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22 views84 pagesApplication of Integration
The document discusses the applications of integrals in calculating areas between curves, volumes, and other physical quantities. It outlines the process of finding areas between curves using Riemann sums and integrals, providing examples and step-by-step instructions. Additionally, it addresses scenarios where bounding formulas change and the integration process varies accordingly.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views84 pagesApplication of Integration
The document discusses the applications of integrals in calculating areas between curves, volumes, and other physical quantities. It outlines the process of finding areas between curves using Riemann sums and integrals, providing examples and step-by-step instructions. Additionally, it addresses scenarios where bounding formulas change and the integration process varies accordingly.
Uploaded by
mralpha263Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 84
e Applications
of Integrals
OVERVIEW Many things we want to know can be calculated with integrals: the
areas between curves, the volumes and surface areas of solids, the lengths of curves,
the amount of work it takes to pump liquids from belowground, the forces against
floodgates, the coordinates of the points where solid objects will balance. We define
all of these as limits of Riemann sums of continuous functions on closed intervals,
that is, as integrals, and evaluate these limits with calculus.
‘There is a pattern to how we define the integrals in applications, a pattem
that, once leamed, enables us to define new integrals when we need them, We look
at specific applications first, then examine the pattern and show how it leads to
integrals in new situations.
Uppercurve
yee
Fi Zo
yaa)
5.1. The region between y = f(x) and
y= 90) and the lines x =a and x= b.
Areas Between Curves
‘This section shows how to find the areas of regions in the coordinate plane by
integrating the functions that define the regions’ boundaries.
The Basic Formula as a Limit of Riemann Sums
‘Suppose we want to find the area of a region that is bounded above by the curve
y= fla), below by the curve y= g(x), and on the left and right by the lines
x and x = b (Fig. 5.1). The region might accidentally have a shape whose area
‘we could find with geometry, but iff and g are arbitrary continuous functions we
usually have to find the area with an integral
‘To see what the integral should be, we first approximate the region with
vertical rectangles based on a partition P = (xo, x1,..-, Xn) of a, b] (Fig. 5.2, on
the following page). The area of the kth rectangle (Fg. 5.3, on the following page)
‘Ad = height x width = (f(x) ~ g(¢)] Are
‘We then approximate the area of the region by adding the areas of the n rectangles:
A® DAL = DOF) — (C1 Ax. Riemann sum
As || P||> 0 the sums on the right approach the limit ° [ (x) — g(x)] dx because
365 oo)
5.2 We approximate the region with
eT fe 5.3 AA, = area of kth rectangle, f(cs) — 9(¢y) = height, Ax, = width
‘Sand g are continuous. We take the area ofthe region to be the value of this integral,
That is,
A= J.Lo ue—stontan = f LP) - s@dx.
Definition
Iffand g are continuous with f(+) > g(x) throughout (a,b, then the area
of the region between the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) from a to bis the
integral of [f — g] from a to b:
+
A= [909 -aenids. o
‘To apply Eq, (1) we take the following steps.
How to Find the Area Between Two Curves
1. Graph the curves and draw a representative rectangle. This reveals
which curve is f (upper curve) and which is g (lower curve). It also
helps find the limits of integration if you do not already know them.
Find the limits of integration.
Write a formula for f(x) ~ g(x). Simplify tif you can,
Integrate [f (x) — g(x)] from a to b. The number you get is the area.
or
EXAMPLE 1 Find the area between y = sec?.x and y = sinx from 0 t0 2/4.
Solution
Step 1: We sketch the curves and a vertical rectangle (Fig. $4). The upper curve
is the graph of f (x) = sec? x; the lower is the graph of g(x) = sin x
4 The region in Example 1 with ‘Step 2: The limits of integration are already given: a = 0, b = 7/4,
‘typical approximating rectangle. Step 3: f(x) — g(x) = sec? x ~sinx (sf
5.5 The region in Example 2 with a
‘typical approximating rectangle.
Curves That Intersect
When a region is determined by curves that intersect, the intersection points give
the limits of integration
EXAMPLE 2 Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y =
and the line y = —x.
Solution
Step 1: Sketch the curves and a vertical rectangle (Fig. 5.5). Identifying the upper
and the lower curves, we take f(x) =2—x? and g(x) = —x. The x-coordinates
of the intersection points are the limits of integration
‘Step 2: We find the limits of integration by solving y = 2— x? and y
rmultaneously for x:
QaxP eax quate fuss and ga
sPox-2=0 — Rowite
(HDD =0 Face
x
1 FSD Soho
-ltox
‘The region runs from ‘The limits of integration are a
Step 3:
S08) = g() = 2-7) =n
Step 4:
5 2 er
(0) = golde = [i a+s-sax [aro 5 - =|
Technology The Intersection of Two Graphs One of the difficult and some-
times frustrating parts of integration applications is finding the limits of inte-
gration. To do this you often have to find the zeroes of a function or the
intersection points of two curves.
‘To solve the equation f(x) = g(x) using a graphing utility, you enter
=f) and y= 90) MNEETE POIEES (OF HRETSCCHON abe TOS Cheally Tevealed OF YOu suspecs Meee
behavior, additional work with the graphing utility or further use of calculus
may be necessary.
Inx and y2 = 3 ~ x, using a built-in function
to find the intersection
b) Using a builtin root finder to find the zero of f(x) = Inx—3-+x
Boundaries with Changing Formulas
If the formula for a bounding curve changes at one or more points, we part
the region into subregions that correspond to the formula changes and apply Eq,
(1) to each subregion
EXAMPLE 3 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant that is bounded
above by y = VF and below by the x-axis and the line y = x — 2
Solution
Step 1: The sketch (Fig. 5.6) shows that the region’s upper boundary is the graph of
‘L(8) = VF. The lower boundary changes from g(x) = 0 for 0 yplane,
9
3. The solid les between planes perpendicular tothe x-axis atx =0
and x = 4. The cross sections perpendicular to the axis on the
interval 0 ) bases running from the x-axis to the
8. The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x =
=x/3 and x= 7/3. The cross sections perpendicular to the x-
axis are
) circular disks with diameters running from the curve y
tanx to the curve y = sec;
) vertical squares whose base edges run from the curve
tan x to the curve y = secs.
9. ‘The solid lies berween planes perpendicular tothe y-axis at
and y = 2. The eross sections perpendicular to the y-axis are cir-
cular disks with diameters running from the y-axis tothe parabola
V5y
10, ‘The base ofthe solid is the disk x? + y? < 1. The eross sections
by planes perpendicular tothe y-axis between y = —1 and y
are isosceles right triangles with one leg in the disk.
Cavalieri’s Theorem
11, A twisted solid, A square of side length s lies in a plane per
pendiculae to line Z. One vertex of the square lies on L. As this
Square moves a distance ft along L, the square turns one revo-
lution about L to generate @ corkscrew-like column with square
cross sections.
) Find the volume of the column.
b) What will the volume be if the square turns twice instead
of once? Give reasons for your answer,
12, A solid lies between planes y
Perpendicular to the a-axis at
x =O and x = 12. The cross
sections by planes perpendicular
to the x-axis are circular disks
‘whose diameters run from the line
y =x/2 tothe line y= x
Explain why the solid has the
same volume as a right ciculae
cone with base radius 3 and
height 12,
13, Cavaliers original theorem. Prove Cavaliers original theo-
rem (marginal note, page 376) assuming that each region is
bounded above and below by the graphs of continuous functions.
14. The volume of a hemisphere (a classical application of Cav-
aliens theorem). Derive the formula V = (2/3)zR° for the
volume of a hemisphere of radius R by comparing its eross sec-
tions with the cross sections ofa solid right circular cylinder of
radius R and height R from which a solid right circular cone of
base radius R and height R has been removed. Generating region
eee
=
5.14 The solid generated by revolving
the region between the curve y = R(x)
and the x-axis from a to b about the
Solids of revolution are solids whose shapes can be generated by revolving plane
regions about axes. Thread spools are solids of revolution; so are hand weights
and billiard balls. Solids of revolution sometimes have volumes we can find with
formulas from geometry, as in the case of a billiard ball. But when we want to
find the volume of a blimp or to predict the weight of a part we are going to have
tured on a lathe, formulas from geometry are of little help and we turn to calculus
for the answers.
Generating region
Axis of
\ Axisof
revolution | revolution
If we can arrange for the region to be the region between the graph of a contin-
uous function y = R(x),@ |
xt2y=2
4. About the x-axis
FFind the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the regions
bounded by the lines and curves in Exercises 5-10 about the x-axis.
a0, 6»
VR, y By
9. y= eEE, O a) to generate a sold shaped like doughnut
and called @ torus. Find its volume. (Hin: [*, Va? — dy =
zra2/2, since its the area ofa semicircle of ras a)
a) A hemispherical bow! of radius a contains water to a depth
+h Find the volume of water in the bowl
) (Related sates) Water runs into a sunken concrete hemispher-
ical bow! of radius 5 m atthe rate of 0.2 m/sec. How fast
is the water level in the bowl rising when the water is 4m
deep?
Testing the consistency of the calculus definition of volume.
‘The volume formulas in this section are all consistent with the
standard formulas from geometry
8) As a case in point, show that if you revolve the region
enclosed by the semicircle y= Ja =? and the x-axis
about the x-axis fo generate a solid sphere, the disk formula
for volume (Eq. 1) will give (4/3)sa® just as it should,
b) Use calculus to find the volume of a right circular cone of
Ineight and base radius
Cylindrical Shells
‘When we need (o find the volume of a solid of revolution, cylindrical shells some-
times work better than washers (Fig. 5.27, on the following page). In part, the
reason is that the formula they lead to does not require squaring.
The Shell Formula
‘Suppose we revolve the tinted region in Fig. 5.28 (on the following page) about the
eaxis to generate a solid. To estimate the volume of the solid, we can approximate
the region with rectangles based on a partition P of the interval [a, b] over which the
region stands. The typical approximating rectangle is Ax, units wide by f(a) units
high, where cis the midpoint ofthe rectangle’s base. A formula from geometry tells Shell rave
Shell thickness = dy
Shel
height
eral of integration
5.29 The region, shell dimensions, and
interval of integration in Example 1
™
527 A solid of revolution approx-
mated by cylindrical shells.
5.28 The shell swept out by the kth
rectangle.
us that the volume of the shell swept out by the rectangle is
AV; = 2m x average shell radius x shell height thickness,
which in our case is
AV, = 2m x 04 x fle) x Axi.
We approximate the volume of the solid by adding the volumes of the shells swept
‘out by the n rectangles based on P:
VE AM = Yo2re4 fla)A. A Rian sum
‘The limit of this sum as ||P||-+0 gives the volume of the solid:
V= tim, 20a fayan [rxsooas
‘The Shell Formula for Revolution About the y-axis
‘The volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the
x-axis and the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) > 0,0 Sa