DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LAB

CODE: 214456

CLASS: SECOND YEAR-SEM-II

LAB MANUAL-2019 COURSE

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

1
Course Objectives:

1. Understand the fundamental concepts of database management. These

concepts include aspects of database design, database languages, and
database-system implementation.

2. To provide a strong formal foundation in database concepts, recent

technologies and best industry practices.

3. To give systematic database design approaches covering conceptual

design, logical design and an overview of physical design.

4. To learn the SQL database system.

5. To learn and understand various Database Architectures and its use for
application development.

6. To programme PL/SQL including stored procedures, stored functions,

cursors and packages.

Course Outcomes:

After completion of this course student will be able to

CO1 :To install and configure database systems.
CO2: To analyze database models & entity relationship models.
CO3: To design and implement a database schema for a given problem-
domain
CO4: To understand the relational database systems.
CO5: To populate and query a database using SQL DDL/DML/DCL
commands.
CO6:To design a backend database of any one organization: CASE STUDY

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214456: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LAB
Teaching Scheme: Practical: 4 Hours/Week Credits: 02
Examination Scheme: Term Work: 25 Marks
Practical: 25 Marks

Sr. Assignment Name Page

No No.
1 Group A: Study of Databases 6-11
Study of MySQL Open source software. Discuss the characteristics like
efficiency, scalability, performance and transactional properties
2 Group A: Study of Databases
Install and configure client and server of MySQL.(Show all commands
and necessary steps for installation and configuration)
3 Group A: Study of Databases
Study of SQLite: What is SQLite? Uses of SQLite. Building and installing
SQLite.
4
Group B: MySQL
Design any database with at least 3 entities and relationships between
them. Draw suitable ER/EER diagram for the system.
5 Group B: MySQL
Design and implement a database (for assignment no 1) using DDL
statements and apply normalization on them
6
Group B: MySQL
Create Table with primary key and foreign key constraints.
a. Alter table with add n modify b. Drop table

7 Group B: MySQL
Perform following SQL queries on the database created in assignment 1.
• Implementation of relational operators in SQL
• Boolean operators and pattern matching
• Arithmetic operations and built in functions
• Group functions
• Processing Date and Time functions
• Complex queries and set operators
8 Group B: MySQL
Execute DDL/DML statements which demonstrate the use of views. Try
to update the base table using its corresponding view. Also consider
restrictions on updatable views and perform view creation from multiple
tables.

3
9 Group C: PL/SQL
Write and execute PL/SQL stored procedure and function to perform a
suitable task on the database. Demonstrate its use.
10 Group C: PL/SQL
Write and execute suitable database triggers .Consider row level and
statement level triggers.
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Group C: PL/SQL
Write a PL/SQL block to implement all types of cursor.
12 Group D: Relational Database Design
Design and case study of any organization (back end only), Project
Proposal and High Level SRS
To prepare for your project, do the following:
1. Form teams of around 3 to 4 people
2. Create a requirements document with the following information;
1. Give a one or two paragraph description of your goals for the
topic(s).
2. List all what all types of users will be accessing your application
(e.g., for moodle, the types are teachers, students, teaching
assistants, and a few more types).
3. List the various functionalities that your application will support. Explain
each in about a paragraph worth of detail.
4. List the hardware and software requirements at the backend and at
the front end.
5. Give an estimate of the number of users of each type, the expected
load (transactions per day), and the expected database size.

Reference Books:
1.Dr. P. S. Deshpande, SQL and PL/SQL for Oracle 10g Black Book, DreamTech.

2.Ivan Bayross, SQL, PL/SQL: The Programming Language of Oracle, BPB Publication.

3.Reese G., Yarger R., King T., Williums H, Managing and Using MySQL, Shroff
Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd., ISBN: 81 - 7366 - 465 – X, 2nd Edition.

4.Eric Redmond, Jim Wilson, Seven databases in seven weeks, SPD, ISBN: 978-93-
5023-918-6.Jay Kreibich, Using SQLite, SPD, ISBN: 978-93-5110-934-1, 1st edition.

Web Resources:
1.Udemy 2. Coursera 3. SQL TutorialsPoint

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 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group A: Study of Databases: Study Pages 6-11
of MySQL Open source software.
Experiment No: 1 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group A: Study of Databases
Study of MySQL Open source software. Discuss the characteristics like efficiency,
scalability, performance and transactional properties

THEORY:

Database:
A database is a collection of information or data which are organized in such a way that it
can be easily accessed, managed and retrieved.

Elements of Database:
A database table consists of rows and columns which contain data. For example, you have
a table that stores profiles of individuals that is, ID, name, address and contact details.

EMPLOYEE TABLE:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_AGE EMP_CITY DEPT_ID DEPT_NAME

22 Denim 28 Mumbai 827 Sales
33 Alina 25 Delhi 438 Marketing
46 Stephan 30 Bangalore 869 Finance
52 Katherine 36 Mumbai 575 Production
60 Jack 40 Noida 678 Testing

MySQL Database Features:

• MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big businesses.
MySQL is becoming so popular because of many good reasons −
• MySQL is released under an open-source license.
• MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large subset of the
functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.
• MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
• MySQL works on many operating systems and languages including PHP, PERL, C,
C++, JAVA, etc.
• MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.
• MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web development.
• MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a table.
• MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows programmers to modify
the MySQL software to fit their own specific environments.

1) MySQL Create Database

MySQL create database is used to create database.
Example:
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create database db1;

2) MySQL Select/Use Database

MySQL use database is used to select database.
Example:
use db1;

3) MySQL Create Query

MySQL create query is used to create a table, view, procedure and function.
Example:
CREATE TABLE customers
(id int(10), name varchar(50), city varchar(50),PRIMARY KEY (id ));

4) MySQL Alter Query

MySQL alter query is used to add, modify, delete or drop columns of a table.
Let's see a query to add column in customers table:
Example:
ALTER TABLE customers ADD age varchar(50);

5) MySQL Insert Query

MySQL insert query is used to insert records into table.
Example:
insert into customers values(101,'rahul','delhi');

6) MySQL Update Query

MySQL update query is used to update records of a table.
Example:
update customers set name='bob', city='london' where id=101;

7) MySQL Delete Query

MySQL update query is used to delete records of a table from database.
Example:
delete from customers where id=101;

8) MySQL Select Query

Oracle select query is used to fetch records from database.
Example:
SELECT * from customers;

9) MySQL Truncate Table Query

MySQL update query is used to truncate or remove records of a table. Example:
truncate table customers;

10) MySQL Drop Query

MySQL drop query is used to drop a table, view or database. It removes structure and
data of a table if you drop table.
Example:
drop table customers;

6
 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group A: Study of Databases Pages 6-11
Study of SQLite:
Experiment No: 3 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group A: Study of Databases
Study of SQLite: What is SQLite? Uses of SQLite. Building and installing SQLite.

THEORY:

SQLite Database
❖ SQLite is a self-contained, high-reliability, embedded, full-featured, public domain, SQL
database engine. SQLite is the most used database engine in the world
❖ SQLite databases are very lightweight. Unlike other database systems, there is no
configuration, installation required to start working on SQLite database.
❖ What you need is the SQLite library which is less than 500KB size.

SQLITE CREATE TABLE

To create a table, you should use the "CREATE TABLE" command as following:
C:\SQLITE>CREATE TABLE guru99 ( Id Int, Name Varchar);

DROP TABLE
To drop a table, use the "DROP TABLE" command followed by the table name as
following:
C:\SQLITE>DROP TABLE guru99;

ALTER TABLE
You can use "ALTER TABLE" command to rename a table as following:
C:\SQLITE>ALTER TABLE guru99 RENAME TO guru100;

SQLITE ADD COLUMNS- USING ALTER TABLE COMMAND

You can also use the "ALTER TABLE" command to add columns:
C:\SQLITE>ALTER TABLE guru100 ADD COLUMN Age INT;

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SQLITE INSERT VALUE INTO A TABLE
C:\SQLITE>INSERT INTO guru100 VALUES(1, 'Mike', 25);

SQLITE DISPLAY ALL VALUES

C:\SQLITE>SELECT * FROM Students;

INSTALL SQLITE ON WINDOWS

• Step 1 − Go to SQLite for Windows
• Step 2 − Download sqlite-shell-win32-*.zip and sqlite-dll-win32-*.zip zipped files.
• Step 3 − Create a folder C:\>sqlite and unzip above two zipped files in this folder,
which will give you sqlite3.def, sqlite3.dll and sqlite3.exe files.
• Step 4 − Add C:\>sqlite in your PATH environment variable and finally go to command
prompt and issue sqlite3 command, which should display the following result.

C:\>sqlite3
SQLite version 3.7.15.2 2013-01-09 11:53:05
Enter ".help" for instructions
Enter SQL statements terminated with a ";"
sqlite>

INSTALL SQLITE ON LINUX

• Step 1-Download sqlite-autoconf-*.tar.gz from source code section of SQLite Site
• Step 2 − Run the following command −
$tar xvfz sqlite-autoconf-3071502.tar.gz
$cd sqlite-autoconf-3071502
$./configure --prefix=/usr/local
$make
$make install

The above command will end with SQLite installation on your Linux machine.
$sqlite3
SQLite version 3.7.15.2 2013-01-09 11:53:05
Enter ".help" for instructions
Enter SQL statements terminated with a ";"
sqlite>

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 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group B: MySQL: Draw suitable ER/ Pages 6-11
EER diagram for the system.
Experiment No: 4 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group B: MySQL
Design any database with at least 3 entities and relationships between them. Draw
suitable ER/EER diagram for the system.

THEORY:

Entity Relationship(ER) Diagrams:

ER Diagram stands for Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as ERD. It displays
the relationship of entity sets stored in a database. ER Diagrams contain different symbols
that use rectangles to represent entities, ovals to define attributes and diamond shapes to
represent relationships.

EXAMPLE-1: ER DIAGRAM OF BANK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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EXAMPLE-2: MORE DETAILED ER DIAGRAM OF BANK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ER diagram of Bank has the following description:

• Bank have Customer.
• Banks are identified by a name, code, address of main office.
• Banks have branches.
• Branches are identified by a branch_no., branch_name, address.
• Customers are identified by name, cust-id, phone number, address.
• Customer can have one or more accounts.
• Accounts are identified by acc_no., acc_type, balance.
• Customer can avail loans.
• Loans are identified by loan_id, loan_type and amount.
• Account and loans are related to bank’s branch.

Entities and their Attributes are :

• Bank Entity : Attributes of Bank Entity are Bank Name, Code and Address.
Code is Primary Key for Bank Entity.

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• Customer Entity : Attributes of Customer Entity are Customer_id, Name, Phone
Number and Address.
Customer_id is Primary Key for Customer Entity.
• Branch Entity : Attributes of Branch Entity are Branch_id, Name and Address.
Branch_id is Primary Key for Branch Entity.
• Account Entity : Attributes of Account Entity are Account_number, Account_Type
and Balance.
Account_number is Primary Key for Account Entity.
• Loan Entity : Attributes of Loan Entity are Loan_id, Loan_Type and Amount.
Loan_id is Primary Key for Loan Entity.

Relationships are :
• Bank has Branches => 1 : N
One Bank can have many Branches but one Branch can not belong to many Banks,
so the relationship between Bank and Branch is one to many relationship.

• Branch maintain Accounts => 1 : N

One Branch can have many Accounts but one Account can not belong to many
Branches, so the relationship between Branch and Account is one to many
relationship.

• Branch offer Loans => 1 : N

One Branch can have many Loans but one Loan can not belong to many Branches,
so the relationship between Branch and Loan is one to many relationship.

• Account held by Customers => M : N

One Customer can have more than one Accounts and also One Account can be held
by one or more Customers, so the relationship between Account and Customers is
many to many relationship.

• Loan availed by Customer => M : N

(Assume loan can be jointly held by many Customers).
One Customer can have more than one Loans and also One Loan can be availed by
one or more Customers, so the relationship between Loan and Customers is many to
many relationship.

EER Diagram
Generalization is a bottom-up approach in which the common attributes of two or more
lower-level entities combines to form a new higher-level entity.
According to the below diagram, there are two entities, namely teacher and student. The
teacher entity contains attributes such as teacher_id, name, and address and student
entity include student_id, name, and address. A lower-level entity is called a subclass, and
the higher-level entity is called a superclass. So, the person entity is the superclass of two
subclasses teacher and student.

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Specialization: It is opposite or inverse of generalization. A specialization is a top-down approach
in which an entity of higher-level entity is broken down into two or more entities of lower level.
In the below example, it can be seen that the employee is a high-level entity which is divided
into three sub-entities (Ram, Shyam, and Mohan). The sub-entities are the names of the
employees (relating to the high-level entity). Therefore, splitting a high-level entity into a low-
level entity is called specialization.

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DBMS Aggregation

Through the Entity-Relationship model, we cannot express a relationship set with

another relationship set. Thus we use the concept of aggregation to express it.
Aggregation is an abstraction in which the relationship between two entities is treated
as a higher-level entity. It allows you to indicate that a relationship set participates in
another relationship set.

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 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group B: MySQL: Perform Relational, Pages 6-11
Boolean, Arithmetic, Set operators,
Group Functions, Date, time, complex
queries SQL queries
Experiment No: 7 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group B: MySQL
Perform following SQL queries on the database:
• Implementation of relational operators in SQL
• Boolean operators and pattern matching
• Arithmetic operations and built in functions
• Group functions
• Processing Date and Time functions
• Complex queries and set operators

THEORY:

I)SQL ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:

+ (Addition), - (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus)

II)SQL COMPARISON OPERATORS:

=, !=, <>, >, <, >=, <=, !<, !>

III)SQL LOGICAL OPERATORS:

ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, EXISTS, IN, NOT, IS NULL, UNIQUE

iv)SQL: RELATIONAL OPERATORS: AND, OR

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records −
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

The AND Operator

SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 2000 AND age < 25;
This would produce the following result −

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+----+-------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |
+----+-------+----------+
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+-------+----------+

The OR Operator
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 2000 OR age < 25;

This would produce the following result −

+----+----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |
+----+----------+----------+
| 3 | kaushik | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+

The ARITHMETIC Operators

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY = SALARY + 1000;

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 3000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 2500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 3000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 7500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 9500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 5500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 11000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

V)SQL - GROUP BY
Employees

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 employee_number last_name first_name salary dept_id
1001 Smith John 62000 500
1002 Anderson Jane 57500 500
1003 Everest Brad 71000 501
1004 Horvath Jack 42000 501

SELECT dept_id, SUM(salary) AS total_salaries

FROM employees
GROUP BY dept_id;

There will be 2 records selected. These are the results that you should see:
dept_id total_salaries
500 119500
501 113000

VI)SQL - LIKE CLAUSE FOR PATTERN MATCHING

Let us take a real example, consider the CUSTOMERS table
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Display all from the CUSTOMERS table, where the SALARY starts with 200.
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%';

This would produce the following result −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

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Examples:

The following table has a few examples showing the WHERE part having different LIKE
clause with '%' and '_' operators

Sr.No. Statement & Description

WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%'
1 Finds any values that start with 200.
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%200%'
2 Finds any values that have 200 in any position.

WHERE SALARY LIKE '_00%'

3 Finds any values that have 00 in the second and third positions.
WHERE SALARY LIKE '2_%_%'
4 Finds any values that start with 2 and are at least 3 characters in length.
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%2'
5 Finds any values that end with 2.
WHERE SALARY LIKE '_2%3'
6 Finds any values that have a 2 in the second position and end with a 3.
WHERE SALARY LIKE '2___3'
7
Finds any values in a five-digit number that start with 2 and end with 3.

VII)SQL SET OPERATIONS

SQL - UNIONS CLAUSE

SQL>select * from hostel1
UNION
Select * from hostel2’

SQL INTERSECT Operation

SQL>select * from hostel1

INTERSECT
Select * from hostel2’
SQL MiNUS Operation

SQL>select * from hostel1

MINUS
Select * from hostel2’

VIII)SQL NESTED QUERIES OR COMPLEX QUERIES

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records −
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+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 35 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Now, let us check the following subquery with a SELECT statement.

SQL> SELECT *
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;

This would produce the following result.

+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+

IX)SQL DATE AND TIME

• DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD

• DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• YEAR - format YYYY or YY

EXAMPLE :
SELECT DATE("2017-06-15 09:34:21");

Result:
2017-06-15

SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11'

18
 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group B: MySQL: Create Table with Pages 6-11
primary key and foreign key
constraints. a. Alter table with add n
modify b. Drop table
Experiment No: 6 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group B: MySQL
Create Table with primary key and foreign key constraints.
a. Alter table with add n modify b. Drop table

THEORY:
Foreign Key Constraint

-- https://www.mycompiler.io/new/mysql
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_zL94zyuYc

emp Table: Child Table

empno empname deptno empsal

Dept Table: Parent Table

deptno dname loc

deptno is primary key of dept table(parent table) and foreign key of emp table(child table).
So department number that is not existing is parent table cannot be inserted in child table.

-- Child Table
-- Creating emp Table
CREATE TABLE emp(
empno INTEGER primary key ,
empname VARCHAR(20),
deptno INTEGER,
empsal INTEGER);

-- Adding Data to emp Table:

INSERT INTO emp values(1,'Ram',5,20000);
INSERT INTO emp values(2,'Shyam',6,30000);
INSERT INTO emp values(3,'Ganesh',7,40000);

-- Displaying contents of emp table

19
SELECT * FROM emp;

-- Parent Table
-- Creating dept table
CREATE TABLE dept(
deptno INTEGER primary key ,
dname VARCHAR(10),
loc VARCHAR(5));

-- Adding Data to dept Table:

INSERT INTO dept values(5,'IT','hyd');
INSERT INTO dept values(6,'sales','bglr');
INSERT INTO dept values(7,'Manager','mumb');

-- Displaying contents of dept table

SELECT * FROM dept;

-- Adding Foreign key Constraint

ALTER TABLE emp add constraint fk foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno);

-- INSERT INTO emp values(8,'Ram',8,50000);

-- deptno 8 is not existing in parent table, can not be inserted in child table;

-- Dropping Foreign Constraint:

ALTER TABLE emp drop constraint fk;

INSERT INTO emp values(8,'Ram',8,50000);

-- Displaying contents of emp table

SELECT * FROM emp;

Output with foreign key constraints:

empno empname deptno empsal
1 Ram 5 20000
2 Shyam 6 30000
3 Ganesh 7 40000

deptno dname loc

5 IT hyd
6 sales bglr
7 Manager mumb

ERROR 1216 (23000) at line 38: Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key
constraint fails

[Execution complete with exit code 1]

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Output after dropping foreign key constraints
empno empname deptno empsal
1 Ram 5 20000
2 Shyam 6 30000
3 Ganesh 7 40000

deptno dname loc

5 IT hyd
6 sales bglr
7 Manager mumb

empno empname deptno empsal

1 Ram 5 20000
2 Shyam 6 30000
3 Ganesh 7 40000
8 Ram 8 50000

[Execution complete with exit code 0]

21
 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group B: MySQL:Execute DDL/DML Pages 6-11
statements which demonstrate the
use of views.
Experiment No: 8 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date:18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group B: MySQL
Execute DDL/DML statements which demonstrate the use of views. Try to update the base
table using its corresponding view. Also consider restrictions on updatable views and
perform view creation from multiple tables.

THEORY:

VIEWS IN DBMS
Views in SQL are kind of virtual tables. A view also has rows and columns as they are in a
real table in the database. We can create a view by selecting fields from one or more tables
present in the database. A View can either have all the rows of a table or specific rows based
on certain condition.

CREATING VIEWS

Database views are created using the CREATE VIEW statement. Views can be created
from a single table, multiple tables or another view.

To create a view, a user must have the appropriate system privilege according to the
specific implementation.
Example
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records –
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Following is an example to create a view from the CUSTOMERS table. This view would be
used to have customer name and age from the CUSTOMERS table.
SQL > CREATE VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW AS
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SELECT name, age
FROM CUSTOMERS;
Now, you can query CUSTOMERS_VIEW in a similar way as you query an actual table.
Following is an example for the same.
SQL > SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS_VIEW;
This would produce the following result.
+----------+-----+
| name | age |
+----------+-----+
| Ramesh | 32 |
| Khilan | 25 |
| kaushik | 23 |
| Chaitali | 25 |
| Hardik | 27 |
| Komal | 22 |
| Muffy | 24 |
+----------+-----+

Updating a View
A view can be updated under certain conditions which are given below −
• The SELECT clause may not contain the keyword DISTINCT.
• The SELECT clause may not contain summary functions.
• The SELECT clause may not contain set functions.
• The SELECT clause may not contain set operators.
• The SELECT clause may not contain an ORDER BY clause.
• The FROM clause may not contain multiple tables.
• The WHERE clause may not contain subqueries.
• The query may not contain GROUP BY or HAVING.
• Calculated columns may not be updated.
• All NOT NULL columns from the base table must be included in the view in order for the
INSERT query to function.

So, if a view satisfies all the above-mentioned rules then you can update that view. The
following code block has an example to update the age of Ramesh.

SQL > UPDATE CUSTOMERS_VIEW

SET AGE = 35
WHERE name = 'Ramesh';

This would ultimately update the base table CUSTOMERS and the same would reflect in
the view itself. Now, try to query the base table and the SELECT statement would produce
the following result.

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

23
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 35 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Inserting Rows into a View

Rows of data can be inserted into a view. The same rules that apply to the UPDATE
command also apply to the INSERT command. Here, we cannot insert rows in the
CUSTOMERS_VIEW because we have not included all the NOT NULL columns in this
view, otherwise you can insert rows in a view in a similar way as you insert them in a table.

Deleting Rows into a View

Rows of data can be deleted from a view. The same rules that apply to the UPDATE and
INSERT commands apply to the DELETE command.
Following is an example to delete a record having AGE = 22.

SQL > DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS_VIEW

WHERE age = 22;

This would ultimately delete a row from the base table CUSTOMERS and the same would
reflect in the view itself. Now, try to query the base table and the SELECT statement would
produce the following result.

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 35 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Dropping Views
Obviously, where you have a view, you need a way to drop the view if it is no longer needed.
The syntax is very simple and is given below –

Following is an example to drop the CUSTOMERS_VIEW from the CUSTOMERS table.

DROP VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW;

24
 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group C: PL/SQL:PL/SQL stored Pages 6-11
procedure and function
Experiment No: 9 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date:18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group C: PL/SQL:Write and execute PL/SQL stored procedure and function to perform a
suitable task on the database. Demonstrate its use.

THEORY:

PL/SQL – Procedure

Function:
Function, in computer programming language context, a set of instructions which takes
some input and performs certain tasks. In PL/SQL, a function returns a value.

Procedure:
Procedure, as well, is a set of instructions which takes input and performs certain task. In
SQL, procedure does not return a value.

Example1:

DECLARE
a number;
b number;
c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS
BEGIN
IF x < y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;
END;

BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
findMin(a, b, c);
dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (23, 45) : ' || c);
END;
/

Minimum of (23, 45) : 23

25
 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group C: PL/SQL: Triggers in Pages 6-11
PL/SQL
Experiment No: 10 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group C: PL/SQL:Write and execute suitable database triggers .Consider row level and
statement level triggers.

THEORY:

Trigger: A trigger is a stored procedure in database which automatically invokes whenever

a special event in the database occurs. For example, a trigger can be invoked when a row
is inserted into a specified table or when certain table columns are being updated. Trigger
is EVENT-CONDITION-ACTION Model

Example:
To create-Insert-Select Queries using Live Oracle SQL

Similarly Trigger program is executed using LIVE ORACLE SQL:

Example:

26
Select * from customers;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes

BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
DECLARE
sal_diff number;
BEGIN
sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
END;
/

When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result –

Trigger created.

UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500
WHERE id = 2;

When a record is updated in the CUSTOMERS table, the above create

trigger, display_salary_changes will be fired and it will display the following result –

Old salary: 1500

New salary: 2000
Salary difference: 500

27
 IT/DBMSL: D-05 Group C: PL/SQL: cursor in PL/SQL Pages 6-11
Experiment No: 11 Semester – II Rev.: 00 Date: 18/12/2017

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT:
Group C: PL/SQL: Write a PL/SQL block to implement all types of cursor.

THEORY:

A cursor is a pointer to this context area. PL/SQL controls the context area through a
cursor. A cursor holds the rows (one or more) returned by a SQL statement. The set of
rows the cursor holds is referred to as the active set.

There are two types of cursors −

• Implicit cursors
• Explicit cursors

Implicit Cursors
Implicit cursors are automatically created by Oracle whenever an SQL statement is
executed, when there is no explicit cursor for the statement. Programmers cannot control
the implicit cursors and the information in it.

In PL/SQL, you can refer to the most recent implicit cursor as the SQL cursor, which always
has attributes such as %FOUND, %ISOPEN, %NOTFOUND, and %ROWCOUNT.

S.No Attribute & Description

%FOUND
Returns TRUE if an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement affected one or
1 more rows or a SELECT INTO statement returned one or more rows. Otherwise,
it returns FALSE.

%NOTFOUND
The logical opposite of %FOUND. It returns TRUE if an INSERT, UPDATE, or
2 DELETE statement affected no rows, or a SELECT INTO statement returned no
rows. Otherwise, it returns FALSE.
%ISOPEN
Always returns FALSE for implicit cursors, because Oracle closes the SQL cursor
3
automatically after executing its associated SQL statement.

%ROWCOUNT
4 Returns the number of rows affected by an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement, or returned by a SELECT INTO statement.

Example:
The following program will update the table and increase the salary of each customer by
500 and use the SQL%ROWCOUNT attribute to determine the number of rows affected −

28
Select * from customers;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

DECLARE
total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500;
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line('no customers selected');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers selected ');
END IF;
END;
/

6 customers selected

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2500.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 2000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 7000.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 9000.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 5000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

29
 Explicit Cursors:

Explicit cursors are programmer-defined cursors for gaining more control over the context
area. An explicit cursor should be defined in the declaration section of the PL/SQL Block. It
is created on a SELECT Statement which returns more than one row.
The syntax for creating an explicit cursor is –

CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;

Working with an explicit cursor includes the following steps −

• Declaring the cursor for initializing the memory
• Opening the cursor for allocating the memory
• Fetching the cursor for retrieving the data
• Closing the cursor to release the allocated memory
•
Declaring the Cursor
Declaring the cursor defines the cursor with a name and the associated SELECT statement.
For example –

CURSOR c_customers IS
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;

Opening the Cursor

Opening the cursor allocates the memory for the cursor and makes it ready for fetching the
rows returned by the SQL statement into it. For example, we will open the above defined
cursor as follows –

OPEN c_customers;

Fetching the Cursor

Fetching the cursor involves accessing one row at a time. For example, we will fetch rows
from the above-opened cursor as follows –

FETCH c_customers INTO c_id, c_name, c_addr;

Closing the Cursor

Closing the cursor means releasing the allocated memory. For example, we will close the
above-opened cursor as follows −
CLOSE c_customers;

Example

DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type;
30
 c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
CURSOR c_customers is
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;
BEGIN
OPEN c_customers;
LOOP
FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name, c_addr;
EXIT WHEN c_customers%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c_customers;
END;
/

When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result –

1 Ramesh Ahmedabad
2 Khilan Delhi
3 kaushik Kota
4 Chaitali Mumbai
5 Hardik Bhopal
6 Komal MP

31