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PHYSICS NOTES
CLASS VIt
LIGHT
Light is a form of energy which produces sensation of sight. Light cnables us to view our
surroundings.
Properties of light
1. Light dues ol nieed g indleidal inedium W Uavet. it can traved through
vacuum also.
2. Speed of light in vacuum is 3x 10° m/s.
Light travels in a straight line. This property of light is known as rectilincar
propagation of light.
For instance, if you look at the flame of a candle with a straight pipe we can easily view
the candle. However, if we bend the pipe we cannot view the candle and the light coming
through it because it is blocked.
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It is a straight line path along which light travels. It is represented as
a3
Here arrow represents the direction of propagation of light.
Beam of light . .
A group of light rays is known as beam of light.
Parallel beam- It is a beam in which the rays move parallel to one
another. [tis represented as.
B
CSU—
VSIS
eY s
—_—
Eg. Light rays coming from sun, torch light, car head light etc.
Divergent beam -1t is a beam in which rays of light coming out of a
source and spreads in different direction. Itis represented as
Eg. Beam of light coming from bulb/ candle.
Convergent beam- It is a beam in which light rays move to meet
ata particular point. It is represented a
Ep. Light rays from sun after passing through hand lens.
Reflection of light: it the phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same mediwm on
striking the surface of any object. ”
Laws of Reflection
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Mormat f1 - 0 mirror
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Two types of reflection are i)regular reflection ii) irregular/ diffused reflection.
Refhected rays
Reflected 1ays
Incitent vy
Smooth Surface Rongh sucface
1. Regular Reflection 1L Irregular Reflection
Terms related to reflection
1) Incident ray: A ray of light that falls on the reflecting surface.
11) Point of incidence :The pointat which incident ray touches the reflecting surface.
1) Reflected ray : The ray which is sent back by the reflecting surface after reflection
1V) Normal: An imaginary line at the point of incidence that is perpendicular to the
reflecting surface.
V) Angle of incidence : An angle between normal and incident ray.
VI) Angle of reflection: An angle between normal and reflected ray.
Laws of reflection
(i)The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal ray at the point of incidence, lie in the
same plane.
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
image
The image of an object can be defined as the impression of the object created when light
rays actually meet or appear to meet after reflection. :
Two types of images are real image and virtuai image.
Real image: The image which is formed when the light rays actually meet after reflection
is called real image. It is always inverted.
virtual image: The image which is formed when the light rays appearbto meet after
reflection is called virtual image. It is always erect.
Plane Mirror
It is a thin, flat and smooth sheet of glass having a shiny coating of silver metal on one
side. The silver coating is protected by a layer of red paint. The reflecting surface reflect
back light falling on it.
Characteristics of image formed by plane mirror:
i)Image is virtual and erect.
ii) Size of image is same as that of the object. i
m) Distance of iimage !'nrr- the mirroris same as 2 dn,tancc of ob}ect from the mirror. Iv)
Image is literally inverted.
Lateral inversion :The phenomenon in which left side of an object appear to be right and
right side of an object appear to be left in the mirror is known as lateral inversion.
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Spherical mirrors: Mirrors whose reflecting surface is a part of hollow sphere of glass.
These are of two types i) concave mirror ii) convex mirror
Concave mirror :It is a spherical mirror whose surface refiecting is towards the centre of
glass. Concave mirror is also known as converging mirror because it because parailel
beam of light meet at one point after reflection.
Focus
Principal axis <
Parallel rays of light
Terms related to concave mirror I
Aperture: The effective widthof a spherical mirror from which reflection can take place.
Pole :The centre of spherical mirror is calied pole.
mirror is a part.
Centre of curvature: The centre of hollow sphere of which the spherical
pole. Focus of
Principal axis: The straight line passing through the centre of curvature and
infinity
concave mirror :It is a point on the principal axis at which all the rays coming from
meet after reflection.
Characteristics of image by concave mirror
{ Pos ition of the: Position of the Relative size of | I\'urirm—_&__f— the }
| Object H image the image H image i
Atinfinisy | Atthe focusF Highty dirninished Real and fnverted. |
A polat sized |
Beyord € | fetweenFandC | Diminihed | Real and ivesied |
AT L ALD { Same size, ! feal and mvened i
i
Betvwen C ! Beyond € | Enlaged Reat and inverted %
I : H
ard ¥
& AF | Agintiniy Highly enlanied Beal and invened
Between Pand F : Behind the mirroe | Enlarged ( Virtwad and exect 2
Uses of concave mirror:
i) It is used as reflectors in car headiights, search lights and torches.
ii) It is used by dentists and ENT specialists.
jiii) It is used as shaving mirror or makeup mirror.
Convex mirror.: A spherical mirror whose outer bulging out surface is a reflecting surface.
Convex mirror is also known as diverging mirror because the reflected rays appear to
move out from a point on the principal axis after reflection.
Convex
Reflected pg micror
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Parallel
blB elrayso
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(Focal leugth)
Focus of convex mirror :It is a point on the principal axis from where the reflected rays
appear to move out after a parallel beam of light is reflected from the convex mirror.
of image by convex o
AtF Extremely small Virtual and erect
Xliesbeyond €) | BetweenPandF | Small Virtual and erect
Uses of convex mirror:
1.1t is used as rear view mirror in automobiles as they always give erect image and have
wider field of view.
2.1t is used as vigilance mirrors in big shops, parking area, metro stations, ‘U’ pin curves
in hilly areas etc.
Refraction of light
The phenomenon of bending of ray of light when it passes from one medium to another is
called refraction.
Cause of refraction is due to the change of speed of light as it travels from one medium to
another.
(I)When the light rays travels from rarer medium to denser medium,
it bends towards the normal.
(I)When the light rays travels from denser medium to rarer medium,
it bends away from the normal.
Normal Narmat
Denser i nony
Lens: Lens is a piece of any transparent medium bounded by two curved surfaces. lenses
are of two types i) coavex lens and ii) concave lens
Convex lens : A lens which is thicker at the middle and thinner at the edges is called
convex lens. Itis also known as converging lens as parallel beam of light actually meet at
one point after refraction.
Concave lens : A lens which is thinner at the middle and thicker at the edges is called
concave lens. It is also known as diverging lens as parallel beam of light appears to
originate from one point and travel in different directions after refraction.
Terms related to spherical lenses
Aperture ;The effective width of a lens from which refraction takes place.
Optical centre :It is the centre point of the lens
Principal axis :The line passing through optical centre of the lens and perpendicular to
both the faces of a lens
Focus of convex lens: It is a point on its principal axis at which all the rays coming from
infinity meet after refraction through the lens,
Characteristics of image formed by convex lens:
Object position Image position Size of image Nature of image
T AL infinit L—_vvv—fi I ALF, -
Extremely small Real and inverted
Eehind 2F) Between F, and 2F, Srnall Real and inwverted
At 2F, AL2F, Same as that of the object | Real and mwerted
Beyond 2F, Enlarged Real and inverted
.fl £ T Atinfinity Highly enlarged Real and invertad
Between ¥ and O | Same side of the lens Enlarged Virtual and ¢
Focus of concave lens: Itis a point on the principal axis from which all the rays coming
from infinity appears to diverge after refraction through the lens.
_—
Rays from
Intinity
2F,
-
lens:
Characteristics of image formed by concave
hage position | Size of inage Nature of image
Object position
At focus Fy Extremely small Virtual and exact
At mbinity
Between O and F Srrall
Uses of convex lens
It is used as magnifying glass,
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Used in telescope and microscope.
y objects dearly.
In spectacles for p rson who cannot see nearb
Uses of concave lens:
cannot see far off objects clearly.
Itis used in spectacles for person who
t colours
Dispersion of light: The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its gofistiluen
dispersion of light. This phenomenon was
on passing through a glass prism is known as
first observed by Newton.
which is a mixture of seven colours
Composition of sunlight : Sunlight is a white light
w Orange Red.
given by acranym Violet Indigo Biue Green Yello
dispersion is called spectrum.
The band of 7 colours obtained on screen after
the order VIBGYOR. Violet at the bottom
The sequence of colours in the spectrum is in
and red deviates least.
and red at the top ie. violet colour deviates most
Speed of red colour is more than violet. Dispersion occurs because different
colours
travel with different speed through prism.
Rainbow it is an example of dispersion after rain tiny water
droplets remains suspended
in air. They act like small prism, when sunlight passes through
rain drops it undergoes
dispersion and forms rainbow.
Newton's disc :It is a circular disc divided into 7 equal
segments printed with the rainbow
colours on rotating that is colours get mixed and appears
white.
