Assignment

1. What is lathe machine?

A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece

about an axis of rotation to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling,
drilling, deformation, facing, threading and
turning, with tools that are applied to the
workpiece to create an object with symmetry
about that axis.Lathes are versatile and used in
many industries, including woodworking,
metalworking, and glassworking .

2. Different types of lathe machine:

Speed Lathe Machine

A Speed Lathe Machine is a high-speed, hand-operated lathe
machine, mainly used by woodworkers. It can provide a spindle
speed from 1200 to 3600rpm.The machine comes with a very
simple design, it contains headstock, bed, tailstock, and tool post .

Center Lathe or Engine Lathe Machine

This type of lathe machine is used for woodworking and
metalworking. You can perform various machining operations
on this lathe machine… such as turning, facing, grooving,
knurling, threading, drilling, boring, reaming, and many more.
The machine is capable of handling workpieces up to 1 meter in
diameter, and up to 4 meters in length.

Turret Lathe Machine

An turret lathe machine is an advanced lathe machine used for mass
production. It is kind of an upgraded version of an engine lathe, where
the tailstock is replaced by a revolving hexagonal turret.
In this turret, you can set up multiple cutting tools (usually up to 6 tools),
such as drilling, countersinking, reaming, tapping, etc.

3. Different cutting operation for lathe machine :

Turning
Turning is a machining operation in which you clamp your workpiece in the lathe chuck and
rotate it, and then you shape your workpiece by using a single-point cutting tool attached to
the tool post of your lathe machine. Turning is the most simple and popular type of lathe
machine operation. You can perform this operation on wood, metals, and plastics.

Facing
The initial step in most lathe operations involves facing the workpiece. This process entails cutting
the metal from the end to achieve a precise right-angle alignment with the axis and to eliminate
any surface imperfections.

Taper Turning
Tapering involves shaping the metal into a near-conical form, achieved by utilising the compound
slide. It falls between the realms of parallel turning and facing off, offering flexibility in adjusting
angles by manipulating the compound slide.

Parallel Turning
In parallel turning, the primary objective is to reduce the diameter of the metal while maintaining
alignment with the axis. This operation is employed to achieve uniformity in the metal's diameter.

Parting
Parting is the operation of removing a section of the workpiece to create a defined end. It involves
gradually advancing the parting tool to execute the cut. To deepen the cut, the parting tool is
retracted and repositioned to the side, preventing tool breakage during the process.

Chamfering
Chamfering refers to the process of creating a bevelled edge at the extremity of a workpiece.

Knurling
Knurling is the procedure of creating a textured, diamond-shaped pattern on a workpiece's surface
using a knurling tool, resulting in a roughened texture. During knurling, the process is conducted at
reduced speeds while employing ample lubrication. Knurling serves the purpose of enhancing the
gripping capability of a workpiece, which is particularly useful in preventing slippage when manually
handled.

Drilling Operation
Drilling is a machining process employed to extract material from a workpiece, achieved by utilising
a stationary drill bit secured in the tailstock, resulting in the creation of a hole in the workpiece.
Typically, drill bits are crafted from high-speed steel and carbon steel.

Boring
Boring is an internal turning operation employed to increase the size of pre-existing holes. It can be
categorised into two subtypes:
Counterboring: Counterboring is an internal turning technique utilised to enlarge the opening's
entrance.
Countersinking: Countersinking involves the conical enlargement of the hole's entrance. This
procedure necessitates a larger drill bit compared to the initial hole size.
 Reaming
Reaming is a machining process performed subsequent to drilling to achieve precise internal hole
diameters. During reaming, only a minute amount of material is removed from the pre-drilled
holes, ensuring exceptional accuracy in the final hole dimensions.

Thread Cutting Operation

Thread cutting is a machining operation that involves the creation of threads on both the inner and
outer surfaces of a workpiece according to specific specifications. During thread cutting, the process
relies solely on automatic feed mechanisms. This automatic feed is achieved through the utilisation
of a lead screw and the feed gearbox.

4. Different parts of lathe machine

Bed
The bed of the lathe is the major structural element of the
lathe. The bed provides a foundation for the ways,
which in turn carry the carriage, tailstock, and other
components such as steady rests and carriage stops.

Headstock
Found on the end of the bed is the headstock. Once clamped to the
end, the headstock provides the rotational power for the lathe’s
operations. It contains the bearings used by the lathe to rotate the
workpiece against the tool bit.

Tailstock
The tailstock is found on the end of the lathe opposite to the headstock. Also
known as a “loose head,” the tailstock features a non-rotating barrel that can be
used for a variety of purposes, such as holding tool bits or supporting workpieces
while they turn.

Carriage
Lathes also have a carriage, which is found nestled between the headstock and
tailstock. The carriage is responsible for guiding the tool bit as it cuts or
otherwise manipulates the workpiece.

Legs
legs are the vertical structures on a lathe that provide an elevated
working surface. Lathes don’t use just any type of legs, however.
Because of their heavy weight, commercial-grade lathes usually feature
legs that bolt onto the floor on which it’s placed. By bolting the legs
down, the lathe will remain stable even under heavy load.

Cross Slide
The cross slide is a component found on the top of a lathe that allows the
tool bit to slide back and forth.
Saddle
Found on the top of a lathe is the saddle. Technically, the saddle is
part of the carriage. Featuring a H shape, it’s responsible for
supporting cross slide movements.

Apron
The apron is a part of a lathe that’s clamped to the saddle. It’s designed
to hold the gears, levers and other components that push the cross
slide. Along with the saddle, the apron is a key component of the
carriage, which as mentioned above, is used to guide the lathe’s tool bit.