Chapter IV

Results and Discussions

This chapter presents the results and discussions gathered by the researchers. It presents
the thematic analysis on the strategies of Junior High School students in producing quality crops in
Tublay School of Home Industries.

RQI : Strategies in Producing Quality Crops

Sanitary on Crop Environment

Maintaining cleanliness in a garden is not just for aesthetic appeal as it also significantly
contribute for the improvement of plant health and the environment. Removing decaying plant
matter and debris significantly reduces the risk of pest infestations and fungal diseases. Pathogens
like powdery mildew and various fungal spores usually grow in environments with accumulated
organic waste. By practicing good sanitation, farmers create a less favorable environment for
these harmful organisms. This is supported by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension
Service as they highlights how "sanitation" is the removal of plant material that can harbor pests,
and that removing debris from the garden at the end of the growing season can reduce the ability
for pests and pathogens to negatively impact your garden next planting season. Cleaning also
aides in the health of the soil. Removing debris and any foreign material allows for better air flow,
and sunlight and water absorption, and also prevents the soil from harboring diseases.
Respondent 9 responded that “𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘰
𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘤𝘬 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘵𝘰𝘰𝘭𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘯 𝘪𝘵 𝘢𝘧𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮. 𝘔𝘢𝘬𝘦
𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘯 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘢𝘭𝘴𝘰”. This is supported by Weisenhorn (2024), as he
concluded that clean gardening practices also include properly checking tools if there’s a need for
repair and sanitation is crucial to prevent the spread of contamination.

Cleanliness not only provide for plant health benefits but also contributes to a more pleasing
and functional outdoor space. As respondent 10’s response “𝘮𝘺 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨
𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘯𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥 (𝘬𝘦𝘯 𝘯𝘢𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘶𝘴)”. Clear
pathways and borders improves accessibility and usability, making gardening tasks more
convenient. Regular cleaning also allows for better observation of plant growth and potential
problems that may arise. Baris et. Al (2023) conducted research study concluded that the critical
role of sanitation in preventing disease spread,
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highlighting the removal of diseased material and proper hygiene. Additionally, maintaining healthy
soil, garden cleanliness, involves removing debris and preventing the accumulation of harmful
substances, as emphasized in studies on soil health and sustainable gardening. These findings
collectively demonstrate that cleanliness in gardens extends beyond aesthetics, playing a vital role
in disease control, public health, and soil vitality. As respondent 12’s response, “𝘠𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘯
𝘪𝘴 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘴 𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘸. 𝘒𝘦𝘦𝘱 𝘪𝘵 𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘯”.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 4 : 𝘎𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘯 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘯.

Respondent 9 : 𝘛 𝘩 𝘦 𝘴 𝘵 𝘳 𝘢 𝘵 𝘦 𝘨 𝘪 𝘦 𝘴 𝘪 𝘯 𝘱 𝘳 𝘰 𝘥 𝘶 𝘤 𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 𝘢 𝘲 𝘶 𝘢 𝘭 𝘪 𝘵 𝘺 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘪 𝘴 𝘵 𝘰 𝘤 𝘩 𝘦 𝘤 𝘬 𝘺 𝘰 𝘶 𝘳
𝘺 𝘰 𝘶 𝘶 𝘴 𝘦 𝘵 𝘩 𝘦 𝘮𝘢 𝘯 𝘥 𝘤 𝘭 𝘦 𝘢 𝘯 𝘪 𝘵 𝘢 𝘧 𝘵 𝘦 𝘳 𝘶 𝘴 𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 𝘵 𝘩 𝘦 𝘮. 𝘔𝘢 𝘬 𝘦 𝘴 𝘶 𝘳 𝘦 𝘵 𝘰 𝘤 𝘭 𝘦 𝘢 𝘯 𝘺 𝘰 𝘶 𝘳 𝘸𝘰 𝘳
𝘢𝘭𝘴𝘰.

Respondent 10 : 𝘔𝘺 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘰

𝘧 𝘰 𝘭 𝘭 𝘰 𝘸 𝘤 𝘭 𝘦 𝘢 𝘯 𝘭 𝘪 𝘯 𝘦 𝘴 𝘴 𝘢 𝘯 𝘥 𝘰 𝘳 𝘨 𝘢 𝘯 𝘪 𝘻 𝘦 𝘥 (𝘬 𝘦 𝘯 𝘯 𝘢 𝘶 𝘳 𝘯 𝘶 𝘴 ).

Respondent 12 : 𝘠 𝘰 𝘶 𝘳 𝘨 𝘢 𝘳 𝘥 𝘦 𝘯 𝘪 𝘴 𝘸𝘩 𝘦 𝘳 𝘦 𝘺 𝘰 𝘶 𝘳 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘴 𝘨 𝘳 𝘰 𝘸. 𝘒𝘦 𝘦 𝘱 𝘪 𝘵 𝘤 𝘭 𝘦 𝘢 𝘯 .

Respondent 36 : 𝘈𝘭 𝘸𝘢 𝘺 𝘴 𝘦 𝘯 𝘴 𝘶 𝘳 𝘦 𝘤 𝘭 𝘦 𝘢 𝘯 𝘭 𝘪 𝘯 𝘦 𝘴 𝘴 𝘪 𝘯 𝘧 𝘢 𝘳 𝘮𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 . (𝘋𝘢 𝘱 𝘢 𝘵 𝘱 𝘢 𝘯 𝘢 𝘵 𝘪 𝘭 𝘪 𝘩 𝘪 𝘯
𝘴𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘨𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘮.)

Importance Seed and Soil Testing

Gloria, et al., (2021) proves how soil testing provides essential data on nutrient levels, pH, and
organic matter, enabling farmers to make decisions regarding fertilization and soil management,
thus maximizing yields and minimizing environmental impact. Seed and soil testing are essential
for maximizing crop production and ensuring healthy plant growth. Soil testing provides crucial
information about nutrient levels, pH, and structure, allowing farmers to tailor fertilization and
planting decisions. As highlighted by respondents, understanding soil pH, nutrient levels, and
structure is vital for determining the best crops and fertilizers. Respondent 17 responded “𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭
𝘗𝘏, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵”, while
Respondent 7 stated that 𝘜𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘗𝘏, 𝘯𝘶𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘢𝘣𝘥
𝘴 𝘵 𝘳 𝘶 𝘤 𝘵 𝘶 𝘳 𝘦 𝘵 𝘰 𝘥 𝘦 𝘵 𝘦 𝘳 𝘮𝘪 𝘯 𝘦 𝘵 𝘩 𝘦 𝘣 𝘦 𝘴 𝘵 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘢 𝘯 𝘥 𝘧 𝘦 𝘳 𝘵 𝘪 𝘭 𝘪 𝘻 𝘦 𝘳 . Respondents 5
and 29 also specifically mentioned soil testing, along with precision irrigation, as key strategies for
producing quality crops.

Seed testing, as noted by Respondent 6, is equally important, focusing on seed quality through
germination rate, purity, and disease detection. This is supported by research of Williams et. Al
(2023) indicates that seed testing, evaluations of germination, vigor, and health, is essential for
predicting crop performance and preventing the spread of seed-borne diseases. This practice
helps ensure a uniform plant population, prevents weed introduction, and minimizes disease
spread, ultimately reducing the risk of crop failure. The combined insights from the respondents,
including those who directly mentioned seed testing, reinforce the necessity of these tests for
informed agricultural practices, leading to higher yields and sustainable resource management.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 5 : 𝘛𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱, 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵

𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘴𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘢𝘴, 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥
𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴.

Respondent 6 : 𝘞𝘦 𝘯 𝘦 𝘦 𝘥 𝘴 𝘦 𝘦 𝘥 𝘵 𝘦 𝘴 𝘵 𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 𝘢 𝘯 𝘥 𝘢 𝘯 𝘢 𝘭 𝘺 𝘴 𝘪 𝘴 𝘵 𝘰 𝘬 𝘯 𝘰 𝘸

Respondent 7 : 𝘜𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘗𝘏, 𝘯𝘶𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘢𝘣𝘥

𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳.

Respondent 17 : 𝘛𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘗𝘏, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸

𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵.

Respondent 29 : 𝘛𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱, 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵

𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘦𝘵𝘤.

Advantages of Practicing Crop Rotation

Crop rotation stands out as a crucial agricultural practice for enhancing crop quality and overall
farm sustainability. Respondents overwhelmingly emphasized its importance, with Respondent 11,
33, and 34 directly stating that farmers implement crop rotation. Respondent 23 included crop
rotation as a key strategy alongside crop selection and timely planting for producing quality crops.
This

16
practice diversifies root systems, balances soil fertility, and disrupts pest and disease cycles,
leading to healthier soils and reduced reliance on chemical interventions. Furthermore, crop
rotation enhances resource efficiency by improving water infiltration and reducing the need for
synthetic fertilizers.

Beyond soil health, crop rotation plays a significant role in mitigating environmental challenges and
improving crop yields. Respondent 8 highlighted crop rotation in conjunction with drought-resistant
crops and irrigation systems, indicating its value in adapting to varying climatic conditions.
Respondent 34 also mentioned crop rotation, along with precise irrigation, as a method for
producing quality crops. By diversifying crops, farmers create an environment less conducive to
pests and weeds, leading to increased yields. The collective insights from the respondents
underscore that crop rotation is a fundamental and widely recognized practice for promoting
sustainable agriculture and maximizing crop production.

George Washington Carver (1943) defined crop rotation as the practice of sequentially planting
different crops on the same land, rather than continuously growing the same crop. Carver not only
demonstrated the benefits of crop rotation for soil health and crop yields and also helped southern
farmers understand the importance of diversifying their crops and improving their soil. Up until
now, crop rotation is still a common practice in agriculture today, with farmers using it to improve
soil health, control pests and diseases, and optimize crop yields.

The critical role of crop rotation in sustainable agriculture and its benefits such as enhancing
soil health and stability are proven consistently by several researches. For example, research by
Ball B. Et. Al (2005) shows how crop rotation positively influences soil structure by improving
aeration and water infiltration, crucial factors for optimal plant growth. Furthermore, the practice of
crop rotation is vital for erosion control, as highlighted by Jankauskas, B. Et. Al (2003), whose
research shows how various crop rotations, effectively minimize soil and nutrient loss. These
findings concluded that crop rotation is an essential strategy for maintaining long-term agricultural
productivity and environmental health.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 8 : 𝘐 𝘮𝘱 𝘭 𝘦 𝘮𝘦 𝘯 𝘵 𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 𝘥 𝘳 𝘰 𝘶 𝘨 𝘩 𝘵 -𝘳 𝘦 𝘴 𝘪 𝘴 𝘵 𝘢 𝘯 𝘵 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘶 𝘴 𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 𝘪 𝘳 𝘳 𝘪 𝘨 𝘢 𝘵 𝘪 𝘰 𝘯 𝘴 𝘺 𝘴
𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.

Respondent 11 : 𝘈𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.

Respondent 23 : 𝘚 𝘵 𝘳 𝘢 𝘵 𝘦 𝘨 𝘪 𝘦 𝘴 𝘧 𝘰 𝘳 𝘱 𝘳 𝘰 𝘥 𝘶 𝘤 𝘪 𝘯 𝘨 𝘢 𝘲 𝘶 𝘢 𝘭 𝘪 𝘵 𝘺 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘪 𝘯 𝘤 𝘭 𝘶 𝘥 𝘦 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘴 𝘦 𝘭 𝘦
𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘭𝘺 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨.

17
Respondent 33 : 𝘍𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.

Respondent 34 : 𝘛𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱, 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱

𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘐𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.

RQ2 : Problems commonly encountered in farming

Relentless Infestation of Pest and Diseases

Relentless infestations of pests and diseases pose a severe threat to plant health and agricultural
productivity, as evidenced by the experiences of respondents. Insects are a common culprit, with
Respondent 4 noting "too much insects in garden," and Respondent 12 describing how insects
"eat our plants and make tiny holes," resulting in reduced quality. Respondent 40 further
emphasized the economic impact, stating "our crops are not sellable because it is damaged by
insects." Beyond insects, other pests and diseases contribute to plant damage, with Respondent 7
reporting that "plants are destroyed by animals, insects etc." These infestations lead to visible
signs of distress, such as wilting and browning, as described by Respondent 22, indicating
significant plant damage and potential crop loss.

The pervasive nature of pest and disease infestations necessitates a comprehensive approach to
management. Factors like climate change, globalization, and monoculture contribute to the
problem, facilitating the spread and adaptation of pests. The economic consequences are
substantial, with reduced crop yields and damaged goods impacting livelihoods and food security.
Furthermore, the reliance on chemical pesticides can lead to environmental degradation and the
development of pest resistance. Therefore, effective pest and disease management requires
integrated strategies, including biological controls and sustainable agricultural practices, to mitigate
the relentless onslaught of these threats.

Pests and diseases are one of the common significant and persistent challenges faced by
Agriculture’s productivity worldwide, as proven by numerous research studies conducted by Thapa
et al. (2021). In their study conducted in Nepal, it highlighted the farmer’s reliance on chemical
pesticides and the need for improved pest management education. Furthermore, studies focusing
on Integrated Pest Management (IPM), such as the one conducted in Bangladesh by researchers
Frontiers in Environmental Science, demonstrate the lack of sustainable approaches in lessening
pest damage and enhancing crop production. Finally, Lori (2023) further proved the significant crop
 18

loss on productivity caused by pest, leading to financial loss. These studies shows the urgent need
for sustainable pest management strategies to ensure higher profit and food security.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 4 : 𝘛𝘰𝘰 𝘮𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘯.

Respondent 7 : 𝘗𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘺𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘭𝘴, 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴 𝘦𝘵𝘤.

Respondent 12 : 𝘐𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘺 𝘩𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥
𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘪𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦𝘥.

Respondent 22 : 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘨𝘦𝘵 𝘣𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘥, 𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘣𝘳𝘰𝘸𝘯.

Respondent 40 : 𝘖𝘶 𝘳 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 𝘴 𝘢 𝘳 𝘦 𝘯 𝘰 𝘵 𝘴 𝘦 𝘭 𝘭 𝘢 𝘣 𝘭 𝘦 𝘣 𝘦 𝘤 𝘢 𝘶 𝘴 𝘦 𝘪 𝘵 𝘪 𝘴 𝘥 𝘢 𝘮𝘢 𝘨 𝘦 𝘥 𝘣 𝘺
𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴.

Negative Effects of Low Quality Soil on Crop Growth

Low-quality soil presents significant challenges to crop growth, as highlighted by respondent

experiences. Physical impediments like stones and hard, compacted soil, as mentioned by
Respondents 5, 11, and 31, make cultivation difficult and hinder root development. Respondent 31
specifically noted "the garden have a lot of stones and woods," while Respondent 5 described
areas as "stony and hard" and Respondent 11 stated "the soil is hard to cultivate." This poor soil
structure restricts root access to water and nutrients, leading to stunted growth and reduced yields.
Furthermore, Respondent 14 pointed out that "the plants do not prefer the soil," indicating an
unfavorable environment for plant establishment and thriving.

The direct consequence of low-quality soil is diminished crop quality and quantity, as Respondent
32 succinctly put it: "Low quality soil results to low quality crop." This reflects the reality that
nutrient deficiencies, poor water retention, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, all
stemming from poor soil, negatively impact plant health. The physical barriers within the soil, as
described by respondents, exacerbate these issues, creating an environment where plants
struggle to reach their full potential. Overall, the respondents' observations underscore the critical
link between soil quality and crop success.

Countless research study were conducted on the impact of low-quality soil on crop production,
with studies highlighting the connection of soil health quality and agricultural output. Soil
degradation caused by extreme weathers and chemical use lowers crop yields by lessening the
nutrient availability, water retention, and root development, making crop production inefficient as

19

documented by EOS Data Analytics (2025). Additionally, researches examining nutrient

deficiencies emphasizes the critical role of essential elements, demonstrating how inadequate
nutrient levels in poor soils lead to stunted growth and diminished crop quality. Asio et. Al (2009)
concludes that widespread soil degradation, caused by factors like deforestation and poor farming
practices, seriously threatens the Philippine’s Agriculture and environment. These research studies
concluded the necessity for sustainable soil management practices to maintain agricultural
productivity and ensure food security.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 5 : 𝘚𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘴 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘯𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘥.

Respondent 11 : 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘪𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘦.

Respondent 14 : 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘥𝘰 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭

Respondent 31 : 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘯 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘢 𝘭𝘰𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘰𝘥𝘴

Respondent 32 : 𝘓 𝘰 𝘸 𝘲 𝘶 𝘢 𝘭 𝘪 𝘵 𝘺 𝘴 𝘰 𝘪 𝘭 𝘳 𝘦 𝘴 𝘶 𝘭 𝘵 𝘴 𝘵 𝘰 𝘭 𝘰 𝘸 𝘲 𝘶 𝘢 𝘭 𝘪 𝘵 𝘺 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰 𝘱 . (𝘓 𝘢 𝘸𝘭 𝘢 𝘸𝘢 𝘥 𝘪 𝘯
𝘭𝘢𝘸𝘭𝘢𝘸𝘢 𝘥𝘪𝘯 𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘢.)

RQ2 : Solutions to address these problems

Pest and Disease Management

Effective pest and disease management is crucial for protecting crops and ensuring healthy yields,
as highlighted by various respondents. Integrated Pest Management (IPM), as mentioned by
Respondent 1, is a cornerstone approach, combining various strategies to minimize pest impact.
Respondents also emphasized direct intervention, with Respondent 20 and 40 advocating for the
immediate removal of insects and weeds to prevent crop damage. Respondent 40 specifically
noted, "insects eat crop so remove them immediately," stressing the urgency of such actions.
Furthermore, the use of repellents and organic pesticides was suggested by Respondent 12, who
recommended making "repellants/organic pesticide," and Respondent 33, who proposed creating
"concoctions to kill them," highlighting the importance of utilizing both natural and prepared
solutions to combat infestations.

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The responses collectively indicate a preference for a multi-pronged approach that includes
both preventative and reactive measures. While IPM offers a structured framework for long-term
pest control, immediate action, such as manual removal and the application of organic pesticides,
is deemed necessary to address existing infestations. This approach minimizes reliance on harsh
chemicals, promoting sustainable practices while safeguarding crop health. The focus on both
removal and the creation of natural solutions indicates an understanding of the need to protect
crops while minimizing environmental impact. Multiple research studies demonstrates the
several benefits of effective pest and disease management, particularly when employing integrated
approaches like Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Researches by Koppert (2023) highlighted
the significant economic advantages for agricultural productivity, as IPM strategies reduce reliance
on costly pesticide applications, thereby minimizing input expenses. Furthermore, IPM practices
contribute to environmental sustainability by lessening chemical use thus reducing chemical
pollution, preserving beneficial organisms, and promoting soil health. Beyond agricultural contexts,
pest management plays a crucial role in preserving public health by reducing the transmission of
infectious diseases, thus creating healthier living environments. These shows the importance of
adopting integrated pest and disease management strategies.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 1 : 𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘱𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 (𝘐𝘗𝘔)

Respondent 12 : 𝘔𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘢 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴/𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘤 𝘱𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘥𝘦. (𝘈𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘥 𝘵𝘪

𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘳 𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘤 𝘱𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘥𝘦.)

Respondent 20 : 𝘙𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘷𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴.

Respondent 33 : 𝘖𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴, 𝘐 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘬𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮.

Respondent 40 : 𝘐𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴 𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘴𝘰 𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘷𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮 𝘪𝘮𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘺.

Advantages of Fertilizer Application

Fertilizer application is a key agricultural practice that significantly boosts crop yields and overall
plant health. By replenishing essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,
fertilizers promote vigorous growth, enhance soil fertility, and accelerate plant maturity. This leads
to more abundant harvests, improved plant resilience against diseases, and better nutritional value
in crops. Respondents highlighted the importance of fertilizer use, with Respondent 21 simply
stating "By

21

applying fertilizer" and others emphasizing its role in conjunction with other practices. For example,
Respondent 9 noted the need to "provide fertilizer, remove weed and give seeds water," while
Respondent 18 stressed providing fertilizer and removing weeds to avoid competition.

Furthermore, several respondents emphasized the use of organic fertilizers for sustainable soil
management and enhanced plant growth. Respondent 33 specified "Soil management by using
organic fertilizer," and Respondent 38 advocated for the "use of organic fertilizer to enhance plant
growth and soil health." These responses underscore the growing recognition of organic fertilizers'
benefits in maintaining long-term soil fertility and promoting environmentally friendly agricultural
practices. The focus on both nutrient provision and weed removal, as mentioned by respondents,
highlights the integrated approach necessary for maximizing the advantages of fertilizer
application.

Adding fertilizer to farmland brings many good things. First, it helps plants grow bigger and
faster. 1 This means farmers can grow more food on the same amount of land. With more food,
there is less worry about people going hungry. Second, fertilizers make plants healthier. Stronger
plants can fight off sickness and bugs better. This means farmers don’t have to use as many
sprays that can be bad for the land and for people. Third, fertilizers help the soil stay good. When
plants grow, they take things from the soil. 4 Fertilizers put those things back, so the soil stays rich
and can keep growing good plants for a long time. 5 Also, using the correct fertilizer amount helps
the plants to have the needed nutrients, which translates to healthier food for people and animals.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 9 : 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘦 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳, 𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘷𝘦 𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘨𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘸𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳

Respondent 18 : 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘦 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘷𝘦 𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘷𝘰𝘪𝘥

𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯

Respondent 21 : 𝘉𝘺 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘺𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳

Respondent 33 : 𝘚𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘣𝘺 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘤 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳

Respondent 38 : 𝘜𝘴𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘤 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘰 𝘦𝘯𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘸𝘵𝘩 𝘢𝘯𝘥

𝘴𝘰𝘪𝘭 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘭𝘵𝘩.

RQ3 : Pieces of Advice to Beginners

Proper Attitude on Crop Production

A proper attitude towards crop production emphasizes resilience, discipline, and a commitment to
continuous learning. Respondents consistently highlighted the importance of perseverance in the
face of challenges. Respondent 6 stressed that "a beginner must be patient in tough situations and
must not give up," reinforcing this sentiment with the local phrase, "Dapat anusan da uray anya a
karigat na ket dapat met nga haan da dapat sumuko." Similarly, Respondent 13 asserted, "We
should not surrender in producing crops," and Respondent 16 advised, "If farming in first crop
season, if we have less crop, we should not give up in next cropping season." These responses
underscore the necessity of maintaining a positive outlook and determination, even when
confronted with setbacks.

Beyond mere perseverance, respondents also emphasized the importance of discipline and a
strong work ethic. Respondent 7 bluntly stated, "Don’t be such a complainer and don’t be a lazy-
ass," conveying the need for a proactive and diligent approach. Furthermore, Respondent 18
advised beginners to "learn to discipline yourself" before starting work, indicating that self-
discipline is a foundational element for success in crop production. These insights collectively
illustrate that a proper attitude in farming encompasses not only resilience but also a disciplined
and hardworking mindset, essential for navigating the inherent difficulties of the profession and
achieving sustainable yields. As a farmer, attitude and mind-set is important. Farming can be
difficult, with challenges arising from time to time Amir et. Al (2007). A positive thinking keeps one
trying even when things get tough. Being willing to learn new ways to do things helps you grow
better food. If you’re kind to your neighbours and work together, you can help everyone in your
community. Also, taking care of the land shows you respect nature, and that’s a good way to get
good crops for a long time. So, a good attitude helps you grow food better and makes your farming
life happier.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 6 : 𝘈 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘣𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘶𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥
𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘨𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘶𝘱. (𝘋𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘶𝘴𝘢𝘯 𝘥𝘢 𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘺𝘢 𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵 𝘯𝘢 𝘬𝘦𝘵 𝘥𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘵
𝘮𝘦𝘵 𝘯𝘨𝘢 𝘩𝘢𝘢𝘯 𝘥𝘢 𝘥𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘵 𝘴𝘶𝘮𝘶𝘬𝘰.)

Respondent 7 : 𝘋𝘰𝘯’𝘵 𝘣𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘰𝘯’𝘵 𝘣𝘦 𝘢 𝘭𝘢𝘻𝘺-𝘢𝘴𝘴.

(𝘋𝘰𝘯’𝘵 𝘣𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘤𝘩 𝘢 𝘳𝘦𝘬𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘶𝘸𝘢𝘨 𝘬𝘢𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘥.)

Respondent 13 : 𝘞𝘦 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘥 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘴.

Respondent 16 : 𝘐𝘧 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯 𝘧𝘪𝘳𝘴𝘵 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘰𝘯, 𝘪𝘧 𝘸𝘦 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱, 𝘸𝘦 𝘴𝘩

𝘶𝘱 𝘪 𝘯 𝘯𝘦𝘹 𝘵 𝘤 𝘳 𝘰𝘱𝘱𝘪 𝘯𝘨 𝘴 𝘦𝘢𝘴 𝘰𝘯.

Respondent 18 : 𝘍𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘴, 𝘣𝘦𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘥𝘰 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬, 𝘺𝘰𝘶

𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘥 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘤𝘪𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘧.

Proper planning and preparation

Effective crop production hinges on meticulous planning and thorough preparation, as highlighted
by numerous respondents. Respondent 24 emphasized the importance of a strategic approach,
stating, "Plan first and then act," underscoring that proactive planning is crucial before any
practical execution. This sentiment is reinforced by Respondent 1, who advised ensuring mental,
physical, and financial readiness, acknowledging the multifaceted demands of farming. The
consistent emphasis on preparedness, as noted by Respondents 23, 33, and 39, who all explicitly
mention the large amount of work involved, further solidifies the notion that successful agriculture
requires anticipating and preparing for the inherent labor-intensive nature of the field.

The respondents' insights collectively underscore the need for a holistic approach to preparation.
Beyond simply planning the technical aspects of crop production, such as seed selection and land
preparation, farmers must also prepare themselves for the demanding physical labor and potential
financial challenges. Respondent 33's statement, "Be prepared because in Agriculture, there are
lot of work to do (Be prepraed ta noshi agriculture, eshahel e madeka)," and Respondent 39's
similar sentiment, reiterate the physical demands, while Respondent 1's inclusion of financial
preparedness indicates the need to consider economic factors. These responses highlight that
successful crop production requires a comprehensive readiness encompassing mental, physical,
and financial dimensions, alongside strategic planning.

Proper planning in agriculture is crucial for ensuring food security, economic viability, and
environmental sustainability. In a sector that heavily influenced by unpredictable factors like
weather patterns, market fluctuations, and pest infestations, strategic planning provides a
framework for farmers to mitigate risks and optimize resource utilization as per Croswell et. Al
(2009). This involves careful consideration of factors such as crop selection, soil management,
irrigation systems, and harvesting schedules. Furthermore, effective planning allows for the
integration of modern technologies and sustainable practices, leading to increased productivity and
reduced environmental impact. In essence, meticulous planning transforms agriculture from a
reactive endeavour to a proactive and resilient industry, capable of meeting the growing demands
of a global population.

Some responses acquired were :

Respondent 1 : 𝘔𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺, 𝘱𝘩𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺, 𝘢𝘯𝘥

𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘥.

Respondent 23 : 𝘉𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘰𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬.

Respondent 24 : 𝘗𝘭𝘢𝘯 𝘧𝘪𝘳𝘴𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘤𝘵.

Respondent 33 : 𝘉𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘈𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦, 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘵 𝘰𝘧

𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘰. (𝘉𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘢 𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘩𝘪 𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦, 𝘦𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘩𝘦𝘭 𝘦 𝘮𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘬𝘢)

Respondent 39 : 𝘉𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘈𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘺

𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘥𝘰.

Chapter V

Conclusions and Recommendation

This chapter presents the general conclusions and recommendation based on the findings of
the research study.

Conclusions

I. Proper sanitation, seed and soil testing and practicing crop rotation are just a few of the
common strategies in crop production. Seed testing ensures viability and quality of the
seeds, minimizing the risk of planting diseased or weak plants while soil testing provides
 information needed to know if the area is favourable for planting and which crop will
thrive. Crop rotation disrupts pest and disease cycles, enhances soil health, and works
in conjunction with sanitation practices, which minimize disease spread by removing
infected material and maintaining a clean environment. In conclusion, these practices
create a sustainable, productive growing environment by addressing the management of
long-term soil conditions, plant health and actively preventing disease.

II. 1. Farmers commonly encountered struggles and challenges in farming such as pest
and disease infestation and low quality soil. Low-quality soil significantly weakens plant
defenses, making them highly susceptible to pest and disease infestations. Nutrient
deficiencies, poor drainage and aeration create a stressful environment where plants
struggle to thrive. This vulnerability allows pests and pathogens to easily attack and
hindering plant’s growth and it’s overall health. For example, waterlogged soils helps the
development of fungal diseases, while nutrient-poor soils result in weak cell walls being
easily penetrated by pests. Pest and disease infests not only the crops but also the soil
as it continuously worsens soil degradation thus becoming the no. 1 enemy of farmers.

2. Appropriate fertilizer application significantly enhances plant health, boosting their

natural defences against pests and diseases. By providing essential nutrients,
fertilizers promote strong cell walls and enhanced root systems, enabling plants to
better withstand attacks and recover from minor infestations. This balanced approach
to fertilization ensures optimal growth, making plants less susceptible to stress-
induced vulnerabilities, and ultimately contributes to a healthier, more productive
crop.. Excessive or imbalanced fertilizer use can create conditions that favor certain
pests and diseases, such as lush growth attracting aphids or disrupting soil microbial
balance, increasing vulnerability to soil-borne pathogens. Therefore, effective pest
and disease management necessitates a strategic integration of fertilizer application
with other techniques like crop rotation, resistant varieties, and biological controls.
This approach ensures plants receive the necessary nutrients without creating an
environment favorable to pests and diseases, maximizing crop productivity.

III. Successful crop production relies on both careful planning and a positive, resilient
attitude. Proper planning and preparation involve the technical aspects, such as
selecting suitable crops, preparing the soil, and developing a comprehensive schedule
for planting, fertilization, and pest management. This provides the necessary structure
and resources for efficient cultivation. However, planning alone is insufficient. A positive
 and dedicated attitude is equally crucial. This involves perseverance, adaptability, and a
willingness to learn and improve. A farmer's attitude influences their ability to execute
the plan effectively, overcome challenges, and adapt to future challenges. The
connection between thorough planning and a positive mind-set creates a positive cycle,
where successful farming procedures informs future planning, ultimately leading to more
productive and sustainable crop production.

Recommendations

I. Seed testing ensures high germination rates, purity, and disease-free starts, while soil
testing reveals nutrient levels, pH, and potential contaminants. Crop rotation disrupts
pest and disease cycles, enhances soil fertility, and improves structure, leading to
increased yields. Maintaining a sanitary crop environment prevents disease spread and
ensure food safety. By practicing these techniques, farmers can cultivate healthier, more
productive crops. Regular seed and soil analysis provides an informed decisions, while
crop rotation and sanitary measures contribute to long-term soil health and reduced
reliance on chemicals. This approach not only boosts yields but also promotes
sustainable agriculture, minimizing environmental impact and ensuring the production of
safe, high-quality crop.

II. 1. Low-quality soil and relentless pest/disease infestations create a vicious cycle. Poor
soil weakens plants, making them highly susceptible to pests and diseases due to
nutrient deficiencies, impaired immunity, and increased stress. To break this cycle,
prioritize soil improvement through increased organic matter (compost, mulch, cover
crops), regular soil testing and, minimized tillage, and improved drainage. Additionally,
practicing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, including crop rotation,
resistant varieties, biological control, cultural practices is needed. Sanitation and regular
monitoring are also essential for early detection and prevention. In conclusion, by
focusing on both proper soil and pest management, you can create a resilient growing
environment that minimizes crop losses and promotes long-term sustainability for crop
production.

2. To enhance crop health, fertilizer application with a thorough pest and disease
management strategy is highly recommendable. Conducting regular soil tests to
 determine precise nutrient needs, prevents the over and under fertilization and other
imbalances. Practicing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques, including
crop rotation, resistant varieties, and biological, cultural, mechanical controls, to
minimize pest and disease infestation. By combining proper fertilizer use with pest
and disease management, you can promote a growing environment that maximizes
yield of the crop while minimizing environmental impact.

III. To cultivate a proper crop environment, develop dedicated, fore-sighted , and

continuous learning mind-set. Guaranteed successful crop production are the results of
thorough planning and preparation, strategic management, and adaptable strategies.
Embrace challenges as opportunities for growth and maintain a strong sense of
responsibility towards farming. This combination of a positive attitude and thorough
preparation will ensure a productive, sustainable, and rewarding crop production.