DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ECONOMICS

LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY

B.COM (APPLIED ECONOMICS PAPERS)

Programme Objectives

· To provide high-quality and in-depth understanding of the core as well as new disciplines
of commerce to the students.
· To prepare future entrepreneurs, businessmen, managers and service providers and
mentor them.
· To make the students well-versed with the traditional, new and emerging trends in the
field of commerce.
· To deliver to the students, relevant knowledge and skills on newer disciplines like the
Goods and Services Tax (GST), E-commerce, Information Systems, etc. along with that
of core subjects of commerce.
Programme Outcomes

The Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) is one of the most sought-after career oriented professional
programs offered at the bachelor’s level by the University of Lucknow. A bachelor’s degree in
Commerce opens up innumerable career options and opportunities for aspiring professionals and
managers both in India and abroad. Pursuing this bachelor’s degree also prepares one to start a
business of his/ her own in the capacity of an entrepreneur. The curriculum is designed and
refined to make the students familiar with the right blend of theory and practice to learn all
aspects related to business and commerce. By pursuing this course, the students shall gain in-
depth knowledge and analytical skills which would make them into future entrepreneurs,
businessmen or professionals working in the field of commerce.

Programme Specific Outcomes

After completing three years of Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) program, the students will be
able to –

· Demonstrate progressive learning of core commerce subjects like accounting, banking,

business laws, etc.
· Gain thorough systematic skills of various disciplines like accounting, economics,
finance, auditing, marketing, etc.
· Appear confidently in competitive exams like CA, CS, ICWA and other courses.
· Acquire skills like effective communication, decision making, problem-solving in day to
day business affairs.
· Pursue higher education in the field of commerce and finance.
· Work as tax consultants, auditors, and other financial service providers.
 I Year
SEMESTER –I SEMESTER –II
1 Financial Accounting 1 Company Accounts
2 Business Organisation 2 Business Laws
3 Micro Economics-Concept, Consumption & 3 Micro Economics-Exchange and Distribution
Production
4 Currency, Banking and Exchange 4 Banking Operations
5 Essential of Management 5 Human Behaviour at Work
6 Business Communication 6 Concepts in Valuation

II Year

SEMESTER –III SEMESTER –IV

1 Business Finance 1 Cost Accounting
2 Principles and Practice of Marketing 2 Contemporary Audit
3 Statistical Methods 3 Foreign Trade of India
4 Public Finance 4 Export-Import Procedures and
Documentation
5 Selling and Advertising 5 Managing Human Resources
6 Introduction of International Business 6 Information Systems and E-Commerce

III year

SEMESTER –V SEMESTER –VI

1 Goods and Services Tax (GST) 1 Income Tax Law and Accounts
2 Labour Welfare Laws 2 Principles and Practice of Insurance
3 Macro Economics 3 Applied and Business Statistics
4 Indian Economy 4 Economics of Public Enterprises
5 Institutional Framework for Business 5 Company Law and Secretarial Practice
6 Business Operations 6 Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship & Project
Planning
7 Comprehensive Viva-voce
NOTE : (1) Each Semester will be six months duration.
(2) Each paper will carry 100 marks including Comprehensive viva-voce
Total marks = 3700
 1st SEMESTER SYLLABUS

Micro Economics – Concept, Consumption and Production

Course objectives: The purpose of this course is to provide an analysis of the behavior of
individual economic agents, including consumer behavior and demand, producer behavior and
supply.

Couse Outcomes: After studying all materials and resources presented in the course, the student
will be able to: 1. Explain the role of scarcity, specialization, opportunity cost and cost/benefit
analysis in economic decision-making. 2. Identify the determinants of supply and demand;
demonstrate the impact of shifts in both market supply and demand curves on equilibrium price
and output. 3. Summarize the law of diminishing marginal utility; describe the process of utility
maximization. 4. Calculate supply and demand elasticities, identify the determinants of price
elasticity of demand and supply, and demonstrate the relationship between elasticity and total
revenue. 5. Describe the production function and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity;
calculate and graph short-run and long-run costs of production.

Unit – I
Definition and Concepts of Economics: Wealth, Welfare, Scarcity and Growth Oriented
definitions, Concept of Scarcity, Optimum Utilization and Equilibrium, Various Forms of
Equilibrium. Nature and Scope: Economics as a Science and Art, Normative and Positive
Science, Relation with other subjects. Micro and Macro Economics. Inductive and Deductive
methods of Economic Analysis.

Unit – II
Consumer Behaviour: – Theory of Demand and its Elasticity; Definition, Types and
Measurement of Elasticity. Concept and Types of Utility. Cardinal Approach;, Law of
Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-diminishing Marginal Utility. Consumer
Surplus.Ordinal Approach; Indifference Curves: Meaning, Assumptions, Indifference Map and
Properties. Consumer Equilibrium, Price, Income and Substitution Effects-Hicks’ Approach.
Practical Problems.

Unit – III
Producer’s Behavior: – Production and Factors of Production. Laws of Production; Law of
Variable Proportions and Return to Scale. Isoquant: Meaning, Assumptions and Properties.
Isoquant Map. Producer’s Equilibrium through Isoquants. Practical Problems.

Unit – IV
Cost of Production: – Meaning of Cost: Long-Run and Short-Run Cost. Implicit and Explicit
Cost, Accounting and Economic Cost, Total Cost, Fixed Cost, Variable Cost, Average Cost,
Average Fixed Cost, Average Variable Cost and Marginal Cost. Opportunity Cost. L-Shaped
Cost Curve. Practical Problems.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Samuelson, P. A. - Economics
Varian, H. - Intermediate Micro Economics
Stonier & Hague- A Textbook of Economic Theory
Jhingan,M.L.- Micro-Economic Theory
Vaishampayan, J.V.- Micro Economic Theory
Maheshwari K.L,Maheshwari R.K. & Singh, A.K. - Micro Economics
Lall M. - Micro Economics
Maheshwari K.L,Maheshwari R.K. & Madhu Bhatia- Micro Economics (Hindi)
Vaishampayan, J.V.- Micro Economic Theory (Hindi)
Pant J.C.- Micro Economics (Hindi)

CURRENCY, BANKING AND EXCHANGE

Course objectives
1. To acquaint the students with the fundamentals of currency, banking and exchange.
2. To develop understanding related to various concepts of banking.
3. To provide students a sound base related to the paper.
Course outcome
The paper Currency, banking and exchange provides students with a sound theoretical base in
various areas of banking and exchange. It acquaints students with various concepts of banking
and exchange Provides knowledge about various banks and their working.

Unit –I
Functions, Significance & Various Forms of Money, E- Money. Quantity Theory of money (Fisher’s):
Assumptions and Criticism, Monetary Standard – Gold Standard, Bi-metallism and Managed Currency
Standard. Principles &Methods of Note issues, Indian Money Market.
Unit –II
Meaning and Significance of credit, Factors Influencing the Volume of Credit in the Country,
Credit Creation by Bank, Credit Control by RBI. Inflation: Causes & Remedies.
Unit –III
Types of Banks, Central Bank and Commercial Banks: Meaning and Functions, Regional Rural
Banks. E- Banking & Postal Banking,
Unit –IV
Concept of Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate, Factors Causing Fluctuations in Exchange
Rate, Exchange Control: Meaning, Objective and Methods.
Books Recommended:
1. Maheshwari R.K. & Chaturvedi Kavita– Currency, Banking and Exchange
2. Singh Archana- Currency, Banking and Exchange
3. Jaiswal Bimal – Currency, Banking and Exchange
4. Seth M.L. - Banking and International Trade
5. Maheshwari R.K. & Bhatia Madhu– Currency, Banking and Exchange (Hindi)

2nd SEMESTER SYLLABUS

Micro Economics- Exchange and Distribution

Course Objective: This course is a sequel to micro economics: concept, consumption and
production. Having gained elementary knowledge of basic principles of microeconomics, this
paper aims to further acquaint the students with different market forms under varying degrees of
competition and also pricing of various factors of production.

Course Outcome: The students will be able to clearly understand the micro economic concepts
and will be able to think and comprehend economic issues on a day to day basis. Illustration of
concepts in terms of practical problems using elementary mathematics will help them to gain in-
depth insight and equip them to analyze the real economic situations more effectively.

Unit – I
Market;- Concept, Classification of Market. Supply: Meaning and Change in Supply. Factors
Affecting the Supply; Supply Elasticity. Perfect Competition;- Firm and Industry, Assumptions,
Equilibrium and Price Determination. Practical Problems.

Unit – II
Monopoly;-Assumptions, Equilibrium and Price Determination, Price Discrimination, Degree of
Monopoly Power and its Regulation.

Unit – III
Monopolistic Competition;- Assumptions/Characteristics, Product Differentiation, Selling Cast.
Equilibrium and Price Determination. Oligopoly market; Concept and Characteristics, Practical
Problems.

Unit – IV
Factor Pricing: Rent- Ricardian Theory, Modern Theory, Quasi Rent. Wages-Subsistence
Theory of Wages, Wage Fund Theory, Residual Claimant Theory and Marginal Productivity
Theory. Interest- Classical Theory of Interest, Loanable Funds Theory, Liquidity Preference
Theory. Concept of Liquidity Trap. Profit- Accounting and Economic Profit. Dynamic Theory
of Profit.Risk-bearing Theory, Uncertainty Bearing Theory and Innovation Theory. Functions of
Profit.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Samuelson, P. A. - Economics
Varian, H. - Intermediate Micro Economics
Stonier & Hague- A Textbook of Economic Theory
Jhingan,M.L.- Micro-Economic Theory
Vaishampayan, J.V.- Micro Economic Theory
Maheshwari K.L,Maheshwari R.K. & Singh, A.K. - Micro Economics
Lall M. - Micro Economics
Maheshwari K.L,Maheshwari R.K. & Madhu Bhatia- Micro Economics (Hindi)
Vaishampayan, J.V.- Micro Economic Theory (Hindi)
Pant J.C.- Micro Economics (Hindi)

BANKING OPERATIONS

Course Objective: The objective of this course is to familiarise the students with the system,
regulations, instruments and various concepts of the banking operations, especially that in India.

Course Outcome: After learning this course, students would be acquainted with the knowledge
of the functioning of the banking industry, especially that of India.

Unit- I
Banking System in India, Monetary Policy: Concepts & Objectives, Basic concepts of
Regulatory Environment for commercial bank in India and their provisions : RBI Act- Chapter
I,II,III ; Banking Regulation Act- General Provisions, Management Control, Loan & Advances;
Deposit and Insurance Act- Objectives, SARFAESI Act- Methods of recovery of NPA’s and
Money Laundering- Procedure, Laws and Guidelines for anti-money laundering.

Unit- II
Operational Aspect of commercial banks in India, Relationship between Banker and customers,
Types of customer account, Cheque & its types, Endorsement, Dishonour, Rights and liabilities
of Paying and collecting Banker, Time Value of money –calculation of interest on loan &
deposits, EMIs.

Unit- III
Negotiable Instruments, Bills of Exchange and Promissory notes, Rights and liabilities of parties,
Bills discounting and purchasing, Ancillary Services of the Bankers. E-Banking.
Unit-IV
Employment of funds by Commercial Banks, Types of securities, mode of creating charge, Bank
guarantees, Basel norms, Financial sector reforms in India.

Recommended Books:
Jaiswal Bimal : Banking Operations Management
Jaiswal Bimal : Banking Operations
Bhole L.M: Financial Institution & Markets

III SEMESTER SYLLABUS

Statistical Methods
Course Objective: The main objective of this paper is to make the students acquainted about
the theoretical knowledge as well as practical application of Business Statistics.

Course Outcome: The course content of this paper has been designed with the assumption that
students have no knowledge or rudimentary knowledge of Business Statistics. The purpose is to
enhance student’s understanding of the fundamentals of statistics. In this paper the students will
be imparted the knowledge about the measures of descriptive as well analytical statistics and
their application in different fields. These fields may include business, trade, industry,
macroeconomic indicators, social phenomenon, day to day activities etc. Through the study of
this paper, students will become acquainted with specific skills of data collection, processing,
presentation and application of statistical tools on these data. This is how they will know the
characteristics of data and learn analysis, interpretation and prediction of unknown data.

Notes:
1. Use of Simple/Scientific calculator is allowed.

Unit –I
Introduction: The Nature and scope of statistics, Definition of statistics. Law of Statistical
Regularity: Law of Inertia of Large Numbers. Census and Sampling, Methods of Sampling,
Types and Characteristics of Statistical Unit. Methods and instruments of data collection.

Unit –II
Classification and Tabulation – Objects, general rules for the construction of tables.
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean – Simple and Weighted, Mode, Harmonic and
Geometric Mean; Positional Averages- Median, Quartile and Percentiles.

Unit –III
Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis – Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean
Deviation, Standard Deviation and their coefficients; Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis.
Correlation Analysis – Scatter diagram, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, Spearman’s
ranking method.

Unit –IV
Regression Analysis – Linear regression, regression lines, regression equations.
Interpolation – Assumptions, Binomial, Newton’s advancing differences, Larganges’ methods.

Suggested Readings:
1. J. K. Sharma, Business Statistics
2. S.C. Gupta, Fundamentals of Statistics
3. S.P. Gupta and Archana Gupta, Elementary Statistics
4. Richard Levin and David S. Rubin, Statistics for Management
5. M.R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Statistics, Schaum’s Outlines Series
6. Anoop Kumar Singh, Statistical Methods (English)
7. Anoop Kumar Singh, Statistical Methods (Hindi)

Public Finance
Course objectives:
The goal is to develop students’ analytical and consulting skills in the area of public finance. The
course is targeted to those students whose major is in public administration, business-
government relations, or management in the service industry (education, health care, culture,
etc.).
Course outcomes:
1. To introduce students to the public sector reform agenda with a focus on public finance
issues;
2. To demonstrate administrative, political, and economic constraints to public finance
reforms;
3. To develop analytical skills of the students in three major areas of public finance reforms
(performance-based budgeting, mid-term financial planning, budget decentralization);
4. To train students how to develop budgeting and performance evaluation systems for
public sector institutions;
5. To develop students’ skills on how to write a public policy paper and make a presentation
on public policy issue.

UNIT I
Introduction: Meaning & Scope of Public Finance; Public goods vs. Private goods; Principle of
Maximum Social Advantage; Public Budget , Techniques of Budgeting (ZBB, PBB).

UNIT II
Public Expenditure: Meaning & Nature, Wagner’s views on increasing state activities
Wiseman-peacock hypothesis, Canons and classification of public expenditure; effects on
production, distribution and economic stability.
UNIT III
Public Revenue: Main sources of revenue, Tax revenue, Direct and Indirect Taxes, Progressive,
proportional & Regressive Taxes, Value added tax and GST, The Division of tax burden- Impact
and Incidence of a tax, effects on production & distribution.

Public Debt: Role and classification of Public debt and methods of their redemption. Deficit
Financing.

UNIT IV
Indian Public Finance: Different types of Budgetary Deficits; Financial Federalism under
constitution, Finance Commission- meaning and current Finance Commission, Budgetary
Procedure and Financial Control in India. Fiscal Consolidation and FRBM Act.

Suggested Readings
1. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Economics of the Public Sector
2. R.A. Musgrave and P.B. Musgrave, Public Finance in Theory & Practice
3. Maheshwari K L, R K Maheshwari, Public Finance
4. Kaushik Basu and A. Maertens (ed.),
5. Lekhi ,R K- Public Finance
6.Bhatia, H L- Public Finance
7. Maheshwari K L, R K Maheshwari, Rajasva
8. Maheshwari K L, R K Maheshwari, Lok Vitt
9. Recent Budget Documents.

4th SEMESTER SYLLABUS

FOREIGN TRADE OF INDIA

Course Objective: The aim of introducing this paper is to enable students gain holistic
knowledge about India’s trade with foreign countries and institutional arrangements made for
this.

Course Outcome: Through the study of this subject, students will be able to understand the
underlying motives of international trade. They will know the composition, direction and volume
of trade over a period of time. This subject will keep students abreast with the current status and
changing dynamics of India’s foreign trade as well as the impact of policy changes on it. With
this robust foundation, students will be well equipped when employed, whether in the field of
industry or trade (export-import).
Unit –I

Introduction – Trade its meaning and types. Difference between internal and international trade.
Concept, Assumptions and Criticism of International Trade Theories. India’s Internal Trade-
Characteristics and Problems. Coastal trade .Terms of Trade.

Unit-II

Foreign Trade of India – Before independence, During Planning Period, Recent trends in India’s
Foreign Trade. Major Items of Exports: Composition, Direction and Future Prospects, Major
Items of Imports: Composition, Direction and Future Prospects.

Unit –III

Free Trade and Protective trade policies, India’s Major trading partners: USA, UK, China and
Japan. National Level Financing Institutions: EXIM Bank, ECGC and other institutions in
financing of foreign trade, STC, MMTC, SEZ and EPZ. Export promotions.

Unit –IV

Recent World trade Scenario, Recent changes in Foreign trade policy, Trade agreements –
Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Agreements. GATT & UNCTAD, WTO. India’s Balance of
Trade and Balance of Payments: Concept, Problems, Reasons for disequilibrium and Corrective
Measures.

Recommended book(s)
1) Jaiswal Bimal &A.K.Singh – Foreign Trade of India
2) Goswami V.K. – International Trade
3) Mishra N.K. & Abrar Anjum- Trade of India
4) Plaekar – Trade of India
5) Salvi P.G. – New Directions on India’s Trade policy.
6) Cherrunilam F. – International Trade Export Management
7) Singh, M – India’s Export trends
8) Bhagwati J. Srinivasan – Foreign Trade regimes and Economics development

EXPORT IMPORT PROCEDURES & DOCUMENTATION

Course Objective: The objective of this course is to familiarise the students with the procedures
and documentation required for practising export-import trade in India as well as the various
schemes and benefits offered by the government to exporters and importers.
Course Outcome: After learning this course, students would understand the rules, regulations,
procedures and documentation to be followed for export-import trade in India.

Unit I
Exports-planning: Adaption, Standardisation and Packaging. Getting ready for Exports.
Procurement and processing of an export order and Export Contract. Export Costing & Pricing,
Export Documentation: Concept & Types. Steps in Export Procedure.
Unit II
Methods/Terms of payments for Exports, Export Financing: Pre-Shipment and Post-Shipment
Financing. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC of India).Quality control and
inspection in Exports. Type of risks, Cargo insurance: Contract, procedures and documentation
for cargo loss claims, INCO Terms.
Unit- III:
Central Excise and custom clearance regulations- Procedures and Documentation. Export /
trading / star trading / superstar trading houses; Objective criteria and benefits, procedures and
documentation; Policy for EOU / FTZ/ EPZ units, Objectives, criteria and benefits.
Unit- IV
Institutional Support for India’s Foreign Trade, Export Incentives (Financial & Non- Financial
Incentives). Schemes for import of capital goods, Procedures and documentation for new /
second hand capital goods. International Logistics.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Maheshwari R.K.& Ekta Rastogi- Export-Import Procedure & Documentation
2. Jaiswal Bimal & Yusuf Kamal - Export-Import Procedure & Documentation
3. Exporters Manual- Nabhi Publication

5th SEMESTER SYLLABUS

Macro Economics
Course Objective
The purpose of this course is to familiarize the student with the generally accepted concept and
theories of macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with such things as, economic
growth, unemployment, inflation, and the business cycle. The objective is to differentiate
between the economic behavior of individual and aggregates and make them aware that how
consumers as a whole, producers as a whole, exporters and importers as a whole, fiscal policy --
the effects of government spending and taxation, and the monetary policy of the central bank get
the equilibrium and affect the determination of national income and employment.
Course Outcomes
Students who complete this course will be able to understand: the meaning of unemployment and
inflation data and how that data is collected and computed; the meaning and components of the
National Income Accounts, especially GDP; the meaning of the business cycle and its phases;
and to manipulate the basic Aggregate Supply, Aggregate Demand model of the macro economy;
how fiscal policy operates, its tools, and its advantages and drawbacks; how a fractional reserve
banking system works; how monetary policy operates, its tools, and its advantages and
drawbacks.

Unit- I
Concept and scope of Macro-Economics; Macro-economic Paradoxes: wage-employment
paradox and paradox of thrift, The Circular flow of Income and expenditure.
The Analysis and Measurement of Economic Activity - National Income Accounting: Concept
and Definitions of National Income. Various components of National Income, Methods of
Measurement of National Income and Welfare.
Unit – II
Classical Macroeconomic Models – Say’s Law, Quantity Theory of Money, Wage-Price
Flexibility and Full employment.
Aggregate Expenditure – Consumption Function: Concepts of propensities of consumption and
saving. Absolute Income Hypothesis, Relative Income Hypothesis; Consumption Puzzle and
Permanent Consumption Hypothesis. Investment Function: Types, Marginal Efficiency of
Capital (MEC) and Marginal Efficiency of Investment (MEI).

Unit –III
The Concept of Multiplier; National Income Determination in an Open Economy
IS-LM Analysis - Derivation of IS and LM Functions; Joint determination of National Income
and rate of Interest and Shift and IS and LM Curves.

Unit-IV
Theory of Inflation – Meaning, types and measurement, Demand Pull and Cost Push Inflation.
The Philips Curve, Effects of Inflation, Anti-Inflation Policies – Monetary and Fiscal Policies.
Business Cycles – concept, types and phases; Keynes, Hawtrey, Hicks Models.

Suggested Readings:
1. Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, Macroeconomics, McGraw Hill.
2. N. Gregory Mankiw. Macroeconomics, Worth Publishers.
3. Richard T. Froyen, Macroeconomics, Pearson Education Asia.
4. Errol D‘Souza, Macroeconomics, Pearson Education.
5. J V Vaishampayan, Macroeconomic Theory and Policy, New Royal Book Publication
(Hindi & English).
6. Maheshwari K.L. & Maheshwari R.K. – Macro Economics
7. H L Ahuja, Macroeconomic Theory, S Chand Publication.
8. D N Dwivedi, Macroeconomic Theory.
INDIAN ECONOMY

Course Objectives

1. This paper/course makes students understand the fundamentals of Indian economy.

2. It makes students analyze the changing dimensions of Indian economy.
3. It acquaints the students with the various government policies and programmes and their
impact on Indian economy.

Course outcome

The paper provides students understand the basics of our economy. It acquaints students with
changing dimensions of our economy. It also provides students knowledge about various policies
and programmes run by our government and their impact on our economy.

UNIT-1
Concept and Features of Developing and Developed economy, Nature and structure of Indian
Economy, Characteristics and problems of Indian Economy, Planning in India: Five year plans –
Achievements and failures, NITI Aayog.

Unit –II
Indian Agriculture –Its features and problems. Agricultural development in planned era.Green
revolution, Agricultural marketing. Problem of unemployment, Forms of Unemployment,
Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India.

Unit –III
Indian Industry: Large scale, small scale and cottage industries, MSME, MUDRA Scheme
Industrial development during five year plans, Industrial policy-Make in India, Industrial
Sickness, Industrial finance: Sources and Institutions.

UNIT-IV
Infrastructure in the Indian Economy, Energy Sector: Sources, Energy crisis and measures to
tackle. Population growth and Population explosion, Population Policy and programmes.

Books Recommended:
1. Datta and Sundaram – Indian Economy (English & Hindi)
2. Misra S.K. and Puri V.K. – Indian Economy (English & Hindi)
3. Jaiswal Bimal- Indian Economy
 6th SEMESTER SYLLABUS
APPLIED AND BUSINESS STATISTICS
Course Objectives

1. To develop the student’s ability to deal with numerical and quantitative issues in business. 2.
To enable the use of statistical, graphical and algebraic techniques wherever relevant. 3. To have
a proper understanding of Statistical applications in Economics and Management.

Course Outcomes:

On completion of this course, the students will be able to: Describe and discuss the key
terminology, concepts tools and techniques used in business statistical analysis; Critically
evaluate the underlying assumptions of analysis tools; Understand and critically discuss the
issues surrounding sampling and significance; Discuss critically the uses and limitations of
statistical analysis; Solve a range of problems using the techniques covered; Conduct basic
statistical analysis of data.

Unit-I
Statistical System in India – Indian Statistical Machinery – Organisation at Central and State
level, National Sample Survey Organisation – Organisation, Functions, Design and Technique.
National Income Statistics: Methods of measuring National Income and related aggregates
Unit - II
Population Statistics – Nature, Importance and Methods of Population Census. Population
Census in India. Vital Statistics- Computation of birth, death, Fertility and Reproduction rates.
Unit- III
Analysis of Time Series – Meaning, Importance and Purposes, Components of Time Series
Analysis. Long Term Trend and Seasonal Variation measurement – Different methods.
Statistical Quality control: Concept, Utility and Techniques. Construction of control charts for
Variables and Attributes
Unit- IV
Index numbers and their uses: Definition, Importance and Limitations. Price, Quantity and value
index numbers, Methods of constructing index numbers, Tests of reversibility, WPI and CPI,
Deflating Index Numbers. Business Forecasting: Concept and Methods.
Books Recommended:
1. Anoop Kumar Singh- Applied and Business Statistics (Hindi)
2. Abrar Anjum – Applied and Business Statistics
3. Gupta S.P. – Statistical Methods
Economics of Public Enterprises

Course Objective: The objective of this course is to familiarise the students with the students
with the concept, functioning, regulation, accountability, etc. of public enterprises.
Course Outcome: After learning this course, students would be able to understand in detail the
fundamentals, working, evaluation etc. of public enterprises.

Unit-1
Concept of public enterprises, Role in national economy, Growth of public enterprise in India.
Unit-2
Organisational Patterns- Departmental Undertaking, Statutory Corporations, Companies,
Holding Companies, Other Forms. Management- Public Enterprises Board, Functions
Responsibilities, Duties of Board of Directors, Delegation of Authority.
Unit-3
Pricing in Public Enterprises, Efficiency and Performance Evaluation, Financing of Public
Enterprises, Performance Budgeting, Financial Advisor, Disinvestment in PSUs.
Unit-4
Accountability and Control – Public Accountability and Autonomy, Accountability to
Parliament, Control, Audit, Annual Reports, Consumer Organisation.

Books Recommended:
1. Barnes, I.R. – Economics of Public Utility Regulation
2. Clemens E.W. – Economics and Public Utilities
3. Sleeman, J.F. – British Public Utilities
4. Laxmi Narain – Principles Practice of Public Enterprise
5. Maheshwari, R.K. – Public Enterprise Management
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