PHY 103: General Physics III

BEHAVIOUR OF MATTER

LECTURE 1
Recommended Texts and Materials

 PHY 103 Lecture notes (Slides)

 Modern Engineering Physics by A. S. Vasudeva;
 Physics
for scientists and engineers 5th edition by
Serway and Beich;
 Essential Principle of Physics by Whelan and
Hodgson;
 Physics part 1 and 2 by Hallidey and Reslick;
 Advanced level physics by Nelckon and Parker.
 Course Contents
 Heat and temperature (temperature scales).
 Gas laws. General gas equation.
 First Law of thermodynamics (heat, work and internal energy,
reversibility).
 Thermodynamic processes (adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric).
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
 Kinetic theory of gases.
 Molecular collisions and mean free path.
 Elasticity (Hooke's law, Young's, shear and bulk moduli).
 Course Contents Contd.

 Second law of thermodynamics (heat engines and entropy)

 Thermal conductivity.
 Hydrostatics (Pressure, buoyancy, Archimedes‘ principles).
 Bernoulli's equation and incompressible fluid flow.
 Surface tension (adhesion, cohesion, viscosity, capillarity,
drops and bubbles)
In this course, the following terms are keys :
 Temperature
 Heat
 Thermal Contact
 Thermal Equilibrium
 Zeroth Law
 Temperature scales
 Thermometers
 Thermodynamic processes
 Temperature and “Zeroth Law” (cont’d)
HEAT is the transfer of energy from one object to another
object as a result of a difference in temperature between
them.
Conditions necessary for energy to flow between bodies
(i)The two bodies must be in thermal contact;
(ii) Despite being in thermal contact, they must not be in
thermal equilibrium
Note: Heat always flow from a higher temperature body to a
lower temperature body
 Two objects are said to be in thermal contact with each
other if energy can be exchanged between them.
 Temperature and “Zeroth Law”
(contd)
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
 This law states that if two objects A and B, which are not in
thermal contact, are separately in thermal equilibrium with a
third object C, then objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
 This law allows the development of thermometers. Object C is
our thermometer in this case.
 For example, the length of a mercury column (object C in the
zeroth law as defined above) may be used as a measure to
compare the temperature of the two other objects.
 Temperature and “Zeroth Law” contd.

Thermal equlibrium
 This is a situation in which two objects would not exchange
energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were in
thermal contact.

 Inother words, This occurs when two objects in thermal

contact with each other cease to exchange energy by the
process of heat or by electromagnetic radiation.
 Thermometer and temperature scales
•For Instance, if a metal tray and a plastic bottle are brought out from the same
freezer,
Definitely, the two objects are at the same temperature but will feel different
when touched because they have different thermal conductivities.
• The object with the higher conductivity (the metal tray) will feel colder than
the one with lower conductivities (plastic bottle) if we touch them.

Inference: our senses is a qualitative indicator of temperature but it is

unreliable and could be misleading.

Thermometers: These are devices used to measure the temperature of a

system.
Thermometer and temperature scales

Temperature of an object depends on measuring devices for its

measurements and on the temperature scale adopted.
The Most common temperature scales are:
 Thermodynamic (Kelvin)
 Celsius
 Fahrenheit
Though few scales have been used, there are many types of
devices for measuring temperature.
Thermometer and temperature scales

 All thermometers are based on the principle that some physical

properties change as temperature changes. This properties are
known as the thermometric properties.
 Some of the physical properties that change with temperature
(thermometric properties) are:
 The volume/length of a liquid
 The length of a solid
 The pressure of a gas at constant volume (as in constant-
volume gas thermometer)
 The volume of a gas at constant pressure (as in constant-
pressure gas thermometer)
Thermometer and temperature scales
contd.

 The electric resistance of a conductor (as in

resistance thermometer)
 The colour of an object
 The emf of a thermo couple
TEMPARATURE SCALES
 Kelvin (Thermodynamic) scale
Characteristics of the Kelvin Scale
• On this scale, Ice point has temp. of 273.15 K
• Triple point of water is defined as 273.16 K
 Triple point of water is the temp. at which saturated water
vapour, pure water (distilled water from which dissolved air
has been driven out) and melting ice are in equilibrium.
 In other words, Triple point of water can be said to be as the
temperature at which liquid water, gaseous water and solid
water coexist in equilibrium
Kelvin Scale contd.
 The difference in the values of triple point and ice point temperatures is
due to:
(1) pressure difference: ice point pressure is 760 mmHg
while triple point pressure is 4.6 mmHg
(2) Removal of dissolved air from distilled water used for
triple point.
• The steam point on this scale is 373.15 K
 The scale is divided into 100 equal degrees between the ice and steam
points (Fundamental interval) .
• 0 K (or its equivalence, -273.150C) is referred to as absolute zero.
ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE is the temperature at which the pressure
of a gas is zero. At a lower temperature, the pressure becomes negative.
 Celsius Scale
Characteristics of Celsius Scale
• Ice point is defined as 0oC
• Steam point is 100oC at 760mmHg
 The scale is divided into 100 equal degrees between the two
points (Fundamental interval).
 i.e. the number of division on this scale is the same with that
of kelvin scale.
 Relationship between kelvin (TK) scale and Celsius (TC)
scale
 TK = TC +273.15 or TC = TK -273.15 (1)
NOTE: The difference of two temperatures on Celsius scale is
the same as the difference of their corresponding temperature
on kelvin scale. This can be shown as follows:
 Iftwo temperature T1C and T2C on Celsius scale have their
corresponding kelvin scale temperature as T1K and T2K
respectively, then, using eqn (1) above
T1C = T1K - 273.15 (i)
T2C = T2K - 273.15 (ii)
Subtract equation (i) from (ii)
T2C - T1C = T2K - T1K (iii)
 Fahrenheit Scale
Characteristics of fahrenheit Scale
• Ice point is defined as 32oF
• Steam point is 212oF at 760mmHg
• The scale is divided into 180 equal degrees between the two points.
Relationship between fahrenheit (TF) scale and Celsius (TC) scale
9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇 + 32 (2)
5 𝐶
 Making 𝑇𝐶 the subject of the relation, we have,
5
𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 −32) (3)
9
9
NOTE: The difference of two temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale is
5
times the difference of their corresponding temperature on Celsius scale.
This can be shown as follows:
9
𝑇1𝐹 = 𝑇1𝐶 + 32 (i)
5
9
𝑇2𝐹 = 𝑇2𝐶 + 32 (ii)
5
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we have,
9
𝑇2𝐹 − 𝑇1𝐹 = (𝑇2𝐶 −𝑇1𝐶 ) (4)
5

NOTE: it is also possible to show otherwise between the two

scales.
 STEPS TAKEN TO DEFINE A TEMPERATURE SCALE
i. choose a given body of a given substance

ii. Select the thermometric property of the body

iii. Select two fixed points and measure the values of the thermometric
properties at the two fixed points as 𝑋𝐿 and 𝑋𝑈 respectively;

iv. Measure the thermometric properties at the degree of hotness of

interest as 𝑋𝑚 ;
V. And allot a value to Tm to the degree of hotness as follows

𝑋𝑚 −𝑋𝐿
𝑇𝑚 = 𝑁 + 𝑇𝐿 5
𝑋𝑈 −𝑋𝐿
N= Fundamental Interval
 Example 1
A constant volume gas thermometer records a pressure of 240mmHg at lower
fixed point of pure water and 300mmHg at upper fixed point of the same water.
Calculate the room temperature when the gas pressure is 280mmHg.
Solution
Using equation 5 above,
𝑋𝑚 −𝑋𝐿
 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑁 + 𝑇𝐿
𝑋𝑈 −𝑋𝐿
N = 100
𝑋𝑚 = 280mmHg
𝑋𝑈 = 300mmHg
𝑋𝐿 = 240mmHg
𝑇𝐿 = 0oC
𝑇𝑚 = ?
280−240 40
𝑇𝑚 = 100 + 0 = 100 = 66.70oC
300−240 60
 ASSIGNMENT
 (1) The resistance of the element of a platinum
resistance thermometer is 2.00 Ω at the ice point
and 2.73 Ω at the steam. What temperature on the
platinum resistance scale would correspond to a
resistance of 8.43 Ω?
 (2) If the electrical resistance from a platinum at
0oC is 10.5Ω and 12.8 Ω at 100oC. Calculate the
temperature when the resistance is 11.75Ω.
 Conversion formula between two Temperature scales
Examples of temperature conversion formulae are equations (1) and (2) in the
9
previous slides: TC = TK - 273.15 and 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32.
5
 These can be derived using the following simple method:
Step 1
 Draw two equal vertical lines to represent the two scales whose conversion
Formula you wish to establish
 Step 2
 On one of the lines, label the lower point (TAL) and upper point (TAU) for the
ice and steam points of one scales respectively.
 On the second line, label the lower point (TBL) and upper point (TBU) for the ice
and steam points of the second scales respectively as shown in the figure below:
TO BE CONTINUED……….………..

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