a) To increase temperature gradient (b) To increase heat transfer coefficient
(c) To increase heat transfer area (d) All of the above.

Q.37) When the thickness of insulation on a pipe exceeds the critical value
(a) the heat flow rate decreases (b) the heat flow rate increases
(c) the heat flow rate remains constant (d) none of the above.

Q.38) For spheres, the critical thickness of insulation is given by

(a) h/2k (b) 2k/h (c) k/h (d) k/2πh
where k = thermal conductivity, h = convective heat transfer coeffecient.

Q.39) It is considered appropriate that area of cross section, for a finned surface, be
(a) reduced along the length (b) increased along the length
(c) maintained constant along the length (d) none of the above.

Q.40) What does transient conduction mean?

(a) Heat transfer for a short time
(b) Conduction when the temperature at a point varies with time
(c) Very little heat transfer (d) Heat transfer with a very small temperature difference.

How can the temperature drop in a plane wall with uniformly distributed heat
generation be decreased?
(a) By reducing thermal conductivity of wall material
(b) By reducing wall thickness
(c) By reducing convection coefficient at the surface (d) By reducing heat generation
rate.

Q.42) The temperature variation with time, in the lumped parameter model, is
(a) exponential (b) sinusoidal (c) cubic (d) linear.

Q.43) In transient heat conduction, the two significant dimensionless parameters are
number
and number.
(a) Fourier, Reynolds (b) Reynolds, Prandtl
(c) Biot, Fourier (d) Reyonlds, Biot.

--------------- number is relevant in transient heat condition.

(a) Reynolds (b)Fourier (c) grashoff (d) prandtl

.................. number is generally associated with natural convection heat transfer.

(a)Prandtl (b) Weber (c) Nusselt (d) Grashoff
 The degree of approach, in heat exchangers is defined as the difference between
temperatures of
(a) hot medium outlet and cold water outlet (b) hot medium outlet and cold water inlet
(c) cold water inlet and outlet (d) hot medium inlet and outlet.

Two insulating materials (put over each other) are used to insulate a steam pipe, best
result
would be obtained if
(a) inferior insulation is put over pipe and better one over it
(b) better insulation is put over pipe and inferior one over it
(c) both may be put in any order (d) none of the above.

Compared to parallel flow heat exchanger, LMTD in case of counter-flow heat

exchanger is (a) lower (b) higher (b) same (d) unpredictable.

Thermal diffusivity is a
(a) dimensionless parameter (b) mathematical formula only
(c) physical property of the material (d) function of temperature.

Transient heat flow occurs in

(a) melting of ice (b) heating and cooling of buildings due to sun
(c) insulated pipes carrying superheated steam (d) all of the above.

Transmission of heat by molecular collision is

(a) scattering (b) conduction (c) convection (d) radiation.

In which of the following cases heat is transferred by conduction, convection and

radiation?
(a) Boiler furnaces (b) Refrigerator freezer coils
(c) Melting of ice (d) All of the above.

................. is generally used to measure the temperature inside a furnance.

(a) Gas thermometer (b) Optical pyrometer
(c) Alcohol thermometer (d) Mercury thermometer.

...................... is not the assumption of Fourier's equation of heat conduction.

(a) Constant temperature difference (b) Uniform area of cross-section
(c) Steady heat flow (d) Homogeneous substance.

A substance above critical temperature exists as

(a) liquid (b) solid (c) gas (d) wet vapour.

-------------- is a non-dimensional number which generally finds application in

mass transfer problem.
(a) Grashoff number (b) Mach number (c) Stanton number (d) Weber number.
 By which of the following modes of heat transfer heat is mainly transferred from
an insulated pipe to the surrounding still air ?
(a) Radiation (b) Free convection (c) Forced convection (d) Conduction.

................ will radiate heat to a large extent.

(a) Black polished surface (b) White rough surface
(c) White polished surface (d) B lack rough surface.

When metallic surfaces are oxidised the emissivity

(a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains unaltered (d) unpredictable.

Shape of an ideal thermometer should be………………….

(a) cubical (b) rectangular (c) spherical (d)cylindrical

Heat transfer from higher temperature to low temperature takes place accroding to
(a) Fourier law (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Conduction through flat composite wall is given by:

where Q = heat transfer, tl, t2, t3 and t4 temperatures on surfaces of composite wall,
x1, x2, x3, x4 thicknesses of different composite wall layers.

Conduction through hollow, radial one dimensional heat transfer is expressed as

The radial heat transfer rate through hollow cylinder increases as the ratio of outer
radius to
inner radius
(a) decreases (b) increases (c) constant (d) none of the above

Conduction is a process of heat transfer from

(a) a hot body to a cold body, in a straight line, without affecting the intervening
medium
(b) one particle of the body to another without the actual motion of the particles
(c) one particle of the body to another by the actual motion of the heated particles
(d) none of the above.

The amount of heat flow through a body by conduction is

(a) dependent upon the material of the body
(b) directly proportional to the surface area of the body
(c) directly proportional to the temperature difference on the two faces of the body
(d) inversely proportional to the thickness of the body (e) all of the above

Thermal conductivity of solid metals ------------------- with rise in temperature.

(a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains same (d) unpredictable

Thermal diffusivity of a substance is

(a) directly proportional to the thermal conductivity
(b) inversely proportional to density of substance
(c) inversely proportional to specific heat (d) all the above.

The overall coefficient of heat transfer is used in the problems of

(a) radiation (b) conduction (c) convection (d) conduction and convection.

Thermal conductivity of the same material varies with

a. the thickness of the material
b. the temperature of the material
c. both a. and b.
d. thermal conductivity of the same martial does not vary at all
What does a composite wall mean?
a. two walls of different materials are connected in series without any gap between
them
b. three walls of different materials are connected in series without any gap between
them
c. more than three walls of different materials are connected in series without any
gap between them
d. all of the above

As the radius increases in hollow cylinder the temperature

a. also increases
b. decreases
c. it depends upon the direction of heat flow
d. unpredictable

What is the critical thickness of insulation for hollow cylinder?

a. thickness of insulation at which heat transfer rate from cylinder is minimum
b. thickness of insulation at which heat transfer rate from cylinder is maximum
c. thickness of insulation at which heat transfer from cylinder does not change with
change in outside temperature
d. none of the above

When the thickness of an insulation is greater than the critical thickness of insulation,
then the heat
transfer rate of insulated pipe
a. will be more than the heat transfer rate from the same pipe without insulation
b. will be less than the heat transfer rate from the same pipe without insulation
c. will become equal to the heat transfer rate from the same pipe without insulation d.
none of the
above

If ri and ro are the inner and outer radii of the the cylinder with insulating layer of
some thickness and k is
the thermal conductivity of the insulating material and hi and ho are the convective
heat transfer
coefficients of inside and outside fluids respectively. What is the formula for critical
radius of insulation
(rc)?
a. rc = (ro – ri) / k
b. rc = k / (ro – ri)
c. rc = k / hi
d. rc = k / ho

The critical radius of a hollow sphere having thermal conductivity k and ho as

convecting heat transfer
coefficient of outer fluid is given by
a. ho / k
b. k / ho
c. 2k / ho
d. ho / 2k

At the critical radius of insulation of a hollow sphere, the heat transfer will be
a. minimum
b. maximum
c. does not change
d. unpredictable

Thermal conductivity of non-metallic amorphous solids----------------- with decrease in

temperature. (a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains constant (d) unpredictable.

Heat transfer takes place as per -------------------law of thermodynamics.

(a) Zeroth (b) first (c) second (d) none of the above

Heat is closely related with ……………….

(a) energy (b) entropy (c) enthalpy (d) temperature.

Heat flowing from one side to other does not depend directly on
(a) thermal conductivity (b) face area (c) temperature difference (d) thickness.

…………… has least value of conductivity.

(a) Rubber (b) Air (c) Water (d) Glass (e) Plastic.

................. has maximum value of thermal conductivity.

(a) Lead (b) Copper (c) Steel (d) Aluminium (e) Brass.

The heat transfer is largely governed by conduction from the surface of the fluid,
when
a. the velocity of the fluid is high
b. the velocity of the fluid is small
c. the velocity of the fluid is small as well as high
d. none of the above

Generally, thermal conductivity of liquids is

a. very high
b. very small
c. varies from very small to very high
d. unpredictable

26. The critical radius of insulation for a sphere is equal to

(a) 2 kh
(b) 2k/h
(c) h/2 k
(d) √2 kh.

A composite wall of three layers with thicknesses 0.3, 0.2 and 0.15 m and having
 thermal conductivities 0.3, 0.2 and 0.15 (W/mK) respectively will have a heat rate of
(when inner and outer temperatures are 1000 °C and 40°C)
(a) 300 W/m2
(b) 200 W/m2
(c) 320 W/m2
(d) 500 W/m2.

A fin will be effective only when Biot number is

(a) less than one
(b) more than one
(c) equal to one
(d) infinite.

Up to the critical radius of insulation

● (a) added insulation will increase heat loss

● (b) added insulation will decre ase heat loss
● (c) convection heat loss will be less than conduction heat loss
● (d) heat flux will decrease.

The dimensionless number relevant in transient heat conduction is

(a) Grashof number
(b) Weber number
(c) Fourier number
(d) Reynolds number.

Long answer questions

1 Describe the Fourier's law of heat conduction.

2 Describe Newton's law of convection.

3 Describe the Stefann-Boltzman law of radiation.

4 Derive generalised heat conduction equation of cartesian coordinate system for the
plane wall.

5 Describe thermal contact resistance.

6 Describe the critical radius of insulation.

7 Derive the critical radius of insulation for the cylinder.

8 Derive critical radius of insulation for the sphere.

9 Describe the unsteady state of heat conduction (or transient heat flow).

Short answer questions

1 Calculate the rate of HT per unit area through a copper plate 45 mm thick, whose one
face is maintained at 350°C and the other face at 50°C. Take the thermal conductivity
of copper as 370 W/mk.
[q=2.47 MW/m2]

2 A plane wall is 150 mm thick and its wall area is 4.5 m². If its conductivity is 9.35 W/mk
and surface temperatures are steady at 150°C and 45°C determine: i) Heat flow across
the plane wall [29452.5 W], ii) temperature gradient [dt/dx=-Q/KA=-700 K/m]

3 Calculate the heat loss into a glass plate 8 mm thick and 1 m² area. If the two surfaces
differ by 1.5°C in temperature. Take k = 0.82 W/mk [153 W/mK]

Contact Thermal Resistance

4 A wall of a furnace is made of an inside layer of silica brick 120 mm thick covered with
a layer of magnesite brick 240 mm thick The temperatures at the inside of silica brick
and outside surface of the magnesite brick wall are 725°C and 110°C respectively. The
contact thermal resistance between the two walls at the interface is 0.0035 K/W per unit
wall area. If the thermal conductivities of silica and magnesite bricks are 1.7 W/mk and
5.8 W/mk, calculate i) The rate of heat loss per unit area of walls (5.3 kW/m²), ii) the
temperature drop at the surface (18.81°C)

5 The roof of an electrically heated home is 6m long 8m wide and 0.25m thick and is
made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k=0.8 w/mk the
temperature of the inner and outer surface of the roof one night is 15 0C and 40C
respectively for a period of 10 tonnes Determine: a) The rate of
heat loss through the roof that night, b) The cost of that heat
Rs. 10 to the homeowner if the cost of electricity is ＄ 0.08/kWh.
6 The wall of refrigerators are typically conducted by sandwiching a layer of insulation
between sheet metal panels consider a wall made from fiberglass insulation of thermal
conductivity of 0.046 W/mk and thickness of 50 mm and sheet panels each of thermal
conductivity 6c w/mk and thickness 3 mm If the wall separates refrigerator air at 4 0C
from ambient air at 250C which is the heat gain per unit surface area? coefficients
associated with natural convection at the inner and outer surface may be approximated
as hi=fo=5 w/m2k [14 w/m2k]

7 Under steady-state operating conditions, measurements reveal an outer surface

temperature of =200C, an inner surface temperature of = 6000C, and an oven air
temperature of 8000C. The inside convection coefficient is known to be 25 w/m 2K ,
what is the value of kb?
[1.56]

Composite wall

8 The walls of a refrigerator are typically constructed by sandwiching a layer of insulation

between sheet metal panels consider a wall made from fiberglass insulation of thermal
conductivity k= 0.046 w/mk and thickness 50mm and steel panels each of thermal
conductivity k=60 w/mk and thickness 3 mm If the wall separates refrigerated air at 4
0
C from ambient air 25 0C what is the heat gain per unit surface area? Coefficient
associated with natural convection at the inner and outer surfaces may be approximate
as hi=ho=5 w/m2k.

9 A wall of cold storage consists of three layers and outer layers of ordinary bricks 25
cm. The middle layer of cork: 10 cm thick and the inner layer of this material is 0.7,
0.043, and 0.72 w/mk respectively. The temperature of the outer surface of the wall is
30 0C and the inner is -15 0C calculate i) steady-state rate of heat gain per unit area ii)
Temp. at the interface of the composite wall iii) the percentage of total heat resistance
offered by the individual layer and iv) what additional thickness of cork should be
provided to reduce heat gain 30% less than the present value.
[Q=16.27 W/m2, T2= 24.19 0C, T3=13.65 0C, Rtotal=2.76 k/w, l=15.1 cm]

10 The composite wall of an oven consists of three materials two of which are of known
thermal conductivity, k1=20 W/mK, k3= 50 w/mk, and know thickness L1=0.30m and
L3= 0.15m the third material which is sandwiched between material 1&3, an is known:
Thickness, L2=0.15 m, but unknown thermal conductivity K2. Under steady-state
operating condition measurement, an outer surface temperature of T 0=20 0C, an inner
surface temperature Ti= 600 0C, and an oven air temperature of T∞=800
0
C The inside convection coefficient h is known to be 25 w/m 2k. What is the value of
k2?.
11 A layer of 5cm refractory brick (k=2 w/mk) is to be placed between two 4mm thick steel
(k=40w/mk) plates The both faces of bricks adjacent to the plates have rough solid to
solid contact over 20% of the area, where the average height of as parities are 1mm. The
Outer surface temperature of steel plates are 400 0C and 100 0C respectively. i) Find the
rate of heat flow per unit area and assume that the cavity area is filled with air (k=0.01
W/mK), ii) Find the rate of heat flow if the faces of bricks are smooth and have solid to
solid perfect contact over the entire area.

12 A Furnace wall is made of three layers. First layer is of insulation (k=0.6 W/mK), 12cm
thick. Its face is exposed to gases at 8700C with a convection coefficient of 110 w/m 2k.
It is covered with (backed with) a 10 cm thick layer of fire bricks (0.8 w/mk) with a
content resistance of 2.6 x 10-4 m2K/W between first and second layer Third layer is a
plate of 10cm thickness (4 W/mK) with a contact resistance between second and third
layer of 1.5 x 10-4 m2K/W . The plate is exposed to air at 30 0C with convection
coefficient of 15 W/m2K. Determine the heat flow rate and overall HT coefficient.

Cylinder

14 Calculate the heat flow rate per unit length through a long thick tube with an inner
diameter 2 cm and outer diameter 4m Given: i) The Thermal conductivity of the material
of the tube is 0.58(w/mk)
ii) The inner wall of the tube is at 70 0C and the outer wall is at 100 0C.
[-157.7 W/m : note that the heat is flowing radially inwards as indicated by the negative
sign] iii)Saturated steam at 100 0C is condensing on the outer surface of the tube. Take,
h= 5000 [W/m2k] [-157.7 W/m: Thermal resistance due to condensation is negligible]

15 A boiler furnace has an effective dimension 4m x 3m x 3m high The walls are

constructed from an inner fire-bricks wall 25 cm thick (k=0.4 w/mk) a layer of ceramic
blanket insulation (k=0.2 W/mK) 8cm thick and a steel protective layer (k=54 W/mK)
2mm thick the inside temperature of the outside of insulation as 60 0C Determine the
rate of heat loss through the vertical wall of the furanace also calculate the temperature
drop across the steel layer [22.12 kW, 0.01950C].

16 Determine the heat loss per meter length through a thick-walled tube of stainless steel
(k =19 W/mK) with 2 cm ID and 4cm OD which is covered with a 3 cm layer of asbestos
insulation (k=0.2 W/mK) the inside and outside temperature of this configuration are
6000C and 1000C respectively [690 W/m].

17 A Steel tube (k= 43.26 W/K) of 5.08 cm ID and 7.62 OD is covered with a 2.54cm layer
of asbestos insulation (k = 0.208 W/mK) The inside surface of the tube receives heat by
convection from a hot gas at a temperature of Ta =3160C with a HT coefficient ha
 =284 w/m2k. while the outside surface of the insulation is exposed to the ambient air at
Tb =380C with an HT coefficient of hb=17 W/mK Estimate i) the heat loss to ambient
air for 3m length of the tube, ii) The temperature drops across the tube material and
insulation layer.
[1508 W, 0.750C, 193.30C].

18 (RK) A thick walled tube of stainless steel with 20mm inner diameter and 40mm outer
diameter is covered with a 30mm layer of asbestos insulation (k=0.2 W/m K) if the
inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600 0C and the outside insulation at
1000 0C calculate the loss per meter of length [Q=-548.57 W/m- HT takes place rapidly
inward k of ss not given so neglecting]

19 (RK) A Steel pipe with 50 mm OD is covered with a 6.4mm asbestos insulation

(k=0.166 W/mk) followed by a 25mm layer of fibre-glass insulation (k=0.0485 W/mK)
The pipe wall temperature is 393 K and the outside insulation temperature is 311 K.
Calculate the interface temperature between the asbestos and fiberglass.

20 A steam pipe of 0.12m outside diameter is insulated with a layer of calcium silicate.
a) If the insulation is 20mm thick and its inner and outer surface are maintained at 800
K and 490 km, respectively what is the heat loss per unit length of the pipe?
b) we wish to explore the effect of insulation thickness on the
heat loss (q) and outer surface temp with the inner surface
temp fixed at 800 K . The outer surface is exposed to an air flow
(T∞=25 0C) that maintains a convection coefficient of h =25 W/m 2K and to a
large surrounding for which Tsar=T∞=250C. The surface emissivity of
calcium silicate is approximately 0.8 compare and lot the temp distribution in the
insulation as a function of the dimensionless radial coordinate (r-r1)/(r2-r1) where
r1=0.06m and r2 is variable (0.06<r2<0.2m) compute the plot the heat loss as a function
of the insulation thickness for 0<(r2-r1)<0.14m.

21 (Cengl) Steam at 2300C is flowing through a steel pipe (k =15 W/mK) whose inner and
outer diameter are 9 cm and 10 cm respectively in an environment at 15 0C. The pipe is
insulated with 5 cm thick fiberglass insulation k = 0.035 W/mK. If the heat transfer
coefficient on the inside and outside of the pipe are 170 and 28 W/m 2K. respectively
determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per meter length of the pipe. What is the
error involved in neglecting the thermal resistance of the steel pipe in calculations?

22 (Cengd) Steam at 320 0C flows in a CI pipe (k = 80 w/mk) whose inner and outer
diameter are 5 cm and 5.5 cm respectively. The pipe is covered with 3 cm thick glass
wool insulation with k =0.05 w/mk. Heat is lost to the surrounding st 5 0C by natural
 convection and radiation with a combined heat transfer coefficient of 18 w/m 2k. Taking
the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be 60 w/m 2k. determine the rate
of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also
determine the temperature drops across the pipe shell and the
insulation [Q=121 W, ∆Tpipe=0.020C, ∆Tin = 284 0C].

23 (PK) A composite cylinder consists of 10 cm radius steel pipe of 25 mm thickness over

which two layers of insulation 30mm and 35mm are laid the conductivities are 25
W/mK, 0.25 W/mK, and 0.65 W/mK. The inside is exposed to convection at 300 0C
with h= 65 W/mK. The outside is exposed to air at 30 0C with h=15 W/mK Determine
the heat loss /m Also find the interface temperature. [Q=1005.42 W/m].

24 (GATE2000) A Steel steam pipe 10 cm ID and 11 cm OD is covered with an insulation

having a thermal conductivity of 1 W/mK. If the convective heat transfer coefficient
between the surface of an insulation and the surrounding air is 8 W/m 2K, the critical
radius of insulation is A) 10 cm B) 11cm c) 12.5 cm D) 15cm.

25 (GATE98) A gas filled tube has 2 mm ID and 25 cm length. The gas is heated by an
electrical wire of diameter 50 µ located along the axis of the tube current and voltage
drop across the heating element are 05.A and 4V respectively. Find the thermal
conductivity of the gas filling the tube.

26 A thick-walled tube of stainless steel (18% Cr, 8%Ni, k=19 w/mk) with 2 cm ID and
4cm OD is covered with a 3 cm layer of asbestos insulation (k=0.2 W/mK) If the inside
wall temp. of the pipe is maintained at 6000C and outside at 1000C. Calculate the heat
tube-insulation interface temperature [QG80(W/m), T2=5980C].

27 (GP) A Steam pipe is covered with two layers of insulation; this inner layer is 30 mm
thick and outer one is 50 mm thick. The thermal conductivities of insulating materials
are 0.17 and 0.023 W/mk respectively; the pipe is made of steel (k=58 W/mk) and has
an ID and OD of 160 and 170mm respectively. The temperature of steam is 300 0C and
the ambient air is at 500C. If the inside and outside film coefficients are 30 and 6.8
w/m2k respectively. Calculate the heat lost per unit length of pipe
[Q=200 W/m].

28 (MR) A steel tube (k=45 w/mk) of OD 7.6 cm and thickness 1.3 cm is covered with an
insulating material (k=0.2 w/mk) of thickness 2cm. A hot gas at 33 0C, with convective
coefficient of 200 W/mk, is flowing inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation
is exposed to ambient air at 300C, with a convective coefficient of 50 w/m2k.
Calculate heat loss to air from the 5m long table (3531.8w), the
 temperature drop due to thermal resistance of the hot gases
steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air (∆T=Q x R).

29 (MR) A hollow cylinder with inner radius 30mm and outer radius 50 mm is heated at
the inner surface at a rate of 105 w/m2 and dissipated heat by convection from outer
surface into a fluid at 800C with heat transfer coefficient of 400w/m 3k . there is no
energy generation and thermal conductivity of the material is constant at 15 w/mk.
Calculate the temperature of inside and outside surffeces of the cylinder (T1=332 0C,
T2=2300C).

30 (MR) A copper wire 0.1cm in dia is insulated with plastic to an outer dia. Of 0.3cm and
is exposed to an environment at 400C. The HT coefficient from the outer surface of the
plastic to surrounding is 8.75 w/m3k, what is the maximum steady current in ampers,
that this wire can carry without heating any part of plastic above 95 0C? The thermal
conductivities of plastic and copper are 0.35 and 384 w/mk respectively, the electrical
resistivity of the copper is 0.196x 10-5Ωm.

31 (MP) A steel pipe (k=35 w/mk) with inner radius 25mm and outer radius 30mm is
insulated with 85% magnesia insulation (k=0.055 W/mk) The temperature at the
interface between pipe and insulation is 3000C, while the temp. on the outside surface
of insulation must not exceed 700C, with permissible heat loss of 700 w/m .Calculate i)
the minimum thickness of insulation and ii) the temp. of inside surface of pipe.
[r3=33.6mm, thickness of insulation = 8 mm, Ti=300.58 0C].

32 PS) A steel pipe of 10 cm bore and 12 cm OD carries hot water at 80 0C. If the k of pipe
is 54 W/mK, the surrounding temperature 15 0C and inner and outer HT coefficient 1
kW/m2K and 9 W/m2K respectively. Calculate the heat loss per meter length of pipe
and the surface temperature also calculate the heat loss and the surface temperature
when the pipe is covered with an insulation of thermal conductivity of 0.048 W/mK, 4
cm thick with the outer surface heat transfer coefficient reduced to 7 w/m 2k
[Q=217.68w, T1=79.3 0C, T2=79.18 0C, Q/cin=33.76w].

Critical radius of insulation

33 A steam pipe 10 cm ID and 11 cm OD is covered with an insulating substance (k= 1

W/mK). The steam temperature and the ambient temperatures are 2000C and 200C
respectively. If the convective HT coefficient between the insulating material and air is
8 w/m2k. find the critical radius of insulation, find this value of ro calculate the heat loss
per meter of pipe and the outer surface temperature Neglect resistance of the pipe
material.
[rc=0.125m, Q/L= 620 W/m, T0=118.720C]
34 (MR) An electrical wire, 2mm in diameter is covered with a 2.5 mm thick layer of plastic
insulation (0.5 W/mK) to reduce heat loss Heat is dissipated from the outer surface of
insulation to surrounding air at 250C by convection with heat transfer coefficient of 10
W/m2K. The wire is maintained at a constant temperature of 120 0C. Estimate the
rate of heat dissipation from the wire per unit length with and
without insulation. Calculate the thickness of insulation when
the heat dissipation rate is the maximum value of heat
dissipation? [Q without=2.98 W/m, Q with =
∆T/Rcon+Rconv.=19.2w/m, rc=k/h=0.05m=50mm, critical
thickness= 49 mm, Qmax=60.75 W/m].

35 (RKR) A copper pipe carrying the refrigerator at -20 0C is 10 mm in outer dia and is
exposed to ambient at 250C with convective heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2K. It is
proposed to apply the insulation of material having (k = 0.5 W/mK). Determine the
thickness beyond which the heat gain will be reduced, calculate the heat losses for 2.5
mm, 7.5 cm and 15 mm thick layer of insulation over 1m length. [rc=10mm, Ql=81.3
W/m(1.5mn), Q= 82.37 w(7.5), Q=74.95 w (15mm)]

36 (MR) A pipe , 4cm OD is maintained at uniform temperature at T1

and is covered with an insulation (k=0.20 W/mK) in order to
reduce the heat loss The heat is dissipated from outer surface
of insulation into an ambient at T∞, With heat transfer
coefficient of 8 W/m2K determine the thickness of insulation at which the heat
dissipation rate would be the maximum calculate the ratio of the heat loss from the outer
surface of insulated pipe and that of from bare pipe for ;
i) Thickness of insulation equal to critical thickness
ii) The thickness of insulation is 2 cm thicker than the critical thickness.
[rc= 0.25 mV, Qbare= hA1(T1- T∞)= 1.005ɻ∆T Qinsulated = for critical t
hickness= Qmax= = 1.027L(T1-T2), Qmax (Qbax = 1.022,
Qinsulation=0.916L((T1- T∞))].

Sphere

37 (MR) A spherical thin-walled metallic, container is used to store liquid nitrogen at

77 k The container has a diameter of 05m and is covered with an evacuated reflective
insulation system composed of silica powder (k=0.0017 w/mk) The insulation is
25mm thick and its outer surface is exposed to ambient air at 300k The convective
 coefficient is known to be 20 w/m2 The latent heat of vaporisation and density of
liquid nitrogen are 2x105 J/kg and 804 kg/m3, respectively 1) What is the rate of HT
to the liquid nitrogen? [13.06] 2) What is the rate of liquid boil off? [m=0.235 kg/hr]
Q=mhfg=m=Q/hfg= ɻ =

38 A hollow sphere made up of two materials First with k=70 w/mk, having inner dia.
of 10cm and OD of 30 cm, and second with k=15 w/mk, from the outer layer with
OD of 40cm The inside gas temperature is 300 0C and ambient temp is 30 0C
Estimate the rate of heat flow through the sphere Determine interface temperature.
[Q=11334.77 W]

Lumped capacity analysis

39 A steel ball (cp= 0.46 kJ/kgk, k=35 w/mk) 5 cm in dia. And initially uniform
temperature of 4500C is suddenly placed in a controlled environment in which the
temperature is maintained at 1000C. the h= 10 W/m2k, ℓ=7800 kg/m3. Calculate the
time required for the ball to attain a temperature of 1500C [Lc= 8.33 x 10-3m,
βi=0.00238, ɻ= 5819 sec].

40 A solid ball 5cm in diameter and initially at 4500C is quenched in a controlled

environment at 90 0C with convection of 115[w/m]. Determine the time taken by the
center to reach a temperature of 1500C. take thermophysical properties as : c= 420
I/kgk, ℓ=8000 kg/m3, k=46w/mk.[Lc=0.0516m, βi=0.0208, ɻ= 7.34min]

Unit 2: Unsteady state heat transfer

MCQs

1 The lumped parameter approach for solving transient heat conduction problems can be
used when

(a) the external resistance is negligible.

(b) the internal resistance is negligible

(c) when both the internal and external resistances are equal
(d) When both the internal and external resistances are negligible

The lumped parameter procedure should be applied when

(a) the convective heat transfer coefficient is low
(b) the thermal conductivity is high
(c) the characteristic dimension is small
(d) all the above are true.

A body cools from 85°C to 70°C in 7 minutes. The time taken by body for further
cooling to 55°C will be
(a) 7 minutes
(b) less than 7 minutes
(c) more than 7 minutes
(d) 0 minute.

On a hot summer day a stream of water is directed onto a concreate highway to lower its
temperature suddenly. The temperature at any depth may be estimated using
(a) infinite slab model
(b) semi-infinite slab model
(c) negligible surface resistance model
(d) lumped heat capacity model.

Transient conduction means

(a) heat transfer with small temperature difference
(b) variation of temperature with time
(c) heat transfer for a short time
(d) very little heat transfer.

The temperature variation in lumped heat capacity analysis is

(a) linear with time
(b) quadratic with time
(c) cubic with time.
(d) exponential with time.

In which of the following cases most un- steady heat flow occurs?
(a) through the wall of a furnace
(b) through lagged pipes carrying steam
(c) through the wall of a refrigerator
(d) through a casting being annealed.

The two significant dimension less parameters in transient heat conduction are
(a) Fourier and Reynolds numbers
(b) Biot and Fourier numbers
(c) Reynolds and Biot numbers
(d) Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
 The character length in Biot number is the ratio of
(a) volume of solid to its surface area
(b) surface are to perimeter of the solid
(c) perimeter to surface area of the solid
(d) volume to surface of the solid.

Short answer qustions

1 Derive lumped system analysis with Biot and Fouroer number.

Long answer qustions

Unit 3. Extended surfaces

MCQs

1 For a long fin, increasing the thermal conductivity while keeping all other
parameters fixed,
(a) the temperature gradient will not be affected
(b) the temperature gradient will first increase and then decrease
(c) the temperature will fall at a lower rate along the length
(d) the temperature will drop at a faster rate along the length.

2 The finning' of surfaces to augment heat dissipation is justified

(a) for all systems
(b) only in systems will low thermal conductivity
(c) only in systems with fluid around being a liquid
(d) only in systems with small heat transfer coefficient.

3 A decrease in heat transfer coefficient over the surface of a pin fin

(a) decreases its effectiveness
(b) increases its effectiveness
(c) does not affect its effectiveness
(d) first increases and then decreases its effectiveness
4 If a square fin is split longitudinally and is used as two fins on a surface, then the
heat flow rate will
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remain constant
(d) may decrease or increase.

5 What is the purpose of using fins in a particular heat transfer system? a. to

decrease rate of heat transfer
b. to increase rate of heat transfer
c. to maintain rate of heat transfer at a constant rate
d. cannot say

7 What is the effectiveness of fin?

a. the ratio of actual heat transferred from fin area to the heat which would be
transferred if entire fin area
was at base temperature
b. the heat which would be transferred if entire fin area was at base temperature to
the ratio of actual heat
transferred from fin area
c. the heat which would be transferred if entire fin area was at minimum
temperature to the ratio of actual
heat transferred from fin area
d. the ratio of actual heat transferred from fin area to the heat which would be
transferred if entire fin area
was at minimum temperature

8 What is the effect of thermal conductivity k on fin effectiveness?

a. fin is effective for smaller value of thermal conductivity k
b. fin is effective for larger value of thermal conductivity k
c. thermal conductivity k does not affect the fin effectiveness
d. cannot say

9 What is the effect of convective heat transfer coefficient h on fin effectiveness?

a. fin is effective if the value of convective heat transfer coefficient h is small
b. fin is effective if the value of convective heat transfer coefficient h is large
c. fin effectiveness does not affected by the value of convective heat transfer
coefficient h
d. none of the above

10 Which medium of surrounding is better for fin effectiveness?

 a. gas medium
b. liquid medium
c. fins have same effectiveness in both the gas and liquid mediums
d. none of the above

11 For effective working of fins, the thickness of the fines should be

a. large
b. small
c. thickness of fin does not affect the fin effectiveness
d. unpredictable

12 Aluminum is used as a fin material because

a. it has higher convection heat transfer coefficient
b. it has higher thermal conductivity
c. it has lower convection heat transfer coefficient
d. it has lower thermal conductivity

An increase in convection coefficient over a fin will

(a) result in higher effectiveness
(b) result in lower effectiveness
(c) not affect effectiveness
(d) influence only the fin efficiency

In a long fin if the parameter m = √hP/kA

increases, other parameters being maintained constant, then

(a) then temperature profile will remain the same

(b) the temperature drop along the length will be at a lower rate

(c) the temperature drop along the length will be steeper

(d) only the heat flow rate will be increased without any effect on temperature
drop.

Short answer questions

1 Describe the importance of fins in heat transfer applications.

2 Describe the types of fins.

3 Derive general heat transfer equation for fin.

4 Derive rate of heat transfer for infinitely long fin.

5 Derive rate of heat transfer for insulated end fin.

6 Derive rate of heat transfer for convective tip of fin.

Short answer questions

1 Consider a very long rectangular fin attached to a flat surface such that
the temperature at the end of the fin is essentially that of the surrounding
are i.e. 200C. Its width is 5.0 cm, Thickness is 1.0 mm, and thermal
Conductivity is 200 w/mk. And the base temperature is 40 0C. The heat
transfer coefficient is 20 w/m2k. Estimate the fin temperature at a
distance of 5.0 cm from the base and the rate of heat loss from the entire
fin.

2 A plane wall is fitled with an aluminum (k=204 w/mk) pin fin of 1cm
diameter and 30cm length. The fin base temperature is 300 0C and the
pin-fin is in contact with air at 30 0C. The convective heat transfer
coefficient between the fin surface and air is 10 w/m2k. assuming that
the fin is infinitely long, calculate the temperature at 5 cm 15 cm and
25 cm from the base and the rate of HT from the fin. P= πd= 3.14x10 -2
m.

3 A turbine blade 6 cm long and having a cross-sectional area 4.65 cm 2

and a perimeter 12 cm is made of stainless steel (k=23.3 w/mk). The
Temperature at the root is 500 0C the blade is exposed to a hot gas at
870 0C. The heat transfer coefficient between the blade surface and gas
is 442 w/m2k. Determine the temperature distribution and rate of heat
flow at the root of the blade. Assume the tip of the blade to be
insulated. [Ans:Q= -280.3W]

4 A stainless steel pin fin (k=16 w/mk) 10 cm long and 1 cm dia is

fitted to the wall, which is exposed to a boiling water convection
situation the installation of this fin is desirable [Ans: €=ꝯ=1.13, 13%
increase-undesirable].

5 Compare the efficiency of a plate fin of length L= 1.5 cm and thickness

 2.0 mm for the following two case :
a) Fin material is aluminum (k= 210 w/mk) and the HT coefficient
is 285 w/mk.
b) Fin material is steel (k=40 w/mk) and h= 510 w/m 2k
The fin efficiency for a plate with negligible

6 A long , circular aluminum rod is attached at one end to a heated wall

and transfers heat by convection to a cold fluid. a) if the diameter of
the rod is tripled by how much would the rate of heat removal charge?,
b) If a copper rod of the same diameter is used in place of the aluminum
, how much would the rate of heat removal change?

7 a brass rod 100mm long and 5mm in diameter extends horizontally

from a casting at 2000C The rod is in an air environment
with T∞=200C and h= 30 w/m2k what is the temperature of the rod
25,50 and 100 mm from the casting? (Take k=133)

X(m) Cosh m(L- Sinh m(L- Q T(0C)

x) x)
25mm 1.55 1.19 136.5 156.5
0.05 1.24 0.725 108.9 128.9
0.1 1.0 0.00 87.0 107.0
Comment: if the rod were approximated as infinitely long T25mm =
148.7 0C, T50mm= 112 0C, T100mm = 67 0C The assumption would
therefore result insignificant underestimate of the rod temperature

8 A pin fin of uniform cross- sectional area is fabricated of an aluminum

alloy (k=160 W/m K). The fin diameter is 4 mm, and the fin is exposed
to convective conditions characterized by h= 220 W/m 2K . It is reported
that the fin efficiency is 65%. Determine the fin length L and the fin
effectiveness account for tip convection.

Unit 4: Radiation

MCQs
1 An effective radiation shield should have the highest possible value of

(a) emissivity

(b) absorptivity

(c) reflectivity.

(d) transmissivity.

2 For radiation between two large parallel plates of emissivity’s, and e2 the effective
emissivity is given by

(a) 1/(∈1)+1/(∈2)

(b) ∈1 ∈2

(c) 1/(1/(∈1)+1/(∈2)+1)

(d) 1/(1/(∈1)+1/(∈2 ) -1)

3 If is the emissivity of surfaces and shields and n is the number of shields introduced
between the two surfaces then the overall emissivity is given by

(a) 1/(n∈)

(b) n/∈

(c) ∈/((n+1)(2-∈))

(d) 1/((n+1)(2-∈))

4 The statement of reciprocity theorem is

(a) F12 = F21

(b) A1F12= A2 F21

(c) A2 F12= A1 F21

(d) ∈2 F12= ∈2 F21

5 If A4 and A2 = 8 and F12 = 0.2, then F21 is equal to

(a) 0.1

(b) 0.2

(c) 0.4

(d) 0.8

6 The radiation takes place

a. through molecular communication
b. through vacuum
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

7 What is the approximate wavelength range of thermal radiation?

a. 0.1 to 100 μm (micrometer)
b. 0.1 to 100 nm (nanometer)
c. 0.1 to 100 cm (centimeter)
d. none of the above

8 Which of the following bodies will not be able to emit radiation continuously?
a. a body with very high temperature placed in air medium
b. a body with temperature 0 oC placed in air medium
c. a body with temperature 0 oC placed in vacuum
d. none of the above

9 The emissive power of a body depends upon

a. temperature of the the body
b. characteristics of the surface of the body
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

10 What is the relation between reflectivity (ρ), absorptivity (α) and transmissivity (τ)?
a. ρ – α + τ = 1
b. ρ + α – τ = 1
c. ρ + α + τ = 1
d. ρ – α – τ = 1

11 What is the opaque body?

a. the body which does not reflect radiation
b. the body which does not absorb radiation
 c. the body which does not transmit radiation
d. all of the above

12 The emissivity (ε) can be defined as the ratio of

a. emissive power of real body to the emissive power of black body
b. emissive power of black body to the emissive power of real body
c. reflectivity of real body to emissive power of black body
d. reflectivity of black body to emissive power of real body

13 What is the SI unit for Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)?

a. W / m K4
b. W / m2 K4
c. W / K4
d. W K4 / m2

14 What is irradiation (G)?

a. the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit surface area
b. the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit surface area
c. the net radiation exchanging between two surfaces per unit time per unit surface
area
d. none of the above

15 The total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit surface area is called as
a. radiosity
b. irradiosity
c. irradiation
d. none of the above

16 Radiosity (J) is the sum of radiation

a. emitted, reflected and absorbed
b. emitted, reflected and transmitted
c. transmitted, reflected and absorbed
d. none of the above

17 Radiation shields are used

a. to increase radiant heat transfer
b. to decrease radiant heat transfer
c. to maintain radiant heat transfer constant
d. none of the above

18 Stefan-Boltzmann's law is expressed as

(a) Q = s AT4 (b) Q = s A2T4 (c) Q=sAT2 (d) Q= AT4

19 The quantity of heat radiation is dependent on

(a) area of the body only (b) shape of the body only
(c) temperature of the body only (d) on all (a), (b) and (c).
20 16. A surface at temperature receives radiation from a surface at temperature T, and
radiates it to another surface at T2. Considering all the surfaces to be black, at steady
state
(a) (T-T)>(T - T2)
(b) (T-T)<(T-T2)
(c) (T-T)=(T - T2)
(d) (T-T) ≥ (T-T2).

21 All gray bodies obey the

(a) Stefan-Boltzmann law
(b) Kirchoff's law
(c) Planck's law
(d) Rayleigh-Jean's law

22 Emissivity and absorptivity of a body are equal if the body is

(a) at low temperature
(b) at high temperature
(c) at zero temperature
(d) in thermal equilibrium.

23 The temperature of a solid surface is raised from 227°C to 727°C, the emissive power
of the body will change from E1 to E2 such that E2/E1 , is
(a) 400
(b) 16
(c) 4000
(d) 1600

24 If the ratio of emission of a body to that of a black body at a given temperature is a

constant for all wavelengths, the body is termed as
(a) gray body
(b) white body
(c) opaque body
(d) black body

25 For an opaque body sum of absorptivity and reflectivity is (a) 0

(b) 1.0
(c) less than 1.0
(d) greater than 1.0

26 Every substance in the universe radiates

 (a) at all temperature above OK
(b) at all temperature above 0°C
(c) only above room temperature
(d) depending on the environment temperature.

27 The absorptivity of a freshly whitewashed wall is close to

(a) 0.1
(b) 0.3
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.9

28 The temperature inside a furnace is measured by

(a) gas thermometer
(b) optical pyrometer
(c) mercury thermometer
(d) iron-constanton thermocouple

29 A black body is one which

(a) is black in colour
(b) absorbs all incident radiation
(c) reflects all incident radiation
(d) absorbs most of the incident radiation.

03 The expression 2max T = 2.9 × 103 mK is nothing but

(a) Kirchoff's law
(b) Wien's displacement law
(c) Planck's law
(d) Stefan Boltzmann law.

31 A gray body is one for which

(a) emissivity is constant
(b) emissivity equals reflectivity
(c) emissivity equals absorptivity
(d) emissivity equals transmissivity.

The monochromatic emissive power of a black body with increasing wave length
32 (a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases
(d) decreases, reaches a maximum and then increases.

33 With increasing temperature, the wave length for maximum monochromatic emission
(a) decreases and then increases
(b) increases and then decreases
(c) increases continuously
(d) decreases continuously.

34 Glass is
(a) transparent at short wavelengths
(b) opaque for high temperature radiation
(c) opaque for low temperature radiation
(d) transparent at long wavelengths

35 The monochromatic emissivity of a white body at all wavelengths and temperatures is

equal to
(a) unity
(b) zero
(c) 0.1
(d) 0.4.

36 According to Wien's displacement law, the wavelength corresponding to maximum

energy varies with absolute temperature, T as
(a) T-1
(b) T2
(c) T3
(d) T

373 The wave length range for thermal radiation is (microns):

(a) 10 to 10
(b) 101 to 10-2
(c) 10 to 102
(d) 10 to 102
83 A body which partly absorbs and partly reflects and does not allow any radiation to
pass through it is known as
(a) specular
(b) diffuse
(c) gray
(d) opaque.

39 Which one of the following terms does not pertain to radiation heat transfer?
(a) solid angle
(b) configuration factor
(c) Reynolds analogy
(d) Spectral distribution m

40 The radiation shape factor between two large parallel plates is

(a) 0
(b) 0.5
(c) 1
(d) 2

41 The radiant heat exchange between two sur- faces can be reduced by making them
(a) highly transparent
(b) highly absorbing
(c) highly reflective
(d) moderately reflective.

42 The shape factor of a hemispherical body placed on a flat surface with respect to itself
is
(a) 1.0
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.25
(d) zero.

43 An enclosure consists of four surfaces 1, 2, 3 and 4. The view factors for radiation
heat transfer (where the subscripts refer to the respective surfaces) are F11 = 0.1, F12
 = 0.4 and F13=0.25. The surface areas A1 and A4 are 4 m2 and 2 m2 respectively.
The view factor F41 is
(a) 0.10
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.50
(d) 0.75.

44 An effective radiation shield should have surfaces of

(a) low emissivity
(b) high emissivity
(c) low reflectivity
(d) low absorptivity

45 If G is irradiation and J is the radiosity, the net radiation leaving the surface is
(a) J
(b) G
(c) G-J
(d) J-G.

46 A thin plate 1 mx 1 m is hanging freely in air at 30°C. Solar radiation is falling on one
side of the plate at the rate of 600 W/m2. The temperature of the plate will remain
constant at 36°C, if the convective heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2 K) is

(a) 100

(b) 50

(c) 25

(d) 200

47 The total emissive power E of a diffuse sur- face is related to radiation intensity I as, E
equal to
(a) π/4 I
(b) π^2 I
(c) 𝝿I
(d) 4𝝿I
 Unit 5: Convection

MCQs

1 The Nusselt modulus or Nusselt number is a convenient measure of

a. rate of heat transfer
b. convective heat transfer coefficient
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

2 What is the formula for Reynolds number (Re)?

a. (Re) = (D v ρ) / μ
b. (Re) = (D ρ μ) / v
c. (Re) = (D v μ) / ρ
d. none of the above
Where, ρ = density of the fluid
μ = viscosity of the fluid
D = tube diameter through which fluid is flowing
v = velocity of the fluid

3 Generally, natural convection occurs due to

a. change in velocity of a fluid
b. change in density of a fluid
c. change in molecular structure of a fluid
d. none of the above

4 What is the ratio of the buoyancy force to the viscous force acting on a fluid
called?
a. Prandtl number (Pr)
b. Reynolds number (Re)
c. Nusselt number (Nu)
d. Grashof number (Gr)

5 Fourier number may be expressed as

(a) ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces
(b) ratio of gravitational and surface tension forces
(c) ratio of int

6 The ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl
number is known as
(a) Peclet number
(b) Euler number
(c) Stanton number
(d) Rayleigh number.

7 The velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow in a tube is

 (a) linear
(b) exponential
(c) hyperbolic
(d) parabolic

8 The dimensionless number not associated with natural convection is

(a) Reynolds number
(b) Prandtl number
(c) Nusselt number
(d) Grashof number

9 59. For free convection, Nusselt number is a function of

(a) Prandtl and Grashof number
(b) Reynolds and Grashof number
(c) Grashof number only
(d) Reynolds and Prandtl number.

10 Stanton number is the ratio of

(a) Reynolds number to Prandtl number
(b) Prandtl number to Nusselt number
(c) Nusselt number to Peclet number
(d) Peclet number to Reynolds number.

11 Kinematic viscosity is defined as:

(a) dynamic viscosity/density
(b) dynamic viscosity x density
(c) dynamic viscosity x pressure
(d) dynamic viscosity/pressure.

12 The term (uC,/k) is called

(a) Froude number
(b) Biot number
(c) Prandtl number
(d) Nusselt number.

13 If Nusselt number is 400 and Reynolds and Pradntl numbers are 40 and 20
respectively. Then stanton number will be
(a) 800
(b) 200
(c) 2
(d) 0.5

14 The Prandtl number for air is about

(a) 0.1
(b) 0.7
(c) 1.7
(d) 1.0
15 Heat transfer rate will
(a) be higher in turbulent flow
(b) be lower in turbulent flow
(c) depend only on the fluid.
(d) depend only on fluid viscosity.

16 Prandtl number
(a) is the temperature gradient at the surface
(b) is the ratio of buoyant force to intertia force
(c) is the ratio of conduction to convection resistance
(d) is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.

17 Stanton number is
(a) a dimensionless convection coefficient od
(b) the ratio of heat diffusion to mass diffusion
(c) the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface
(d) the ratio of heat conduction to heat convection.

18 In flow over a flat plate the convective heat transfer coefficient

(a) increases along the flow
(b) decreases, increases and again decreases along the flow
(c) increases up to critical Reynolds number and then decreases
(d) decreases up to critical Reynolds number and then increases.

19 70. In laminar flow over a flat plate the convective heat transfer coefficient is
proportional to
(a) x
(b) x0.5
(c) x 0.5
(d) x 0.2

20 When the flow over a flat plate with a sharp leading edge is examined, laminar
flow is generally observed for Reynolds number less than
(a) 2300
(b) 1000
(c) 5x105
(d) 107.

21 The thermal boundary layer thickness is thicker than the momentum boundary
layer thickness when Prandtl number is
(a) 0
(b) less than 1
(c) equal to 1
(d) greater than 1
22 The bulk mean temperature of a fluid mov- ing through a tube at a given cross
section is the
(a) temperature of the fluid at the tube surface
(b) temperature of the fluid at the centre of the tube
(c) temperature midway between the centre and surface of the tube
(d) mean temperature of the fluid.

23 For flow over a flat plate the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is 0.5 mm.
The dynamic viscosity is 25 x 10 Pas, specific heat is 2.0 kJ/kg K and thermal
conductivity is 0.05 W/mK. The thermal boundary layer thickness would be
(a) 0.1 mm
(b) 0.5 mm
(c) 1 mm
(d) 2 mm.

24 Nusselt number for fully developed turbulent flow in a

pipe is given by Nu = 〖CR〗_e^a 〖Pr〗^b The values of a and
b are
(a) a = 0.5 and b = 0.33 for both heating and cooling
(b) a = 0.5 and b = 0.4 for heating and b = 0.3 for cooling
(c) a = 0.8 and b = 0.4 for heating and b = 0.3 for cooling
(d) a = 0.8 and b = 0.3 for heating and b = 0.4 for cooling.

25 Nusselt number may be characterized as

(a) the non-dimensional velocity gradient at the surface
(b) the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface
(c) the ratio of viscous to inertial forces
(d) the ratio of convective to conductive resistances.

26 In laminar boundary layer over a flat plate the average value of heat transfer
coefficient on the entire length can be obtained by multiplying the local value at
the end of the plate by a factor of
(a) 1.0
(b) 1.33
(c) 1.5
(d) 2.0

27 In turbulent thermal boundary layer flow the average value of Nusselt number is
related to Reynolds number, Re as
(a) (Re)2
(b) (Re)0.5
(c) (Re)0.8
(d) (Re)0.2

28 Reynolds analogy is true only when

 (a) flow is laminar
(b) flow is turbulent
(c) flow is partly laminar and partly turbulent
(d) Prandtl number is near about 1.

29 The thickness of thermal boundary layer is equal to that of hydrodynamic

boundary layer when Prandtl number is
(a) 0
(b) 0.1
(c) 0.5
(d) 1.0

30 The laminar boundary layer thickness, δ at any section, x from the leading edge
is related to Rex as
(a) 5x/√(〖Re〗_x )
(b) 0.664x/√(〖Re〗_x )
(c) 1.75x/√(〖Re〗_x )
(d) 1.38x/√(〖Re〗_x )

31 The equivalent diameter (hydraulic diam- eter) for flow through annulus between
two concentric cylinders of diameters d and 2d is
(a) 2d
(b) √2d
(c) 1.5 d
(d) d

32 The laminar boundary layer thickness, 8 at a distance x from the leading edge on
a flat plate varies as
(a) x^((-1)/2)
(b) x^(1/2)
(c) x2
(d) x-2

33 Nusselt number is given by

(a) (μC_p)/k
(b) μk/C_p
(c) hL/L
(d) hk/L

34 For steady, uniform laminar flow through pipes with constant heat flux supplied
to the wall, the Nusselt number is equal to
(a) 24/11
(b) 11/24
(c) 11/48
(d) 48/11
35 Peclet number is the product of:
(a) Reynolds number and Prandtl number
(b) Prandtl number and Nusselt number
(c) Nusselt number and Reynolds number
(d) Reynolds number and Stanton number

36 In laminar boundary layer flow, if the thick- ness of hydrodynamic boundary

layer is greater than that of thermal boundary layer, then their ratio is
proportional to
(a) Pr1/2
(b) Pr1/3
(c) 〖Re〗^(1/2)
(d) 〖Re〗^(1/3)

37 With increase of fluid viscosity the boundary layer thickness will

(a) decrease
(b) increase
(c) not change
(d) first increase and then decrease.

38 The temperature gradient in the fluid flowing over a flat plate will be
(a) zero at the surface
(b) positive at the surface
(c) negative at the surface
(d) zero at the top of the boundary layer.

39 In pipe flow, the average convective heat transfer coefficient

(a) depends only upon Reynolds number and Prandtl number
(b) depends on surface roughness alone
(c) will be higher in rough pipes
(d) will be higher in smooth pipes

40 In flow through pipes, for the same Reynolds number

(a) the thermal entry length is longer for high Prandtl number fluids.
(b) the thermal entry length is longer for low Prandtl number fluids
(c) the thermal entry length is independent of Prandt number
(d) the thermal entry length is existent only is turbulent flow.

41 In laminar flow through pipes:

(a) the Nusselt number remains constant
(b) the Nusselt Number in the fully developed region is lower than that at entry
(c) the Nusselt Number in the fully developed region is lower than that at entry
(d) the Nusselt number at constant wall temperature is equal to that at constant
heat flux.
42 The convective heat transfer coefficients for boiling and condensation are in the
range of (W/m2K)
(a) 50-500
(b) 200-2000
(c) 3000-5000.
(d) 2500-100000.

43 If AT represents the difference in tempera- tures of the surface and surroundings,

then in laminar free convection, the heat transfer rate is proportional to
(a) (∆T)0.25
(b) (∆T)1.0
(c) (∆T)1.25
(d) (∆T)1.33

44 The free convection heat transfer is influenced by the

(a) buoyant and inertia forces only
(b) viscous and buoyant forces only
(c) viscous and inertia forces only
(d) viscous, inertia and buoyant forces.

45 If AT represent the difference in temperature of the surface and surroundings,

then in turbulent free convection, the heat transfer rate is proportional to
(a) ∆T
(b) (∆T)0.33
(c) (∆T)1.33
(d) (∆T)1.25

46 The heat transfer coefficient in free convection over a vertical plate of length L,
in laminar region is proportional to
(a) L-0.25
(b) L+0.25
(c) L-0.33
(d) L-1.25

47 The heat transfer coefficient in free convec- tion over a vertical plate of length L,
in tur- bulent region depends upon
(a) L0.33
(b) L-0.25
(c) L-0.0
(d) L-0.25
48 The Nusselt number in free convection over a sphere varies with Rayleigh
number, Ra as
(a) R_a^0.1
(b) R_a^0.25
(c) R_a^0.33
(d) R_a^1.0

49 Two identical horizontal plates are observed in free convection, with one heated
on the top surface and the other heated on the bot- tom surface. The ratio of heat
transfer rates of the plates heated on top and bottom will be
(a) equal to one
(b) less than one
(c) more than one
(d) equal to zero.
(d) 2.1 (greater or equal to 1)

50 The Grashof number, in high speed rotating components of compressors and

turbines, is defined on the basis of.
(a) linear acceleration
(b) centrifugal acceleration
(c) gravitational acceleration
(d) speed of rotation

51 A dimensionless group [Grashof number/ (Reynolds number)2] Gr/Re2 is used to

delineate the convection regimes. For free convection this parameter should be
(a) = 1 (of the order of 1)
(b) << 1 (much less than 1)
(c) >>1 (much greater than 1)
(d) > 1 (greater or equal to 1)

166. The heat transfer area required for a given load on a heat exchanger is
minimum for
(a) parallel flow
(b) cross flow
(c) counter flow
(d) multi-pass shell and tube.

The non-dimensional parameter called Schmidt number, comprising density p,

viscosity and mass diffusivity D is given by
(a) μ/ρD
(b) Dρ/µ
 (c) μD/ρ
(d) μρ/D

Short answer questions

1 Describe velocity boundary layer

2 Describe tehrmal boundary layer

3 Describe using Buckinghum’s pi theorem corelation for forced convection.

4 Describe using Buckinghum’s pi theorem corelation for free convection.

Long answer uestions

1 A flat plate 1 m wide and 1.5 m long is to be maintained at 90 0C in an air with

free stream temperature of 100C blowing along 1.5 m side of plat. Determine the
velocity of air required to have rate of energy dissipation as 3.75 kW. Use ;
Nu=[0.664 Re0.5 Pr0.33] for laminar flow
Nu=[0.036 Re0.4 -836]Pr0.33 for turbulent flow

2 Air at 300C moving at 0.3 m/s flows across a 100 W electric bulb, glowig at
1200C. If an bulb is approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere, calculate the
heattransfer rate by convection

Unit 7: Boiling and Condensation

MCQs

1 The critical heat flux in nucleate pool boiling varies with the latent heat of
vaporisation, he as
(a) (hfg)0.33
(b) (hfg)0.5
(c) (hfg) 1.0
 (d) (hfg) 1.5

2 The critical value of Reynolds number for transition is film wise condensation is taken
as
(a) 1000
(b) 1800
(c) 2300
(d) 5x102

3 In pool boiling, the heat flux becomes maximum towards the end of
(a) free convection boiling regime
(b) nucleate boiling regime
(c) unstable film boiling regime
(d) stable film boiling regime.

4 With increase in excess temperature the heat flux in pool boiling

(a) increases then decreases and again increases
(b) decreases than increases and again decreases
(c) increases continuously
(d) decreases continuously

5 The heat flux in nucleate pool boiling is proportional to the surface tension, σ as
(a) σ 1.0
(b) σ 0.5
(c) σ 0.33
(d) σ 0.25

6 In nucleate pool boiling the heat flux is proportional to the

excess temperature ∆T as
(a) ∆T3.0
(b) ∆T10
(c) ∆T2.0
(d) ∆T0.5

7 The heat flux in nucleate pool boiling

(a) is higher for horizontal cylinder
(b) is higher for horizontal plane
(c) is higher for vertical plane
(d) is independent of shape

8 Which of the following is/are example/s of pool boiling?

 a. completely submerged electrically heated coil in pool of liquid
b. boiling of liquid in a kettle placed on stove
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

9 In pool boiling process, the region after the natural convection in which the vapour
bubbles form with
increase in heat flux, is called as
a. impure boiling regime
b. pure boiling regime
c. nucleate boiling regime
d. non-nucleate boiling regime

10 In forced convection boiling process, a liquid flows through a tube with

a. superheated or unsaturated boiling
b. subcooled or saturated boiling
c. subcooled to superheated boiling
d. vapour in boiling

11 In a film condensation, the vertical plate temperature should be

a. more than the saturation temperature of the vapour (Ts)
b. less than the saturation temperature of the vapour (Ts)
c. equal to the saturation temperature of the vapour (Ts)
d. none of the above

MCQs

1 The critical heat flux in nucleate pool boiling varies with the latent heat of
vaporisation, he as
(a) (hfg)0.33
(b) (hfg)0.5
(c) (hfg) 1.0
(d) (hfg) 1.5

The critical value of Reynolds number for transition is film wise condensation is taken
as
(a) 1000
(b) 1800
(c) 2300
(d) 5x102
 In pool boiling, the heat flux becomes maxi- mum towards the end of
(a) free convection boiling regime
(b) nucleate boiling regime
(c) unstable film boiling regime
(d) stable film boiling regime.

With increase in excess temperature the heat flux in pool boiling

(a) increases then decreases and again increases
(b) decreases than increases and again decreases
(c) increases continuously
(d) decreases continuously

The heat flux in nucleate pool boiling is proportional to the surface tension, σ as
(a) σ 1.0
(b) σ 0.5
(c) σ 0.33
(d) σ 0.25

In nucleate pool boiling the heat flux is proportional to the

excess temperature ∆T as
(a) ∆T3.0
(b) ∆T10
(c) ∆T2.0
(d) ∆T0.5

The heat flux in nucleate pool boiling

(a) is higher for horizontal cylinder
(b) is higher for horizontal plane
(c) is higher for vertical plane
(d) is independent of shape

Short answer questions

1 Describe types of boiling.

2 Describe pool boiling curve.

3 Describe types of condensation.

 Unit 8: Heat Exchangers
MCQs

1 The LMTD of a counter flow condenser as compared to that of a parallel flow condenser
will be
(a) more
(b) less
(c) approximately equal
(d) exactly equal.

2 The NTU of a heat exchanger is an index of its

(a) number of tubes
(b) number of passes
(c) performance
(d) mode of action.

3 Which one of the following heat exchangers gives parallel straight line pattern of
temperature distribution for both cold and hot flu- ids?
(a) Parallel flow with unequal heat capacities
(b) Parallel flow with equal heat capacities
(c) Counter flow with equal heat capacities
(d) Counter flow with unequal heat capacities.

4 In a counter flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is cooled from 110°C to 80°C by a cold
fluid which gets heated from 30°C to 60°C. LMTD for the heat exchanger is
(a) 80°C
(b) 50°C
(c) 30°C
(d) 20°C.

5 In a counter flow heat exchanger, the heat capacities for hot and cold fluids are equal.
If NTU is equal to 0.5 then the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.33
(d) 1.0

6 The overall heat transfer coefficient in a fouled heat exchanger in comparison with that
of a clean exchanger is
(a) negligible
(b) equal
 (c) less
(d) more

7 For a steam condenser the best mode of operation is

(a) parallel flow
(b) counter flow
(c) cross flow
(d) independent of direction of flow.

8 A cross flow type air heater has an area of 50 m2 an overall heat transfer coefficient of
100 W/m2K and the heat capacities of both hot and cold fluids are 1000 W/K. Its NTU
is
(a) 1000
(b) 500
(c) 5
(d) 0.2

9 In a two-fluid heat exchanger, the inlet and outlet temperature of the hot fluid are 65°C
and 40°C respectively. For the cold fluid these are 15°C and 42°C. The heat exchanger
is a
(a) parallel flow type
(b) counter flow type
(c) parallel or counter flow type
(d) condenser.

10 Cross flow heat exchangers are normally used between

(a) condensing fluid and liquid
(b) evaporating fluid and liquid
(c) liquid and liquid
(d) liquid and gas or gas and gas

11 The overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat

exchanger is the
(a) sum of all conductance’s
(b) sum of all resistances
(c) sum of all convective coefficients
(d) sum of thermal conductivities of all surfaces

12 The so called radiator of an automobile is a heat exchanger of

(a) parallel flow type
(b) counter flow type
 (c) cross flow type
(d) open type.

13 In the counter flow type of heat exchanger

(a) at inlet both the fluids are in their hottest state
(b) at outlet both the fluids are in their hottest state
(c) at inlet both the fluids are in their coldest state
(d) at inlet one fluid is in the hottest state while the
other is in its coldest state.

14 LMTD for a heat exchanger is given by

(a) (∆T1 - ∆T2)/(In (∆T2/∆T1))
(b) (∆T1-∆T2)/(In (∆T1/∆T2))
(c) (∆T2-∆T1)/(In (∆T1/∆T2))
(d) (∆T2-∆T1)/(In (∆T2/∆T1))

15 The LMTD of a counter flow condenser as compared to that of a parallel flow

condenser will be
(a) more
(b) less
(c) approximately equal
(d) exactly equal.

16 The NTU of a heat exchanger is an index of its

(a) number of tubes
(b) number of passes
(c) performance
(d) mode of action.

17 In a counter flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is cooled from 110°C to 80°C by a cold
fluid which gets heated from 30°C to 60°C. LMTD for the heat exchanger is
(a) 80°C
(b) 50°C
(c) 30°C
(d) 20°C.

18 In a counter flow heat exchanger, the heat capacities for hot and cold fluids are equal.
If NTU is equal to 0.5 then the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.33
(d) 1.0
19 The overall heat transfer coefficient in a fouled heat exchanger in comparison with
that of a clean exchanger is
(a) negligible
(b) equal
(c) less
(d) more

20 For a steam condenser the best mode of operation is

(a) parallel flow
(b) counter flow
(c) cross flow
(d) independent of direction of flow

A cross flow type air heater has an area of 50 m2 an overall heat transfer coefficient of
100 W/m2K and the heat capacities of both hot and cold fluids are 1000 W/K. Its NTU
is
(a) 1000
(b) 500
(c) 5
(d) 0.2

In a two-fluid heat exchanger, the inlet and outlet temperature of the hot fluid are
65°C and 40°C respectively. For the cold fluid these are 15°C and 42°C. The heat
exchanger is a
(a) parallel flow type
(b) counter flow type
(c) parallel or counter flow type
(d) condenser.

Long answer questions

1 In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, water is heated from 40°C to 80°C with
an oil entering at 105°C and leaving at 70°C. Taking the overall heat transfer coefficient
as 300 W/m2. K, and the water flow rate as 0.1 kg/s. Calculate the heat exchanger area.
[ A=2.07 m2]

2 A double pipe heat exchanger is constructed of 0.287 cm thick steel tubing (k=35
W/m.K) with 2.09 cm inner tube and 2.66 cm outer tube. The inside and outside
coefficients of heat transfer are 1135 W/m2.K and 5677 W/m2.K. respectively, and the
inner fouling factor is 9.98x10-5 m2.K/W. Calculate the overall coefficient of heat
transfer. [ Ui=893.5 W/ m2.K]
3 Water at the rate of 4080 kg/h is heated from 35°C to 75°C by an oil having a specific
heat of 1.9 kJ/kg K. The heat exchanger is of a counter flow double pipe design. The oil
enters at 110°C and leaves at 75°C. Determine the area of the heat exchanger necessary
to handle this load if the overall heat transfer coefficient is 320W/m 2.K. [ A=15.82 m2
]

4 Hot oil having a specific heat of 2.09 kJ/kg.K flows through a counter flow heat
exchanger at the rate of 2286 kg/h with an inlet temperature of 93°C and an outlet
temperature of 65°C. Cold oil having a specific heat of 1.67 kJ/kg.K flows in at a rate
of 3600 kg/h and leaves at 49°C. What area is required to handle this load, if the overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area is 0.7 kW/m 2 K? [A=8.5m2]

5 In a concentric tube counter flow heat exchanger water flows through the inner tube
(di=25mm) at a rate of 12 kg/min while an oil flows through the outer annulus
(di=45mm) at a rate of 6 kg/min. The inlet temperatures of oil and water are 100°C and
30°C, respectively. What should be the length of the exchanger for an oil outlet
temperature of 60 °C ? Take Uo=37.8 W/m2.K, Cpoil=2130J/kg.K and C (water) =4178
J/kg.K. [Ans. L = 66.5 m]

6 An oil cooler, of the concentric tube type is used for cooling oil at 65.5°C to 54.4°C
with water at 26.7°C with a temperature rise of 11.1°C. Assuming overall heat transfer
coefficient of 738 W/m2Based on the outside area of the tubes. Determine the heat
transfer surface area required for a design heat load of 190.5 kW for a single pass (a)
parallel flow mode and (b) counter flow mode. [Ans.(a) A=9.85 m 2. (b) 9.3 m2] 7. A
pipe (k=59 W/m.K) with an I.D. of 3.175 cm and wall thickness of 0.318 cm is
externally heated by steam at a temperature of 180 °C. The water flows through the pipe
with a velocity of 1.22 m/s. Calculate the length of the pipe required to heat water from

7 In a double – pipe heat exchanger, oil flows throws a 1.5m long copper tube of 18mm
ID through the annulus, The convective HT coefficients between the oil and the tube is
500 W/m2K and convective heat trnasfer coefficient between the tube and water is 800
w/m2k. Calculate the overall heat trnasfer coefficient based on outside area of the
pipe[U0=254.7 w/m2k]

8 In a chemical plant, 1 kg/s of oil (Cp = 2.8 kJ/kgK) is cooled from 120oC to 50 oC in a
shell and tube HX from one shell parts and two two tube passes The HT area of HX is
4m2. The overall HT coefficient of the HX is known to be 800 w/m 2k The cooling water
at 20 oc enters the HX at a rate of 2.67 kg/s. calculate the effectiveness of the HX and
the number of transfer units. [NTU=1.143, (min/max=0.25 take E= 60%)]

9 It is desired to use a double pipe counter current HX to cool 3 kg/s of oil (cp=2.1) from
120 oc cooling water at 20 oc enters the HX at a rate of 10kg/s. the overall HT coefficients
of the HX is 600 w/m2k ad the HT area is 6 m2 calculate the exits temperature of oil and
water. Take E=42%[c Tho= 78 oc Q= 264.6kw, Tci=26.3 oc]

10 Hot exhaust gases which enter a finned tube , cross flow HX at 300 oc and leaves at 100
o
c are used to heat pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg /s from 35 to 125 oc. the
 overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas-side surface area is Uh=100 w/m 2k
determine the required gas- side surface area Ah wing the NTU method.

11 Calculation of HX size from know temperature water at the rate of 68kg /min is heated
from 35 to 75 oc by an oil having a specific heat of 1.9 kg/kgk. The fluid are used in a
counterflow double- pipe HX, and the oil enters the exchanger at 110 oc and leaves at
75 oc The overall heat HT coefficient is 320 w/m2k Calculate the HX area [Q=189.5kw,
ΔTm=37.44 oc, A=15.82 m2].

12 The HX of above example is used for heating water as described in the example Using
the same entering fluid temperature calculate the exist water temperature when only 40
kg/min of water is heated but the same quantity of oil is used also calculate the total
heat transfer under these new conditions take E= 0.744 [min=170.97 kg/ min, NTU=
1.816, E= ΔTcold/ ΔTmax. ΔTcold=55.8 oc, Tw1exit=90.8 oc, Q=155.5 kw]

Short answer questions

1 Classify heat exchangers.

2 Describe the significance of fouling factor in case of heat exchanger.

3 Derive an expression for LMTD of parallel flow heat exchanger.

4 Derive an expression for LMTD of counter flow heat exchanger.

5 Describe a compact heat exchanger.

Sample oral/interview questions

Which material has the highest thermal conductivity?

If material Plates are changed by their sequence, whether thermal

conductivitychanges?

Why is the vacuum kept in the heat pipe?

In a heat pipe, for which range of temperature, water can be used as a fluid? (-5 to
1300C)

Define compact heat exchanger. (A/v > 700 m 2/m2)

Explain critical thickness of insulation

Explain overall heat transfer coefficient

Reynolds number

Define heat transfer

Differentiate heat transfer and thermodynamics

Classification of heat exchanges

What is fouling factor

Transient heat transfe

Explain heat pipe

What is film wise and dropwise condensation

When to use bulk mean temperature and mean film temperature?

What is meant by velocity and thermal boundary layer?

What is LMTD and NTU?

What is the optimum fin design?

By which method does cooking take place in the oven?

Local HT Coefficient

When to use the Biot number.

28. A composite wall of three layers with thicknesses 0.3, 0.2 and 0.15 m and having thermal
conductivities 0.3, 0.2 and 0.15 (W/mK) respectively will have a heat rate of (when inner and
outer temperatures are 1000 °C and 40°C)
(a) 300 W/m2
(b) 200 W/m2
(c) 320 W/m2
(d) 500 W/m2.

29. Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of:

(a) thermal conductivity to thermal capacity
(b) thermal resistance to thermal conductivity
(c) thermal potential to thermal resistance
(d) thermal resistance to thermal conductivity.

30. In SI system, the unit of thermal conductance is:

(a) W/mK
(b) W/K
(c) K/W
(d) W/m.

31. The ratio of heat flows from two walls of thickness ratio 1:2 and thermal conductivity ratio
3:1
for the same temperature difference on the two sides is
(a) 5:1
(b) 6:1
(c) 2:3
(d) 3:2.

32. Thermal diffusivity is

(a) a physical property of material
(b) a mathematical entity
(c) a configuration for heat conduction.
(d) a dimensionless parameter.
33. The heat transfer rate by conduction for a hollow sphere with areas A and A, varies as
(a) √A1A2
(b) (A1A2)
(c) (1/A1A2)
(d) 1/√A1A2
34. A 30 mm OD pipe is to be insulated with asbestos having a thermal conductivity of 0.1
W/mK. The convective heat transfer coeffi- cient is 5 W/m2K. The critical radius of insulation
for this pipe would be
(a) 10 mm
(b) 20 mm
(c) 40 mm
(d) 60 mm.

35. For conduction heat transfer the geometric mean area is defined only in the case of a
(a) plane slab
(b) hollow cylinder
(c) hollow sphere
(d) truncated cone

36. The reduction of temperature drop in a heat generating solid can be most effectively achieved
by reducing
(a) the heat generation rate
(b) the convective coefficient on the surface
(c) the thermal conductivity
(d) the linear dimension.

37. The thermal gradient in a sphere under steady state conduction at half the radius location will
be
(a) twice of that at the surface
(b) one half of that at the surface
(c) one fourth of that at the surface
(d) one eighth of that at the surface

38. In a cylinder under steady state conduction with uniform heat generation, the temperature
gradient at half the radius location will be
(a) One half of that at surface
(b) one fourth of that at surface
(c) twice that at surface
(d) four times that at surface
41. Up to the critical radius of insulation
(a) added insulation will increase heat loss
(b) added insulation will decrease heat loss
(c) convection heat loss will be less than conduction heat loss
(d) heat flux will decrease.

42. The lumped parameter approach for solving transient heat conduction problems can be used
when
(a) the external resistance is negligible.
(b) the internal resistance is negligible
(c) when both the internal and external resistances are equal
(d) When both the internal and external resistances are negligible

43. The lumped parameter procedure should be applied when

(a) the convective heat transfer coefficient is low
(b) the thermal conductivity is high
(c) the characteristic dimension is small
(d) all the above are true.

44. The dimensionless number relevant in transient heat conduction is

(a) Grashof number
(b) Weber number
(c) Fourier number
(d) Reynolds number.

46. A body cools from 85°C to 70°C in 7 minutes. The time taken by body for further cooling to
55°C will be
(a) 7 minutes
(b) less than 7 minutes
(c) more than 7 minutes
(d) 0 minute.

47. On a hot summer day a stream of water is directed onto a concreate highway to lower its
temperature suddenly. The temperature at any depth may be estimated using
(a) infinite slab model
(b) semi-infinite slab model
(c) negligible surface resistance model
(d) lumped heat capacity model.

48. Transient conduction means

(a) heat transfer with small temperature difference
(b) variation of temperature with time
(c) heat transfer for a short time
(d) very little heat transfer.

49 The temperature variation in lumped heat capacity analysis is

(a) linear with time
(b) quadratic with time
(c) cubic with time.
(d) exponential with time.

50. For quick response of a thermocouple

(a) its wire diameter should be large
(b) the convective heat transfer coefficient should be high
(c) the specific heat should be high
(d) the density should be very small.

51. The response time of a thermocouple is the time taken for the temperature change to be
(a) 100% of the original temperature difference
(b) 50% of the original temperature difference
(c) 36.8% of the original temperature difference
(d) 18.4% of the original temperature difference.

52 In which of the following cases most un- steady heat flow occurs?
(a) through the wall of a furnace
(b) through lagged pipes carrying steam
(c) through the wall of a refrigerator
(d) through a casting being annealed.

53. The two significant dimension less parameters in transient heat conduction are
(a) Fourier and Reynolds numbers
(b) Biot and Fourier numbers
(c) Reynolds and Biot numbers
(d) Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.

54. The character length in Biot number is the ratio of

(a) volume of solid to its surface area
(b) surface are to perimeter of the solid
(c) perimeter to surface area of the solid
(d) volume to surface of the solid.

55. The Prandtl numbers of liquid metals are usually

(a) less than 0.5
(b) greater than 0.5
(c) neat about 1
(d) decreasing with temperature

104. All gray bodies obey the

(a) Stefan-Boltzmann law
(b) Kirchoff's law
(c) Planck's law
(d) Rayleigh-Jean's law

105. Emissivity and absorptivity of a body are equal if the body is

(a) at low temperature
(b) at high temperature
(c) at zero temperature
(d) in thermal equilibrium.

106. The temperature of a solid surface is raised from 227°C to 727°C, the emissive power of the
body will change from E1 to E2 such that E2/E1 , is
(a) 400
(b) 16
(c) 4000
(d) 1600

107. If the ratio of emission of a body to that of a black body at a given temperature is a constant
for all wavelengths, the body is termed as
(a) gray body
(b) white body
(c) opaque body
(d) black body

108. For an opaque body sum of absorptivity and reflectivity is (a) 0

(b) 1.0
(c) less than 1.0
(d) greater than 1.0

109. Every substance in the universe radiates

(a) at all temperature above OK
(b) at all temperature above 0°C
(c) only above room temperature
(d) depending on the environment temperature.

110. The absorptivity of a freshly whitewashed wall is close to

(a) 0.1
(b) 0.3
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.9

111. The temperature inside a furnace is measured by

(a) gas thermometer
(b) optical pyrometer
(c) mercury thermometer
(d) iron-constanton thermocouple

112. A black body is one which

(a) is black in colour
(b) absorbs all incident radiation
(c) reflects all incident radiation
(d) absorbs most of the incident radiation.

113. The expression 2max T = 2.9 × 103 mK is nothing but

(a) Kirchoff's law
(b) Wien's displacement law
(c) Planck's law
(d) Stefan Boltzmann law.

114. A gray body is one for which

(a) emissivity is constant
(b) emissivity equals reflectivity
(c) emissivity equals absorptivity
(d) emissivity equals transmissivity.
115. The monochromatic emissive power of a black body with increasing wave length
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases
(d) decreases, reaches a maximum and then increases.

116. With increasing temperature, the wave length for maximum monochromatic emission
(a) decreases and then increases
(b) increases and then decreases
(c) increases continuously
(d) decreases continuously.

117. Glass is
(a) transparent at short wavelengths
(b) opaque for high temperature radiation
(c) opaque for low temperature radiation
(d) transparent at long wavelengths

118. The monochromatic emissivity of a white body at all wavelengths and temperatures is equal
to
(a) unity
(b) zero
(c) 0.1
(d) 0.4.

119. According to Wien's displacement law, the wavelength corresponding to maximum energy
varies with absolute temperature, T as
(a) T-1
(b) T2
(c) T3
(d) T

120. The wave length range for thermal radiation is (microns):

(a) 10 to 10
(b) 101 to 10-2
(c) 10 to 102
(d) 10 to 102

121. A body which partly absorbs and partly reflects and does not allow any radiation to pass
through it is known as
(a) specular
(b) diffuse
(c) gray
(d) opaque.

122. Which one of the following terms does not pertain to radiation heat transfer?
(a) solid angle
(b) configuration factor
(c) Reynolds analogy
(d) Spectral distribution m

123. The radiation shape factor between two large parallel plates is
(a) 0
(b) 0.5
(c) 1
(d) 2

124. The radiant heat exchange between two sur- faces can be reduced by making them
(a) highly transparent
(b) highly absorbing
(c) highly reflective
(d) moderately reflective.

125. The shape factor of a hemispherical body placed on a flat surface with respect to itself is
(a) 1.0
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.25
(d) zero.

126. An enclosure consists of four surfaces 1, 2, 3 and 4. The view factors for radiation heat
transfer (where the subscripts refer to the respective surfaces) are F11 = 0.1, F12 = 0.4 and
F13=0.25. The surface areas A1 and A4 are 4 m2 and 2 m2 respectively. The view factor F41 is
(a) 0.10
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.50
(d) 0.75.

127. An effective radiation shield should have surfaces of

(a) low emissivity
(b) high emissivity
(c) low reflectivity
(d) low absorptivity

128. If G is irradiation and J is the radiosity, the net radiation leaving the surface is
(a) J
(b) G
(c) G-J
(d) J-G.

129. A thin plate 1 mx 1 m is hanging freely in air at 30°C. Solar radiation is falling on one side
of the plate at the rate of 600 W/m2. The temperature of the plate will remain constant at 36°C, if
the convective heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2 K) is
(a) 100
(b) 50
(c) 25
(d) 200

130. The total emissive power E of a diffuse sur- face is related to radiation intensity I as, E
equal to
(a) π/4 I
(b) π^2 I
(c) 𝝿I
(d) 4𝝿I

131. For radiation between two large parallel plates of emissivity’s, and e2 the effective
emissivity is given by
(a) 1/(∈1)+1/(∈2)
(b) ∈1 ∈2
(c) 1/(1/(∈1)+1/(∈2)+1)
(d) 1/(1/(∈1)+1/(∈2 ) -1)

132. If is the emissivity of surfaces and shields and n is the number of shields introduced
between the two surfaces then the overall emissivity is given by
(a) 1/(n∈)
(b) n/∈
(c) ∈/((n+1)(2-∈))
(d) 1/((n+1)(2-∈))
133. The statement of reciprocity theorem is
(a) F12 = F21
(b) A1F12= A2 F21
(c) A2 F12= A1 F21
(d) ∈2 F12= ∈2 F21

134. If A4 and A2 = 8 and F12 = 0.2, then F21 is equal to

(a) 0.1
(b) 0.2
(c) 0.4
(d) 0.8

135. An effective radiation shield should have the highest possible value of
(a) emissivity
(b) absorptivity
(c) reflectivity.
(d) transmissivity.

136. The critical heat flux in nucleate pool boiling varies with the latent heat of vaporisation, he
as
(a) (hfg)0.33
(b) (hfg)0.5
(c) (hfg) 1.0
(d) (hfg) 1.5

137. The critical value of Reynolds number for transition is film wise condensation is taken as
(a) 1000
(b) 1800
(c) 2300
(d) 5x102

138. In pool boiling, the heat flux becomes maxi- mum towards the end of
(a) free convection boiling regime
(b) nucleate boiling regime
(c) unstable film boiling regime
(d) stable film boiling regime.

139. With increase in excess temperature the heat flux in pool boiling
(a) increases then decreases and again increases
(b) decreases than increases and again decreases
(c) increases continuously
(d) decreases continuously

140. The heat flux in nucleate pool boiling is proportional to the surface tension, σ as
(a) σ 1.0
(b) σ 0.5
(c) σ 0.33
(d) σ 0.25

141. In nucleate pool boiling the heat flux is proportional to the

excess temperature ∆T as
(a) ∆T3.0
(b) ∆T10
(c) ∆T2.0
(d) ∆T0.5

142. The heat flux in nucleate pool boiling

(a) is higher for horizontal cylinder
(b) is higher for horizontal plane
(c) is higher for vertical plane
(d) is independent of shape

143. In laminar film condensation the convective heat transfer coefficient varies with the
enthalpy of evaporation, hfg as
(a) h_fg^0.33
(b) h_fg^0.25
(c) h_fg^0.5
(d) h_fg^1.0

144. In laminar film condensation the convective heat transfer coefficient varies with the density
of liquid, ρ as
(a) ρ 0.5
(b) ρ 1.0
(c) ρ 2.0
(d) ρ -0.5

145. In condensation over a vertical surface, the convection coefficient varies with the ther- mal
conductivity of liquid, k as
(a) k0.25
(b) k0.33
(c) k0.75
(d) k3.0

146. In turbulent film wise condensation on a vertical surface, the critical value of Reynolds
number, Re recommended for use is
(a) 2300
(b) 1800
(c) 5×105
(d) 500.

147. In film wise condensation on outside of tubes, the horizontal positioning has greater heat
transfer capability than the vertical one for length/diameter ratio of
(a) greater than 5.89
(b) greater than 3.89
(c) greater than 2.89
(d) greater than 1.89

148. For low velocities inside horizontal tubes the heat transfer coefficient for condensation of
refrigerants is proportional to the inside diameter of the tube, D as
(a) D0.5
(b) D0.25
(c) D-0.5
(d) D-0.25