5.

Pump Characteristics
6. Operation of Pumps in Series and Parallel
7. Specific Speed and Significance
8. Cavitation
9. Axial Flow Pump
10. Sample Problems
ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
2.1 Impeller

The impeller consists of a disc with blades mounted perpendicularly on its surface. The blades may of three
different orientations. These are (i) Radial, (ii) Backward curved, and (iii) Forward curved. Backward and
forward refers to the direction of motion of the disc periphery. Of these the most popular one is the backward
curved type, due to its desirable characteristics, which reference to the static head developed and power
variation with flow rate.
A simple disc with blades mounted perpendicularly on it is called open impeller. If another disc is used to
cover the blades, this type is called shrouded impeller. This is more popular with water pumps. Open impellers
are well adopted for use with dirty or water containing solids. The third type is just the blades spreading out
from the shaft. These are used to pump slurries. Impellers may be of cast iron or bronzes or steel or special
alloys as required by the application. In order to maintain constant radial velocity, the width of the impeller will
be wider at entrance and narrower at the exit. This may be also noted from Figure 1.
The blades are generally cast integral with the disc. Recently even plastic material is used for the impeller. To
start delivery of the fluid the casing and impeller should be filled with the fluid without any air pockets. This is
called priming. If air is present the there will be only compression and no delivery of fluid. In order to release
any air entrained an air valve is generally provided. The one way foot valve keeps the suction line and the pump
casing filled with water.
ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
2.2 Classification
As already mentioned, centrifugal pumps may be classified in
several ways. On the basis of speed as low speed, medium speed
and high speed pumps. On the basis of direction of flow of fluid, the
classification is radial flow, mixed flow and axial flow. On the basis
of head pumps may be classified as low head (10 m and below),
medium head (10-50 m) and high head pumps. Single entry type
and double entry type is another classification. Double entry pumps
have blades on both sides of the impeller disc. This leads to
reduction in axial thrust and increase in flow for the same speed and
diameter. Figure 3 illustrates the same. When the head required is
high and which cannot be developed by a single impeller, multi
staging is used. In deep well submersible pumps the diameter is
limited by the diameter of the bore well casing. In this case multi
stage pump becomes a must. In multi stage pumps several impellers
are mounted on the same shaft and the outlet flow of one impeller
is led to the inlet of the next impeller and so on. The total head
developed equals the sum of heads developed by all the stages.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 30 Hp centrifugal pump is used to deliver 70 cfm water. Calculate the number of stages needed if each impeller
develops a 38 ft head.
3 3
Given: 0.7457 1 1
30 ℎ = 70 9.81 3
P = 30 hp 1ℎ 60 3.281
Q = 70 cfm
h per stage = 38 ft = 69.038 m

Required:
number of stages, n hence,
3.281
69.038
Solution: 1
= =
From the formula of power of a pump, ℎ 38
calculate Ht, = 5.96 ≈ 6

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…
Pumps may also be operated in parallel to obtain large volumes of flow. The classification may also be based on
the specific speed of the pump.
The expression for the dimensionless specific speed is given in equation 1.

= ℎ 3/4 Eqn. 1

More often dimensional specific speed is used in practice. In this case

= ℎ 3/4 Eqn. 2

The units used are : N in rpm, Q in m3/s, and H in meter.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…
Typical values are given in Table 1

The best efficiency is

obtained for the various
types of pumps in this
range of specific speeds
indicated.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
3. Pressure Developed by the Impeller
The general arrangement of a centrifugal pump system is shown in Figure 4.

Hs—Suction level above water level.

Hd—Delivery level above the impeller outlet.
hfd, hfs—friction, m.
Vs, Vd—pipe velocities.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the water level and
pump suction,
2
P V P
a = H s + h fs + s + s Eqn. 3
 2g 
2
P P V
s a − Hs − h − s Eqn. 4
 =  fs
2g

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation,
Similarly applying Bernoulli’s theorem between the pump delivery and the delivery at the tank,
2 2
P V P V
d + d = a + Hd + hfd + d
Eqn. 5
 2g  2g

P P
d a + H d + h fd Eqn. 6
 = 

where Pd is the pressure at the pump delivery. From Equation (4) and (6).
2
P P P P V
d − s = a + Hd + hfd − a + s + Hs + hfs
    2g
2 2
P P V V
d s = Hd + H s + h f + s = H e + s
 −  2g 2g
Eqn. 7

where He is the effective head.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries
ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation,
3.1 Manometric Head

The official code defines the head on the pump as the difference in total energy heads at the suction and delivery
flanges. This head is defined as manometric head.
The total energy at suction inlet (expressed as head of fluid)
2
P V
= s + s + Zs
 2g
where Zs is the height of suction gauge from datum.
The total energy at the delivery of the pump
2
P V
= d + d + Zd
 2g
Zd is the height of delivery gauge from datum

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation,
∴ The difference in total energy is defined as Hm

( )
2
 P P  V −V 2
=  d − s + d s + (Zd −
Zs )
    2g

From equation 7,
2
P P V
d s = He + s
 −  2g

Substituting
2
V
Hm = He + d + (Zd − Z s ) Eqn. 8
2g

As (Zd – Zs) is small and V2/(2g) is also small as the gauges are fixed as close as possible.
∴ Hm = Static head + all losses.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
4. Energy Transfer by Impeller
The energy transfer is given by Euler Turbine equation applied to work absorbing machines,

( )
W = − 1uuV1 − u2Vu2 = u2Vu2 − u1Vu1

This can be expressed as ideal head imparted as

u2Vu2 − u1Vu1
Hideal = Eqn. 9
g

The velocity diagrams at inlet and outlet of a backward curved vaned impeller is shown in Figure 5.
The inlet whirl is generally zero. There is no guide vanes at inlet to impart whirl.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

So the inlet triangle is right angled.

V1 = Vf1 and are radial

V
V
tan 1 =
1
or f1
u1 u1

Vu1 = 0

u2Vu2
Hideal = Eqn. 10
g

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

From the outlet triangle,

D2N
u2 =
60
V
V = u2 − f2
u2 tan 2

u  V 
Hideal = u2 − f2 
2
Eqn. 11
g tan2 

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

Manometric efficiency is defined as the ratio of manometric head and ideal head.

H g
 =
( )
m
−V
m
u2 u2 f2 tan 2

Hm = Static head + all losses (for practical purposes).

Mechanical efficiency

 =
Energy transferred to the fluid
mech
Work input


(u V )Q
mech
= 2 u2
Eqn. 12
Power input

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

Overall efficiency

 = Static head Q   g
o Eqn. 13
Power input

There are always some leakages of fluid after being imparted energy by the impeller.

Volume delivered
Volumetric efficiency = Eqn. 14
Volume passing through impeller

Thus
 =  
o m mech vol Eqn. 15

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

Vd2/2g is not really useful as output of the pump. Hence the useful amount of energy transfer (as head, is
taken as (Ha).
2
u V V
2 − d
Ha =
2 u

g 2g

By algebraic manipulation, this can be obtained as

u22 − Vf2 cosec2  2

Ha = Eqn. 16
2g

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
4.1 Slip Factor

In the analysis it is assumed that all the fluid between two blade passages have the same velocity (both
magnitude of direction). Actually at the leading edge the pressure is higher and velocity is lower. On the trailing
edge the pressure is lower and the velocity is higher. This leads to a circulation over the blades, causing a non
uniform velocity distribution. The average angle at which the fluid leaves the blade is less than the blades angle.
The result is a reduction in the exit whirl velocity Vu2. This is illustrated in the following figure.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

The solid lines represent the velocity diagram without slip. The angle b2 is the blade angle. The dotted lines
represent the velocity diagram after slip. The angle b2′ < b2. It may be seen that Vu2′ < Vu2. The ratio Vu2′/Vu2 is
known as slip factor. The result of the slip is that the energy transfer to the fluid is less than the theoretical
value.

H =  − u2Vu 2 Eqn. 17
th s
g

where s is the slip coefficient or slip factor.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
4.2 Losses in Centrifugal Pump
Mainly there are three specific losses which can be separately calculated. These are
(i) Mechanical friction losses between the fixed and rotating parts in the bearings and gland and packing.
(ii) Disc friction loss between the impeller surfaces and the fluid.
(iii) Leakage and recirculation losses. The recirculation is along the clearance between the impeller and the
casing due to the pressure difference between the hub and tip of the impeller. The various losses are indicated
in Figure 7.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
4.3 Effect of Outlet Blade Angle
There are three possible orientation of the blade at the outlet. These are : forward curved, radial and Backward
curved arrangements. The velocity triangles for the three arrangements are shown in Figure 8. In the case of
forward curved blading Vu2 > u2 and V2 is larger comparatively. In the case of radial blades Vu2 = u2. In the case of
backward curved blading, Vu2 < u2.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation..
The head-flow rate curves are shown in Figure 9. The theoretical head variation can be expressed as

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation..
where k1 and k2 are constants and b2 is the outlet blade angle. cot b2 becomes negative for forward curved
blading. So head increases with flow rate. For radial blading cot b2 = 0, and hence the head is constant
with flow rate. In the case of backward curved blading, the head decreases with flow rate.
The rising characteristics of the forward curved blading leads to increase of power input with increase
of Q. The power curve is not self limiting and damage to motor is possible. The forward curved blading is rarely used.
The backward curved blading leads to self limiting power characteristics and reduced losses in the exit
kinetic energy.
So the backward curved blading is almost universally used. The radial blading also leads to rising
power characteristics and it is used only in small sizes.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

SAMPLE PROBLEM

The following details refer to a centrifugal pump. Outer diameter: 30 cm. Eye diameter : 15 cm. Blade angle at inlet : 30°.
Blade angle at outlet: 25°. Speed 1450 rpm. The flow velocity remains constant. The whirl at inlet is zero.
Determine the work done per kg. If the manometric efficiency is 82%, determine the working head. If width at
outlet is 2 cm, determine the power o = 76%.

Given:
Outside diameter = 30 cm
Eye diameter = 15 cm
Blade angle at inlet = 30 deg
Blade angle at outlet = 25 deg
Speed = 145 rpm
Flow velocity is constant and whirl at inlet is zero.
Manometric efficiency = 82%
Width at outlet = 2 cm
o = 76%.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Required:
Word done per kg
Working head
Power

Solution:

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 SAMPLE PROBLEM

=   0.31450
u2 = 22.78 m s
60

=  0.151450
u1 = 11.39 m s
60
From inlet velocity diagram.


Vf1 = u1 tan 1 = 11.39 tan 30 = 6.58 m s

From the outlet velocity diagram,

V 6.58
V = u2 − f2 = 22.78 − = 8.67 m s
u2 tan 2 tan 25

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Work done per kg ,

= u2Vu2 = 22.788.67 =197.5 N  m kg

Working head

H g
 = m
m uV
2 u2

H  9.81
0.82 = m
197.5
H m =16.51m

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Solving for power:

Flow rate = Q = 0.3 0.02 6.58 = 0.124 m3 s

Q   g  Hm
Power input = 
o

0.12410009.8116.51
Power input = = 26,426 W = 26.43 kW
0.76

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. A centrifugal water pump has an impeller as shown below with r 2=12 in, r1=4 in, β 1=20, β 2=10. The
impeller is 2 in wide at r = r1 and ¾ in at r=r2. For 1800 rpm, neglecting losses and vane thickness, determine
(a) the discharge for shockless entrance when α1=90°, (b) α2 and the theoretical head H, (c) the horsepower
required, and (d) the pressure rise through the impeller.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2. With the same figure in item 1, a centrifugal pump has an impeller with dimensions r1 = 75 mm, r2 = 150
mm, b1 = 50mm, b2 = 30mm, β1 = β2 = 30°. For a discharge of 70 L/s and shockless entry to vanes, compute
(a) the speed, (b) the head, (c) the torque, and (d) the power. Neglect losses (α1=90°).

3. For a centrifugal pump has an impeller with dimensions r1 = 2 in, r2 = 5 in, b1 = 3 in, b2 = 1.5 in, β2 = 60°.
For a discharge of 6 cfs at 64-ft head. Determine (a) β1 , (b) the speed, (c) the pressure across the impeller.
Neglect losses and assume no shock at the entrance (α1=90°).

4. The diameter of the discharge pipe of a pump is 8 in, and that of the intake pipe is 10 in. The pressure
gage at discharge reads 32 psi, and the vacuum gage at intake reads 12 in Hg. If Q = 4.0 ft3/s of water and the
brake horsepower is 49 in, find the efficiency. The intake and the discharge are at the same elevation.

5. A 26-hp pump delivers 475 gpm of gasoline (y = 42.5 lb/ft3) at 20°C with 78% efficiency. What head and
pressure rise results across the pump?

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
5. Pump Characteristics

We have seen that the theoretical head

H = u2Vu2 and V 
Vf 2 cot 2
th
g = u2

Q
V f2 = where A is the circumferential area.
A

u2 =DN

Substituting these relations in the general equation. We can write

 DN 
Hth =  2 D 2N −
2
cot 2
 A Q

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

For a given pump, D, A, b2 and N are fixed . So at constant speed we can write

Hth = k1 − k2Q (18)

where k1 and k2 are constants and

k 1 = 2 D 2 N 2

And
DN
k2 = cot 2
A

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

Hence at constant speed this leads to a drooping linear characteristics for backward curved blading. This is
shown by curve 1 in Figure 10.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

The slip causes drop in the head, which can be written as s Vu2 u2/g. As flow increases this loss also increases.
Curve 2 shown the head after slip. The flow will enter without shock only at the design flow rate. At other
flow rates, the water will enter with shock causing losses. This lose can be expressed as

h = k 3 ( Qt h − Q )2
shock

The reduced head after shock losses is

shown in curve 5. The shock losses with flow
rate is shown by curve 3. The mechanical
losses can be represented by h f = k 4 Q 2. The
variation is shown by curve 4. With variation of
speed the head characteristic is shifted near
paralley with the curve 5 shown in Figure 11.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

The characteristic of a centrifugal pump at constant speed is shown in Figure 12. It may be noted that the
power increases and decreases after the rated capacity. In this way the pump is self limiting in power and the
choice of the motor is made easy. The distance between the brake power and water power curves gives the
losses.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

The pump characteristics at various speeds

including efficiency contours in shown in Figure
13. Such a plot helps in the development of a
pump, particularly in specifying the head and
flow rates.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
6. Operation of Pumps in Series and Parallel

Pumps are chosen for particular requirement. The

requirements are not constant as per example the
pressure required for flow through a piping system. As
flow increases, the pressure required increases. In the
case of the pump as flow increases, the head decreases.
The operating condition will be the meeting point of the
two curves representing the variation of head required by
the system and the variation of head of the pump. This is
shown in Figure 14. The operating condition decides about
the capacity of the pump or selection of the pump.
If in a certain setup, there is a need for increased load,
either a completely new pump may be chosen. This may
be costlier as well as complete revamping of the setup. An
additional pump can be the alternate choice. If the head
requirement increases the old pump and the new pump
can operate in series.
MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries
ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

In case more flow is required the old pump and the new
pump will operate in parallel. There are also additional
advantages in two pump operation. When the load is low
one of the pump can operate with a higher efficiency when
the load increases then the second pump can be switched
on thus improving part load efficiency. The characteristics of
parallel operation is depicted in Figure 15.

The original requirement was Q1 at H1. Pump 1 could satisfy

the same and operating point is at 1. When the flow
requirement and the system characteristic is changed such
that Q 2 is required at head H 1, then two pumps of similar
characteristics can satisfy the requirement. Providing a flow
volume of Q 2 as head H 1 . It is not necessary that similar
pumps should be used. Suitable control system for switching
on the second pump should be used in such a case.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

When the head requirement is changed with flow

volume being the same, then the pumps should
work in series. The characteristics are shown in
Figure 16.

The flow requirement is Q. Originally head

requirement was H1 met by the first pump alone.
The new requirement is flow rate Q and head H2.
This can be met by adding in series the pump 2,
which meets this requirement. It is also possible
to meet changes in both head and flow
requirements by the use of two pumps. Suitable
control system should be installed for such
purposes.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
7. Specific Speed

Some of the dimensionless parameters pertaining to pumps have been derived in the chapter on Dimensional
analysis. These are derived from basics below:

7.1. Flow coefficient:

Q  Vf A  uDb  uDD  DnDD  ND3

Q
= constant
ND3 (19)

For similar machine and also the same machine. In the case of same machine D is constant.

Q= Q Q2
constant or 1 ,unit quantity
N =N1 N2

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

7.2. Head parameter:

H  u2 g  D2N 2 g

gH =
2 2 constant (20)
N D

The head parameter is constant for similar machines. For the same machine
H
= H22 ,unit head
1
2
N1 N2
7.3. Power parameter:
Multiplying the two parameters,
gH Q = QgH = P
2 2 (21)
N D ND3 N 3 D 5 N 3 D 5

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

7.4. Specific speed:

Flow parameter
Specific speed = 3 4
Head parameter
1.5 1.5
Q N D
Specific speed =
(gH)3 4
2 1.5
N1 D
This quantity is known as the specific speed of pumps. This is dimensionless.
N Q
In practice, Ns = 34
is in usage.
H
One definition for the specific speed is the speed at which the pump will operate delivering unit flow
under unit head.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…
Actually the significance of the specific speed
is its indication of the flow direction, width etc.
of the impeller. This is illustrated in Figure 17.
It is seen that different types of pumps have
best efficiency at different specific speeds.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
8. Cavitation
What is cavitation and where and why it occurs will be discussed in the chapter on turbines. In the case of
pumps, the pressure is lowest at the inlet and cavitation damage occurs at the inlet. For cavitation to occur the
pressure at the location should be near the vapour pressure at the location.
Applying the energy equation between sump surface and the pump suction,
2
P V P
s + s +Z =
a −
hfs Eqn. 22
 2g 

where Z is the height from sump surface and pump suction. The other terms have their usual significance. The
term hfs should include all losses in the suction line.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is defined as the available total suction head at the pump inlet above the
head corresponding to the vapour pressure at that temperature
2
P V P
NPSH = s + s − v
Eqn. 23
 2g 
where Pv is the vapour pressure.
MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries
ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation,
From Equation 22,
P P
NPSH = a − v − Z − hfs
 
Thoma cavitation parameter is defined by
P P
a − v − Z − hfs
 
 = NPSH =
H H
At cavitation conditions,
P P
 =  c and s = v
 
P P
a − v − Z − h fs
 =   Eqn.24
c
H
MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries
ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation,
The height of suction, the frictional losses in the suction line play an important role for avoiding cavitation at a
location. When pumps designed for one location is used at another location, atmospheric pressure plays a role in
the onset of cavitation. Some authors use the term “suction specific speed, ‘ns”. Where H in the general equation
is substituted by NPSH. One correlation for critical cavitation parameter for pumps is given as

 n 4 3
 = s
c 175  Eqn. 25

These equations depend upon the units used and should be applied with caution.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
9. Axial Flow Pump
A sectional view of axial flow pump is shown in Figure 18.

The flow in these machines is purely axial and axial velocity

is constant at all radii. The blade velocity varies with radius
and so the velocity diagrams and blade angles will be
different at different radii. Twisted blade or airfoil sections
are used for the blading. Guide vanes are situated behind
the impeller to direct the flow axially without whirl. In
large pumps inlet guide vanes may also be used. Such
pumps are also called as propeller pumps. The head
developed per stage is small, but due to increased flow
area, large volumes can be handled.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…

A comparison of values of parameters is given in Table 2.

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

ROTODYNAMICS PUMP
continuation…
The whirl at inlet is zero. The velocity triangles are given in Figure 19.

V a is constant at all sections both at inlet and outlet. u

varies with radius. Hence 1 and 2 will vary with radius.
2

H = u Vu2
th as in the case of centrifugal pumps.
g
All other efficiencies are similar to the centrifugal pump.

The angle turned by the fluid during the flow over the blades is
about 10 – 15°. Hence whirl imparted per stage is small. The
number of blades is limited as in the case of Kaplan turbine ranging
between 2 and 8. The hub to tip ratio is in the range 0.3 to 0.6.
Generally the blades are fixed. In rare designs the blades are
rotated as in the case of Kaplan turbine by suitable governing
mechanism.
MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. A homologous model of a centrifugal pump runs at 600 rpm against a head of 8 m, the power required
being 5 kW. If the prototype 5 times the model size is to develop a head of 40 m determine its speed,
discharge and power. The overall efficiency of the model is 0.8 while that of the prototype is 0.85.

2. The diameter and width of a centrifugal pump impeller are 50 cm and 1.5 cm. The pump runs at 1200 rpm. The
suction head is 6 m and the delivery head is 40 m. The frictional drop in suction is 2 m and in the delivery 8 m. The
blade angle at outlet is 30°. The manometric efficiency is 80% and the overall efficiency is 75%. Determine the
power required to drive the pump. Also calculate the pressures at the suction and delivery side of the pump.
3. A centrifugal pump has been designed to run at 950 rpm delivering 0.4 m3/s against a head of 16 m. If the pump
is to be coupled to a motor of rated speed 1450 rpm. Calculate the discharge, head and power input. Assume that
the overall efficiency is 0.82 remains constant.
4. The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 30 m. Flow rate is 50 l/s. The
suction and delivery pipes are each of 15 cm diameter. The friction factor is 0.02. Total length is 55 m other
losses equal 4 times the velocity head in the pipe. The vanes are forward curved at 120°. The width is one tenth
of the diameter. There is a 6% reduction in flow area due to the blade thickness. The manometric efficiency is 80%.
Determine the impeller diameter. Inlet is radial.
MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries