VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM-590002

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA

FUME IN CONCRETE”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

Degree of bachelor engineering in civil
Submitted By
Batch-3
PROJECT BATCH ASSOCIATES
GANASHREE K B 4UB21CV009
HEMANTH M 4UB21CV011
KEERTHIRAJ K M 4UB21CV012
KOTRESH N 4UB22CV403

Under guidance of
Ms. DIVYA R HANGAL
Assistant professor (Ad-hoc)
DOS-CIVIL ENGINEERING, UBDTCE, DAVANGERE

2024 - 2025

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY B.D.T. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DAVANAGERE-577004
(A Constituent college of VTU, Belagavi)
DAVANAGERE, KARNATAKA
 UNIVERSITY B.D.T. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
DAVANAGERE, KARNATAKA-577004

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA
FUME IN CONCRETE” is a bonafied work carried out by KEERTHIRAJ K M (4UB21CV012), bonafide
student of University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davangere. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Degree of “Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering” branch of “Visveswaraya Technological
University, Belagavi” during the academic year 2024-2025. It is verified that all corrections/suggestions indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The Project report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.

Ms. DIVYA R HANGAL Dr. H. ERAMMA

Associate Professor (Ad-hoc) Professor & Co-Ordinator

Dr. K. MANJUNATHA Dr. D. P. NAGARAJAPPA

Professor & Chairperson Principal

Name of the examiners Signature and Date

1. …………………………………….. 1. …………………………………….

2. …………………………………….. 2. ……………………………………
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge the help and encouragement given by various people during this
project work. We are deeply indebted and very grateful to the invaluable guidance given by our project
guide Ms. DIVYA R HANGAL, Assistant Professor (Ad-hoc), Department of Studies in Civil Engineering,
University B.D.T. College Engineering, Davanagere, during this Project work.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. K. MANJUNATHA, Professor and Chairperson of
Department of studies in Civil Engineering, University B.D.T. College of Engineering, Davanagere, for
his kind support and guidance throughout the course of this work.
We are thankful to our beloved Principal Dr. D. P. NAGARAJAPPA for providing excellent academic
climate.
We would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Studies in Civil
Engineering for their kind co-operation during the work. The support provided by the college and
departmental library is greatly acknowledge. Finally, we would like to thank all my friends who helped
directly and indirectly throughout this Project work.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
GANASHREE K B (4UB21CV009)
HEMANTH M (4UB21CV015)
KEERTHIRAJ K M (4UB21CV012)
KOTRESH N (4UB22CV403)
 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGENO.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-7

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Concrete Making Material

1.3 Theroetical analysis

1.3.1 Cement

1.3.2 Ordinary Portland cement

1.3.3 Coarse Aggregate

1.3.4 Fine Aggregate

1.3.5 Silica Fume

1.3.6 River Sand

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8-11

CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 12

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY 13-40

4.0 Flow chart

4.1 Materials

4.1.1 Cement

4.1.2 Fine Aggregate

4.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

4.1.4 Silica Fume

4.2 Preparation of Specimens

4.2.1 Determination of Specimens

4.2.2 Mix Prepration

4.2.3 Casting Off Specimen

4.2.4 Curing Specimen

 4.2.5 Testing of Specimen

4.2.6 Adavantages Of Using Fume

4.2.7 Disadavantages Of Using Fume

5.0 Experimental Tests

5.1 Tests On Fresh Concrete

5.1.1 Slump Test

5.2 Tests on Hardened concrete

5.2.1 Compressive Test on Cube

5.2.2 Flexural Test On Beam

5.2.3 Split Tensile Strength

CHAPTER 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 41-48

5.1 Tests on Fresh Concrete

5.1.1 Slump Test On Fresh Concrete

5.2 Tests On Hardened concrete

5.2.1 CompressiveStrength and their graphical

5.2.2 Representation of Result For Different
Percentage of Silica Fume

5.2.3 Flexural Strength Of Concrete

5.2.4 Split Tensile Strenth Of Concrete

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 49

REFERENCE 50
 LIST OF TABLES
Chapter TITLE Page No

CHAPTER 04 METHODOLOGY

Table 4.1: Chemical and physical properties of micro silica. 14

Table 4.2: Material Properties 15

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 5.1 Slump Value For Concrete. 41

Table 5.2 Compressive Strength for 7 days curing. 42

Table 5.3 Compressive Strength for 14 Days Curing. 43

Table 5.4 Compressive Strength for 28 Days Curing 44

Table 5.5 Comparison Of Test Results For 7 14 & 28 days Curing . 45

Table 5.6 Flexural strength of concrete for 10% of silica fume 46

Table 5.7 Split Tensile strength of concrete containing 47

10% of Silicafume
 LIST OF FIGURE
TITLE Page No
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
Fig No 1.1 Cement 4
Fig No 1.2 Ordinary Portland Cement 4

Fig No 1.3 Corse Aggregate 5

Fig No 1.4 Fine Aggregate 6

Fig No 1.5 Silica Fume 6

Fig No 1.6 River Sand 7

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY

Fig No 4.1 Mixing Of Concrete For Casting Of Specimen 27

Fig No 4.2 Concrete Filled In Cubes 27

Fig No 4.3 Cubes Kept For Curing In Concrete Lab Sump 28

Fig No 4.4 Cube Specimen Ready For Test After 7 Days 28

Curing
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fig No 5.2 Concrete Slump After Removing Slump Cone 32

Fig No 5.3 Compression Testing Machine 34

Fig No 5.4 Compressive Testing Machine 35

Fig No 5.5 Cube Sample After Taking Max Load 35

Fig No 5.6 Sample Failure At Max Load 37

Fig No 5.7 Concrete Cylinder Specimens 38

Fig No 5.8 Breaking Of Cylinder Sample 39

Fig No 5.9 Sample After Failure At Max Load 39

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has prompted research
into alternative materials for partial replacement of conventional cement. Silica fume,
a byproduct of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production process, has emerged as a
potential supplementary cementitious material. This study explores the effects of
partial replacement of cement with silica fume on the mechanical and durability
properties of concrete. Various percentages of silica fume (5%, 7.5%, 10%, and
12.5%) were incorporated into the mix design, and the resulting concrete specimens
were tested for compressive strength, flexural and split tensile strength along with
workability and water absorption. The findings indicate that up to 10% silica fume
replacement improves the compressive strength and durability of concrete, enhancing
its long-term performance. Beyond this percentage, there is a diminishing return, with
no further significant improvements. The study highlights the potential of silica fume
as an effective replacement for cement, offering an environmentally friendly solution
by reducing carbon emissions associated with cement production. The results support
the use of silica fume in concrete mixes for sustainable construction practices,
particularly in applications where high strength and durability are required.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 1

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
The construction of modern and complicated civil engineering structures has become a part of today’s
fast developing world. Concrete known for its compressive strength, workability and its durability
plays a vital role in construction. In the recent times, construction activity has increased in India. Fast
growth in construction industry in our country relies on the use of natural resources for infrastructure
development. Large scale production of Portland cement and rapid exploitation of environment for
aggregates in the last decade, have dramatic impact on the environment.

The available of natural resources is reducing in India, slowly down the growth in construction
activity. The rapid depletion of natural resources along with the substantial increase in waste
generation poses a serious problem. Sand is one of the main constituent of concrete making which is
about 35 percent of volume of concrete used in construction industry.

There is need for the supply of River Sand for carry out construction work. Due lack of huge reserve
of River Sand and its environmental problem. It is waste material made from granite. Silica fume
concrete may be appropriate in places where abrasion resistance is low permeability are of utmost
importance or where very high cohesive mixes are required to avoid segregation and bleeding. Silica
fume is also known as micro silica is amorphous polymorph of silicon dioxide. It is an ultra-fine
powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production.

A composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of Portland
cement and water, within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregates, usually a
combination of fine and coarse aggregates. Concrete is by far the most versatile and most widely used
construction material worldwide.

It can be engineered to satisfy a wide range of performance specifications, unlike other building
materials, such as natural stone or steel, which generally have to be used as they are. Because the
tensile strength of concrete is much lower than its compressive strength, it is typically reinforced with
steel bars, in which case it is known as reinforced concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 2

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

It requires vibration or other techniques like compaction to remove air bubbles and honey comb
like holes especially at surfaces. This type of air content is not required and it weakens the
concrete..

1.2 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIAL

1. Cement: Cement is a binder that holds the concrete mixture together. The most common type
of cement used in concrete is Portland cement.
2. Aggregates: Aggregates are the inert granular materials, such as sand and gravel, that are
mixed with cement and water to form concrete. Fine aggregates (such as sand) and coarse
aggregates (such as gravel) are used to provide strength and volume to the concrete mixture.
3. Water: Water is essential in the hydration process of cement, which binds the other materials
together to form concrete. The amount of water used in the mixture affects he workability and
strength of the concrete.
4. Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): SCMs, such as slag,and silica fume, can
be used in combination with cement to improve the durability, strength, and sustainability of
concrete.
5. Chemical additives: Chemical additives, such as superplasticizers, corrosion inhibitors, and
waterproofing agents, can be added to concrete mixtures to achieve specific properties or
performance requirements.
6. Admixtures: Admixtures are broadly classified as chemical and mineral admixtures these are
further divided into 2 groups:
1. Chemical admixtures: chemical admixtures includes accelerators,retarders,plastisizers and
air-entraining admixtures.
2. Mineral admixtures: there are several types of mineral admixtures they also includes fly ash,
rice husk ash, silica fume & metakaolin.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 3

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

1.3 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

1.3.1 CEMENT
Cement is binding material which having good role in concrete, its having a peculiar property of
strong adhesive premises. It can bind all other mixtures of concrete through a series of chemical
reaction termed hydration reaction with the help of water and does it hardens.

Fig 1.1: Cement

Cement is a bluish grey colored fine powder, which is manufactured by smashing, milling and
proportioning of CaO(calciumoxide,67-61), SiO2(silica,23-19) AI2O3 (aluminium,6-2.5) in a kiln at
2600F. Portland cement is also named as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is categorized into three
grades i.e., OPC 33grades, 43grades, 53grades on account of their 28days compressive strength. In
this thesis, OPC 43grade of cement is used for mix design.

1.3.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade can be defined as the bonding material having cohesive adhesive
properties which makes it capable to unite the different construction materials and form the compacted
assembly.

Fig 1.2: Ordinary Portland cement

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 4

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Ordinary/Normal Portland Cement is one of the most widely used type of Portland Cement. Ordinary
Portland Cement is the most widely used building material in the world with about 1.56 billion tonnes
produced each year.

1.3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate sizes are larger than 4.75mm, a maximum size up to 40mm is used for coarse
aggregate in most structural applications. While for mas concreting purposes such as dams size up
to 150mm may be used. Size of coarse aggregate depends upon the nature of the work. The
aggregates are free from dust before used in the dust. The coarse aggregate used in the experimental
investigation is 20mm sized crushed angular in shape.

Fig 1.3: Coarse aggregate

It includes gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled concrete and geo synthetic aggregates. The
following properties are strength, hardness, toughness, durability, shape of aggregates and adhesion
with bitumen.

1.3.4 FINE AGGREGATE

The size of fine aggregate is below 4.75mm, this may obtain from rivers, lakes but when used in
concrete mix. It should properly wash and tested to a certain total percentage of clay, silt and other
organic matter does not exceed this specified limit. The composition, shape and size of the aggregate
of all have signified impact on the workability, durability, strength weight and shrinkage of the
concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 5

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Fig 1.4: Fine aggregate

Fine aggregates are used in projects where a smooth yet highly compacted surface is desired. Fine
aggregates are ideal for use underneath pavers, path fines, track fines, athletic infield materialand
can even be used as a soil amendment.

1.3.5 SILICA FUME

Silica Fume is also known as micro silica, is an amorphous polymorph of silicon dioxide, silica. It is
an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production and
consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150nm. The main field of
application is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete. It sometimes confused with
fumed silica known as pyrogenic silica,

Fig 1.5: Silica fume

However, the production process, particle characteristics and fields of application of fumed silica are
all different from those of silica fume. Silica fume is an ultrafine material with spherical particles less
than 1micrometer in diameter, the average being about 0.15 micrometre. This makes it approximately
100 times smaller than the average cement particle. The bulk density of cement particle depends on
the degree of densification in the soil and varies from 130 to 600kg/cum.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 6

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

The specific gravity of silica fume is generally in the range of 2.2 to 2.3. The specific surface area of
silica fume can be measured with the BET Method or nitrogen adsorption method. It typically ranges
from 15000 to 300000sq.m/kg.

1.3.6 RIVER SAND

River Sand or Bajri, refers to the loose, fragmented and naturally occurring material consisting of
very tiny particles of decomposed shells, corals or rocks. Apart from being an important part of the
river sand plays a crucial role in the construction industry.

Fig 1.6: River sand

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 7

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE RIVIEW

PAPER 1
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY USINF SILICA FUME IN CONCRETE

Nanabala jyosthna1, A Naveen, J Karimasif, M Subbireddy, L Ravi Kumar (2021) This project
reports the results of compressive strength obtained from the experiments where both conventional
concrete and partial replacement of silica fume concrete are used. The partially replacement of cement
by silica fume the strength parameters of concrete have been studied. Silica fume were used to replace
0% to 12.5 % of cement, by weight at increment of 2.5 % for both cube and cylinder. The strength of
value of compressive strength is obtained at 10% replacement.
After 10% its start decreasing under load condition of 4 KN and similarly the split tensile strength
increases up to 10% and then start decreasing under the load condition of 2KN.In this project, an
experimental study has been conducted on concrete by varying the percentage of silica fume as 0%,
5%,7.5%,10%and 12.5% respectively to study the increase in the compressive strength of concrete.
Based on the experimental investigation, the compressive strength was found to increase at 10%
addition of silica fume in the concrete. The compressive strength was found to gradually decrease
after 10% addition in the concrete. After performing the test and analyzing their result, the following
conclusions have been derived: The results achieved from the existing study shows that silica fume
is great potential for the utilization in concrete as replacement of cement.

PAPER 2
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME AND ITS EFFECTS
ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
Kumar & Dhaka (2016) write a Review paper on partial replacement of cement with silica fume and
its effects on concrete properties. The main parameter investigated in this study M-35 concrete mix
with partial replacement by silica fume with varying 0, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5% by weight of cement the
paper presents a detailed experimental study on compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile
strength for 7 days and 28 days respectively.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 8

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

PAPER 3
EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME ON
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE.

Alok (2016) write A Research Paper on Partial Replacement of Cement in M-20 Concrete from Silica
Fume Replacement levels of OPC by Silica Fume were 0%,5%, 7.5%,10% & 12.5% was used in all
the test specimens for better workability at lower water cement ratio and to identify the sharp effects
of Silica Fume on the properties of concrete. Watercement ratio was kept 0.45 in all cases.43.1
N/mm2 was the maximum compressive strength which was obtained at replacement level of 10% by
weight of SF with cement.6.47 N/mm2 was the maximum flexural strength which was obtained at
replacement level of 10% by weight of SF with cement.2.573 N/mm2 was the maximum split tensile
strength which was obtained at replacement level of 10% by weight of SF with cement.

PAPER 4
CHARACTRISTICS OF SILICA FUME CONCRETE.

Jain &. Pawade (2015) studied the Characteristics of Silica Fume Concrete. The physical
properties of high strength silica fume concretes and their sensitivity to curing procedures were
evaluated and compared with reference Portland cement concretes, having either the same
concrete content as the silica fume concrete or the same water to cementitious materials ratio.
The experimental program comprised six levels of silica-fume contents (as partial replacement of
cement by weight) at 0% (control mix), 5%,7.5% 10%, 12.5% with and without superplasticizer.
It also included two mixes with10% silica fume added to cement in normal concrete. Durability
of silica fume mortar was tested in chemical environments of sulphate compounds, ammonium
nitrate, calcium chloride, and various kinds of acids.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 9

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

PAPER 5

INFLUENCE OF SILICA FUME ON CONCRETE.

Ghutke V S & Bhandari (2014) examine the Influence of silica fume on concrete. Results showed
that the silica fume is a good replacement of cement. The rate of strength gain in silica fume
concrete is high. Workability of concrete decreases as increase with % of silica fume. The
optimum value of compressive strength can be achieved in 10% replacement of silica fume. As
strength of 15% replacement of cement by silica fume is more than normal concrete. The optimum
silica fume replacement percentage varies from 10 % to 15 % replacement level.

Lokeshwari A. Khotele, Surendra B. Burande, Yamini C. Bhandari, Praful W. Borkar,

Suraj G. Khalatar, Prof. Komal Bhandakkar(2023)

Ordinary Portland cement is most commonly used making concrete in construction work. A
byproduct silica fume is partially replaced with concrete to improve the durability, strength and
mechanical properties of the concrete. A by-product silica fume are increased the strength and
durability of the concrete. Silica fume is adding to increase the self-consolidating strength and
compressive strength of the concrete.

In this project an experimental work which carried out by silica fume as an additional material for
cement and determine cement for M20 grade of concrete. Based on the above investigation an
experiment the workability is decreases of the normal concrete with adding of some percentage of
silica fume in the concrete. The compressive strength of silica fume concrete is greater than normal
concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 10

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

PAPER 6
EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PARAMETERS OF
CONCRETE.
Amudhavalli & Mathew (2023) studied on the strength and durability characteristics of concrete
by using silica fume. In this study is M35 grade of concrete with silica fume replaced of cement by
0, 5, 10,15and by 20%. The experimental study in Compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength at age of 7 and28 day was carried out. Results Shows that Silica fume in concrete
has improved the performance of concrete in strength as well as in durability.

PAPER 7

EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY USINF SILICA FUME ON

HARDENED CONCRETE.
Roy & Sil (2012) Studied the Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume on Hardened
Concrete. From the study it has been observed that maximum compressive strength is noted for
10% replacement of cement with silica fume and the values are higher (by 19.6% and 16.82%
respectively) than those of the normal concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 11

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

CHAPTER 3

3.1 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study is:

✓ To find the effect of partial replacement of silica fume on workability, strength

and durability characteristics of concrete.
✓ To find the optimum cement replacement level by silica fume for better
strength and durabiltity character of high-performance concrete.
✓ To know the strength characters of concrete by varying the percentage levels
of cement with silica fume.
✓ Concrete with silica fume is more resistant to abrasion and erosion, making it
suitable for high-performance applications like bridges, marine structures and
industrial floors

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 12

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.0 FLOW CHART

TEST ON CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

FLEXURAL

SILICA FUME
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

4.1 MATERIALS
As we already studied the properties of the following concrete materials in chapter 1 here are
some test data that are required to make a mix design to know its material mix proportion
for casting concrete specimens to analyze different Properties of concrete.

4.1.1 CEMENT:

To achieve the objectives of this study, an experimental programming was planned to

investigate the effect of silica fume on compressive strength of concrete. The various tests
have been conducted on cement, fine aggregate and silica fume on the hardened concrete

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 13

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

after suitable time period of curing 7,14 and 28 days with and without replacement of silica
fume. In this project work OPC 43grade cement is used for experiment.
4.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE:
Fine Aggregate shall be natural sand taken for lake near harihar which conforms to IS:383
1970 having the fineness modulus of 2.80 passing through 4.75mm IS sieves and retained on
12mm sieves sand do not contain any organic impurities. Some important properties of sand
were given in the table below.
4.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE:
Coarse aggregate shall be crushed angular aggregate that are that are hard,strong and durable.
That should comply with IS code 383-1970 well graded aggregates were used to carryout the
tests, table 4.2 shows the properties of coarse aggregates used for experiment.
4.1.4 SILICA FUME:
Silica fume. also referred as micro silica or condensed silica fume is another material that
is used as an artificial pozzolanic admixture.it consists of very fine particles approx.100times
smaller than the average cement particle. The average diameter of silica fume particles is
.001mm.

Table 4.1: Chemical and physical properties of micro silica

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 14

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Because of its extereme fineness and high silica content silica fume is highly effective
pozzolanic material silica fume is used in concrete to improve its properties. the following
table 1 shows the physical and chemical properties of silica fume.

4.2 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS

Before starting the project we have to know the properties of materials in order to evaluate
whether these materials are suitable for carrying project or not.

4.2.1 DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES:

In order to know the important properties of materials the following tests were conducted in
our concrete laboratory to check or analyze whether these materials are suitable for concrete
some of the test results are tabulated in the following table 01 below:

TABLE 4.2: Material Properties

SL NO. TEST RESULT

1 Specific gravity of Fine Aggregate 2.68
2 Specific gravity of Micro silica 2.11
3 Specific gravity of coarse Aggregate 3.0
4 Fineness of Cement 5.3%
5 Fineness of Micro silica 25.93%
6 Normal Consistency of cement 31%
7 Bulk density of loose sand 1740.48 kg/m3
8 Bulk density of loose coarse aggregate 1476.81 kg/m3
9 Setting time of cement (initial) 34 min
10 Setting time of cement (final) 570min
11 Water absorption of fine aggregate 1%
12 Water absorption of coarse aggregate .5%
13 Sieve analysis Zone 1

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 15

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

4.2.2 MIX PROPORTION

C-0 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
a) Grade designation : M20
b) Type of cement : OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 269
c) Type of mineral admixture : Silica Fume conforming to IS 1727-
1967
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
e) Minimum cement content : 300 kg/m3
f) Exposure Condition : Moderate
(for reinforced concrete)
g) Workability : 100 mm (slump)
h) Method of concrete placing : Pumping
i) Degree of supervision : Good

Type of aggregate
j) : Crushed stone angular aggregate
Maximum cement (OPC content)
k) : As per IS 456
m) Chemical admixture type : not used
C-1 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
Cement used
a) : OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 269
Specific gravity of cement
b) : 3.14
GGBS
c) : Conforming to IS 16714
Specific gravity of Silica fume
d) : 2.11
Chemical admixture
e) : not used
Specific gravity (at SSD condition) of
f)
1) Coarse aggregate : 3. (based on saturated surface dry
condition)
2) Fine aggregate : 2.59 (based on saturated surface dry
condition)
g) Water absorption
1) Coarse aggregate : 0.5 percent
2) Fine aggregate : 1.0 percent
h) Sieve analysis
1) Coarse aggregate : Conforming To Table 2 If IS383.

j) Fine aggregate: Conforming to grading Zone II of Table 9

of IS383.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 23

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

C-2 TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

Target strength is the average compressive strength of concrete at the end of 28 days
curing will be calculated as

f’ck = fck + 1.65 S

f’ck= 20+ 1.65 × 4.0
= 26.6 N/mm
C-3 APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT

From Table 3, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-
air-entrained) concrete is 1.0 percent for 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.

C-4 SELCTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

From Fig. 1 the free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 26.60 N/mm2
is 0.45 for OPC 43 grade curve. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.50 prescribed
for ‘moderate’ exposure for reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS 456.

0.45< 0.50, hence O.K.

C-5 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From Table 4, of IS 10262:2019, The quantity of water required for 20mm aggregate =
186 kg (for 50 mm slump) for 20 mm aggregate Estimated water content for 100 mm slump
(increasing at the rate of 3 percent for every 25 mm slump)

= 186 + 6 * 186
100
=197.16 kg.
C-6 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT

From Table 5, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine
aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62.

In the present case water-cementitious ratio is 0.45. Therefore, volume of coarse

aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the water-
cement ratio is lower by 0.05, the proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased
by 0.05 (at the rate of 0.01m3 for every ± 0.05 change in water-cement ratio).

Therefore, corrected volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cementitious ratio of

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 24

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

0.45 = 0.62 + 0.01 = 0.63 m3.

For pumpable concrete these values may be reduced by up to 10 percent. Here, 10

percent reduction is considered.

Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate

= 0. 63 × 0.9
= 0.567 say 0.56 m3
Volume of fine aggregate content
= 1 – 0.56 = 0.44 m3
C-7 MIX CALCULATION
The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Total Volume = 1 m3
b) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete
= 0.01 m3
c) Volume of cement
Mass of cement  1
Specific gravity of cement 1 000
481.8  1
3.14 1 000
= 0.153 m 3

d) Volume of water

Mass of water  1
Specific gravity of water 1 000
197.16  1
1 1 000
= 0.197 m3
e) Volume of total aggregate
= [(a-b)-(c+d+)]
= [(1-0.01) - (0.153+0.197)]
= 0.64 m3
f) Mass of coarse aggregate
= g × Volume of coarse aggregate × Specific gravity of coarse aggregate × 1 000
= 0.64 × 0.57 × 3. × 1 000
= 1 094.4 kg

j) Mass of fine aggregate

= g × Volume of fine aggregate × Specific gravity of fine aggregate × 1 000

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 25

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

= 0.64 × 0.43 × 2.59 × 1 000

= 712.76 kg
C-8 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water content = 197.16 kg
w/c ratio = 0.45
Cement Content = 197.16/0.45 = 438.13 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS 456:2000, minimum Cement content for Moderate Exposure condition
is 300 kg/m3.
438.13 kg/m3 < 300 kg/m3 Hence OK.
With an increase of 10% of Cementitious material content
Cementitious content = 438+10/100*438
= 481.8 kg
C-9 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 1
CEMENT: FINE AGGREGATE: COARSE AGGREGATE
1:1.47:2.27
NOTE — Aggregates shall be used in saturated surface dry condition.
Replacement of Cement by using Silica Fume in Concrete:
A. SILICA FUME @0 percent of total cementitious material content
= 481.8 - 0 percent
=4 8 1 . 8 kg/m3
Cement (OPC) = 481.8 kg/m3
B. SILICA FUME @5 percent of total cementitious material content
= 481.8 – 24.09 (5% of 481.8 kg/m3)
Cement (OPC) = 457.71 kg/m3 Silica fume 24.09 kg
C. SILICA FUME @7.5 percent of total cementitious material content
= 481.8 – 36.13 (7.5% of 481.8 kg/m3)
Cement (OPC) = 445.67 kg/m3 Silica fume 36.13 kg
D. SILICA FUME @10 percent of total cementitious material content
= 481.8 – 48.18 (10% of 481.8 kg/m3)
Cement (OPC) = 433.62 kg/m3 Silica fume 48.18 kg
E. SILICA FUME @12.5 percent of total cementitious material content
= 481.8 – 260.22 (12.5% of 481.8 kg/m3)
Cement (OPC) = 421.57 kg/m3 Silica fume 60.22 kg

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 26

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

4.2.3 CASTING OF SPECIMEN:

After getting a suitable mix proportion for concrete, concrete cubes are prepared in our
concrete labouratory by taking concrete ingredients with suitable proportions that was
obtained during mix design.

Fig no 4.1: Mixing of concrete for casting of specimens

After proper mixing the concrete is then filled in a concrete mould cubes of size
15cm*15cm *15cm in three layers and were compacted using a tamping rod for abut
25times then until it is filled upto its top layer extra material is removed then these mould
are allowed to dry for 24 hours and then cubes are demoulded.

Fig no 4.2: Concrete filled in cubes

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 27

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

After proper mixing the concrete is then filled in a concrete mould cubes of size
15cm*15cm*15cm in three layers and were compacted using a tamping rod for abut
25times then until it is filled upto its top layer extra material is removed then these mould
are allowed to dry for 24 hours and then cubes are demoulded.

4.2.4 CURING SPECIMEN :

After cubes were demoulded these cubes were allowed to cure in a sump containing
water for about 7days 14 and 28 days and then these cubes taken out and then wiped
with a dry cloth and were testes in order know the compressive strength of concrete.

Fig no 4.3: Cubes kept for curing in concrete Lab sump

4.2.5 TESTING OF SPECIMEN :

after somedays of curing concrete cubes are taken out of sump and allowed for drying
or washed with a dry cloth and then they were tested in a compressive testing machine
in order to know the compressive strength of cubes at the end of 7,14,28 days of curing.

Fig no 4.4: Cube specimen ready for test after 7 days curing

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 28

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Advantages of using silica fume

➢ To reduce the permeability: silica fume fills the pores in concrete, reducing its
permeability and making it more resistance to water and chemical ingress.
➢ Silica fume is a waste product from the industrial process of silicon metal
production, and its use in concrete helps reduce the environmental impact by
recycling a byproduct. Using silica fume can contribute to sustainable building
practices by reducing the demand for Portland cement.
➢ Silica fume enhances the compressive strength of concrete by refining the
microstructure, resulting in a denser, more cohesive mix. This leads to stronger
concrete, especially at higher grades.
➢ Early Strength: Concrete with silica fume exhibits increased early strength, which
accelerates the construction schedule and reduces curing times.
➢ Silica fume reduces the permeability of concrete, making it more resistant to
chemical attacks, such as sulfates and chloride ion penetration. This is particularly
beneficial in environments exposed to harsh chemicals or marine conditions.
➢ By increasing the density of the concrete, silica fume helps minimize shrinkage
cracking and improves the overall durability of the structure.
➢ Silica fume contributes to the improved bonding between aggregates and the cement
paste due to its high surface area and chemical activity, leading to better overall
concrete performance.
➢ The fine particles of silica fume fill the pores in the concrete, reducing its
permeability. This makes the concrete more resistant to water ingress and reduces
the likelihood of corrosion in reinforcing steel.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 29

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Disadvantages of using silica fume

➢ Silica fume can be expensive compared to traditional materials like cement. This can
increase the overall cost of concrete, particularly for large-scale projects.
➢ Handling and Safety Concerns: Silica fume is very fine and can pose health risks if
inhaled. Proper safety precautions, such as dust control measures, protective equipment,
and ventilation, are required during its handling.

➢ Mixing Challenges: Due to its fine particle size, silica fume can be difficult to mix
uniformly in concrete. It requires careful control of mixing times and procedures to ensure
it is evenly distributed throughout the mix.
➢ Workability Issues: The use of silica fume can reduce the workability of concrete,
especially if water content is not adjusted properly. This may require the use of
superplasticizers to maintain flowability, which adds further complexity and cost.
➢ Increased Water Demand: Silica fume increases the water demand of the mix, which can
lead to issues with the mix’s consistency and the need for additional water- reducing
agents or plasticizers to compensate.
➢ Longer Curing Time: Concrete made with silica fume may take longer to cure and develop
strength. This can be a disadvantage in projects with tight timelines.
➢ Potential for Segregation: If not properly mixed, silica fume can lead to segregation, where
the heavier particles settle out of the mix, leading to poor distribution and weakening of
the concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 30

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

5.0 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS:

5.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

5.1.1 SLUMP TEST

The slump test is a widely used method to measure the workability or consistency of
fresh concrete. it provides an indication of how easily the concrete can be placed and
compacted.

Fig no 5.1: Types of Concrete Slump Test Results.

➢ Apparatus:

Apparatus for slump test consists of a metallic mould having bottom

diameter=200mm and top diameter=100mm & height =300mm .a steel
tamping rod of 16mm diameter and .6m length is used.

➢ Test Procedure:

• The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned.

• The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal & non-absorbent surface.
• The mould is filled with concrete in 4 equal layers. Each layer is tamped
with 25 strokes of tamping rod.
• After the top layer has been tamped, the concrete is struck off level with a
trowel & tamping rod.
• Then, the mould is removed by lifting it slowly & carefully in a vertical
direction, this allows the concrete to subside. this subsidence is referred as
slump of concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 31

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

• The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of highest
point of the subsided concrete is measured. This difference in height in mm
is taken as slump of concrete.

Fig no 5.2: concrete slump after removing slump cone.

➢ Slump Test Results:

• True Slump: The concrete settles evenly, and the entire cone’s height reduces
uniformly. This is the ideal case for most concrete applications.
• Shear Slump: The concrete shears off or tilts to one side. This indicates an
excessively wet mix.
• Collapse Slump: The entire concrete mass collapses completely. This shows that
the mix is too wet or watery and unsuitable for normal construction purposes

➢ Factors Affecting the Slump Test:

• Moisture Content: Variations in the moisture content of the aggregate can affect
the slump.
• Temperature: Higher temperatures may cause faster hydration, leading to different
results.
• Mix Proportions: The water-to-cement ratio significantly influences slump.
• Aggregate Size and Gradation: Larger aggregates or poorly graded aggregates can
make the concrete stiffer, affecting the slump.
• Type of cement.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 32

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

• Type of admixtures etc.

5.2 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE TEST ON CUBE
The strength of concrete against crushing due to direct compressive load.
Test procedure:
Here is a brief procedure for conducting a compression strength test :
1. Preparation of Specimens
• Prepare concrete cubes of standard size (usually 150 mm× 150 mm × 150 mm) as per
the mix design and curing instructions.

▪ Cure the cubes in a standard curing environment (water tank) for the required period
of 7,14 & 28 days.

2. Surface Preparation
• Ensure that the top and bottom surfaces of the cube are smooth and level. Any
irregularities can affect the test results.
3. Taking weight of specimens:
• Before placing cubes on mould, each cube samples were weighed one by one and
there weights are recorded then placed in a loading machine.

4. Loading Machine Setup

• Set up the compression testing machine, ensuring it is calibrated and working properly.

• Ensure that the machine's loading plates are clean and free of any debris or foreign
materials that could affect the test.

5. Placing the Cube in the Machine

• Place the concrete cube centrally on the lower platen of the compression testing
machine.
• Make sure the cube is aligned properly to avoid eccentric loading.

6. Application of Load
▪ Apply the load gradually, at a uniform rate of loading (typically 140 kg/cm²/min or
0.25 MPa/s), until the cube fails.
▪ The load should be applied axially (vertically) to ensure uniform compression.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 33

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Fig no 5.3: compression testing machine

7. Record the Maximum Load

▪ Continue loading until the cube fails and note the maximum load applied at failure
(this is typically recorded in kilonewtons or kN).

8. Calculation of Compressive Strength

▪ Calculate the compressive strength using the formula:

Fc = P/A

Fc = Compressive strength (Mpa)

P= applied load on specimen (N or KN)

A = cross-sectional area of the cube (m² or cm²).

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 34

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

9. Post-Test

▪ Remove the specimen from the machine and examine the failure pattern (whether
it is due to shear, crushing, or any other form of failure).

Fig no 5.4 : Compressive testing machine. Fig no 5.5: cube sample after taking max load.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 35

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

5.2.2 FLEXURAL TEST ON BEAM

Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, is the ability of a material to resist
deformation under a bending load. In the context of beams, it refers to the maximum
stress that a beam can withstand when subjected to bending before it fractures or fails.

Here is a brief procedure for performing a flexural test on concrete specimen.

1. Preparation of Beam Specimens

• Size of the beam: Typically, the beam size is 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm or 150
mm × 150 mm × 500 mm, depending on the testing standards (e.g., IS 516, ASTM
C78).
• Curing: Prepare the beams using the appropriate mix design, and cure them for the
specified duration (typically 28 days in water)
2. Set up the Testing Machine

• Flexural testing machine: Use a universal testing machine(UTM) or a flexural

testing machine equipped with two supports (rollers) and a loading point (usually a
third point loading system).
• Calibration: Ensure the testing machine is calibrated and the loading rate is set
according to the standard requirements (typically 0.05 to 0.10 MPa/s).

3. Placing the Beam in the Testing Machine

• Position the beam horizontally on the testing machine with its two supports
placed at equal distances (e.g., 400 mm apart, depending on the beam size).
• Ensure the beam is aligned properly, with the tensile face (bottom of the beam)
facing downward.
4. Loading Procedure

• Apply the load at a constant rate of loading, typically 0.1 MPa/s.

• The load should be applied at the center of the beam (for 3-point bending) or at
two points equidistant from the ends (for 4-point bending).

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 36

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

• Continue applying the load until the beam fails or reaches the maximum capacity
of the testing machine.
5. Recording the Maximum Load

• Record the maximum load applied at failure or when the beam shows significant
cracking and deformation

Fig no 5.6: Sample failure at max load.

6. Calculation of Flexural Strength

• The flexural strength (modulus of rupture) is calculated using the following

formula (for 3-point bending):

𝑓 b = 3P/2bd2
Where:
• Fr = flexural strength (MPa)
• P = maximum load applied (N)

• b = distance between supports (mm)

• d = width of the beam (mm)

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 37

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

5.2.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (SILICA FUME)

The procedure for flexural testing on cylindrical concrete specimens follows a similar
methodology to that of beams, but the setup differs slightly due to the geometry of the
specimen.

Fig no 5.7: concrete cylinder specimens

1. Preparation of Cylinder Specimens

• Size of the Cylinder: Typically, a standard cylindrical specimen of 150 mm

diameter and 300 mm height is used (according to standards like IS 516 or ASTM
C39).
• Curing: Prepare the cylinders using the designed concrete mix and cure them
under standard conditions (usually 28 days in water).

2. Set Up the Testing Equipment

• The machine should have a setup to support the cylinder at two points, and load
should be applied at the center.
• Calibration: Ensure that the testing machine is calibrated and has a uniform
loading rate.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 38

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

3. Positioning the Cylinder

• Place the cylinder horizontally on the two supports in the flexural testing
machine.
• The axis of the cylinder should be aligned perpendicular to the supports. Ensure
that the cylinder is placed in such a way that the load will be applied
symmetrically, typically at the center.

Fig no 5.8 :breaking of cylinder sample.

4. Application of load

• Apply the load uniformly and gradually at a constant rate, typically around 0.1
MPa/s (varies depending on the standard followed).
• The load is applied centrally to the cylindrical specimen until failure occurs (or until
maximum load capacity is reached)

Fig no 5.9 : Sample After failure at max load.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 39

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

5. Recording the Maximum Load

• Record the maximum load applied to the specimen at the point of failure, or when
significant cracks or deformations are observed.

6. Calculation of Flexural Strength

• The flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for a cylindrical specimen under
flexural loading is calculated using a modified version of the formula used for
beams:
Fr = 2𝑃 ÷ 𝜋𝑑𝐿

Where:

• Fr = flexural strength (MPa)

• P = maximum load applied (N)

• L = span between supports (mm)

• d = diameter of the cylinder (mm)

• h = height of the cylinder (mm)

• Adjust the formula according to the specific loading configuration

(e.g., for 4-point bending if applicable).
7. Results :
• Report the maximum load and flexural strength, along with details of the
failure mode.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 40

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

5.1.1 SLUMP TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE

Slump value for different percentage of silica fume replacement in concrete were
tabulated in the table 6.1 below:

Table 6.1: slump value for concrete

Sl Mix (%) Slump
no value (mm)

1 0% 81
2 5% 80
3 7.50% 78
4 10% 77
5 12.50% 75

5.2 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5.2.1 COMMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND THEIR GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF
SILICA FUME
The cubes after 7,14,28 days of curing were taken for test. The average compressive
strength of normal conventional concrete and that of new proportion having silica fume
as a partial replacement having different percent of silica fume were prepared and tested
out of which the trial having 10% replacement of cement shows the max compressive
strength that was tabulated in the following table below:

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 41

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Compressive Strength for 7 days curing

Table 6.2: TEST RESULTS FOR 7 DAYS CURING

S Mix Compressive Average

no (%) Strength Compressive
(N/mm2) strength
Trial 1 Trial 2
1 0% 16.89 18.22 17.55
2 5% 18.22 19.56 18.89
3 7.50% 19.3 19.67 19.48
4 10% 23.1 21.78 22.44
5 12.50% 19.11 19.55 19.33

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2500%
22.44
2000% 19.48 19.33
18.89
17.55
1500%

1000%

500%

0% 0% 5% 7.50% 10% 12.50%

Mix (%) Average Compressive strength

Graph 1 :Compressive strength for different percent of silica fume

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 42

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Compressive Strength for 14 days curing

Table 6.3 :TEST RESULTS FOR 14 DAYS CURING

Sl. no Mix (%) Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Average

Trial 1 Trial 2
1 0% 23.40 24.80 24.4
2 5% 25.33 26.22 25.77
3 7.5% 25.77 26.67 26.22
4 10% 28.90 27.56 28.20
5 12.5% 26.22 26.67 26.44

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

3000%
28.2
25.77 26.22 26.44
2500% 24.4
2000%

1500%

1000%

500%

0% 0% 5% 7.50% 10% 12.50%

Mix (%) Average

Graph 2: Compressive strength for different percent of silica fume

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 43

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Compressive Strength for 28 days curing.

Table 6.4: TEST RESULTS FOR 28 DAYS CURING

Sl. Mix (%) Compressive Strength Average

no (N/mm2) Compressive
Trial 1 Trial 2 Strength (N/mm2)
1 0% 28.40 26.50 27.45
2 5% 28.83 26.56 28.69
3 7.5% 27.30 28.50 29.90
4 10% 36.89 34.20 35.54
5 12.5% 26.22 26.67 26.44

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

100% 27.45 28.69 29.9 35.54 26.44

80%
60%
28.4 28.83 27.3 36.89 26.22
40%

20%
0% 0% 5% 7.50% 10% 12.50%

Average Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
Mix (%)

Graph 3: Compressive strength for different percent of silica fume

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 44

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS FOR 7 14 AND 28DAYS CURING

Table 6.5 :Test Results for 7,14and28 days curing

Sl. No Mix (%) 7 days 14 days 28 days

4
9
curing curing curing
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1 0% 17.55 24.4 27.45
2 5% 19.33 25.77 28.69
3 7.5% 18.44 26.22 29.90
4 10% 22.44 28.20 35.54
5 12.5% 19.33 26.44 26.44

TEST RESULTS FOR 7,14

AND 28 DAYS CURING
7 days curing (N/mm2) 14 days curing (N/mm2) 28 days curing (N/mm2)

35.5
28.69 29.9
7.45 28.2
25.77 26.22 26.4246.4
24.4
22.44
19.3 18.4 19.3

7.50 10 12.50

Graph 4: Comparison of test results for 7,14&28 days curing.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 45

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Linear Representation of cubes for 7,

14 and 28 days
4000

3500
%
3000

2500
%
2000

7 days curing (N/mm2) 14 days curing

28 days curing

Graph 5: linear representation of test results for 7,14&28 days curing.

6.2.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Since Compressive strength of concrete of concrete is achieved at 10% replacement of

cement with silica fume, hence flexural strength of concrete is calculated for 10% cement
replacement only that was tabulated in the below table,

Table 6.6 : Flexural strength of concrete for 10% of silica fume

S No Mix Flexural Strength (N/mm2) Average

(%) Trial 1 Trial 2
1 0% 4.242 3.697 3.969
2 10% 3.870 4.500 4.185

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 46

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

4.5
4.242
4.5 4.185
3.969 3.87
3.697
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

1 2

Flexural Strength (N/mm2) Trial 1 Flexural Strength (N/mm2) Trial 2 Average

Graph 6: showing flexural strength for 10 percent of silica fume.

6.2.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Compressive strength of concrete of concrete is achieved at 10% replacement of cement with

silica fume and hence split tensile strength of concrete is calculated for 10% cement
replacement only that was tabulated in the below table

Table 6.7: Split Tensile strength of concrete containing 10% of Silica fume

S No Mix Split Tensile Strength Average

(%) (N/mm2)

Trial 1 Trial 2

1 0% 2.122 2.122 2.122

2 10% 2.122 2.405 2.260

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 47

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

2.45 2.405
2.4
2.35
2.3 2.26
2.25
2.2
2.122 2.122 2.122 2.122
2.15
2.1
2.05

1.95

Split Tensile Strength Average

Graph 7: flexural strength for 10 percent of silica fume .

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 48

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

➢ The results of experimental investigation indicates that the use of silica fume
in concrete has increased the strength and durability at all age when compared
to normal concrete.
➢ Based on experimental investigation, the compressive strength was found to
increase at 10% addition of silica fume in concrete. the compressive strength
was found to gradually decrease after 10% addition in concrete.
➢ The results achieved from the existing study shows that silica fume is great
potential for the utilization in concrete as replacement of cement.
➢ On addition of silica fume increases the permeability of concrete.
➢ From the above results we can conclude that replacement of cement with
silica fume in concrete indicates that it increases the compressive strength
flexure & split tensile strength of concrete.

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 49

 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME

REFERENCE

➢ Nanabala jyosthna1, A Naveen, J Karimasif, M Subbireddy, L Ravi Kumar (2021) “Partial

Replacement of cement by using silica fume in concrete”, International research of journal
of engineering & technology(IRJET),Volume 08,issue 06.

➢ Kumar, S., & Banthia, N. (2022). "Effect of silica fume on the fresh and hardened
properties of concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 34(2), 04021317.

➢ Kumar and Dhaka (2016). “Partial Replacement Of Cement With Silica Fume And Its
Effects On Concrete Properties”, International research of journal of engineering &
technology(IRJET),Volume 04,issue 06

➢ Alok(2016) “Effect Of Partial Replacement Of Cement With Silica Fume On Strength

And Durability Characteristics Of Concrete”, IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific
Research & Development| Vol. 8, Issue 7, 2020 ISSN -2321-0613.

➢ Jain & Pawade (2015). “A Study on Characteristics Of Silica Fume Concrete” Int.
Research Journal Of Engineering And Technology(IRJET),Volume 05, issue 4.

➢ Ramezanianpour, A. A., & Roshani, B. (2020). "The effect of silica fume on the
mechanical properties and durability of concrete." Construction and Building Materials,
256, 119454.

➢ Kumar, S., & Banthia, N. (2022). "Effect of silica fume on the fresh and hardened
properties of concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 34(2), 04021317

➢ Concrete Mix Design As Per IS10262:2019

DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE 50