Spread Spectrum Modulation

Course Code: IT2201 Classes/Week:03

Communication Systems
 Power/Energy and Bandwidth
• The goal of any communication system is to use the two
communication resources, namely energy and Bandwidth
• There are situations where these goals are sacrificed to
meet certain other objectives, for example,
– Resistance to external interference (intentional or
unintentional)
– Operate with a low energy=spectral density
– To provide multiple access capability without external
control
– Low probability of intercept i.e. difficult to
unauthorized receivers to observe the message (secure
communication in hostile environment)
– Spread Spectrum modulation is one way to accomplish
all these objectives
Communication Systems
 Spread Spectrum Modulation
• Transmitted signal must satisfy two criteria.

• i) BW of the transmitted signal must be much

greater than the message BW or the minimum BW
required for the transmission of the
signal/message—however, not sufficient, there
are many modulations, FM/PCM/DM

• Ii)Transmitted BW must be determined by some

function that is independent for the message and
is know to receiver
Communication Systems
 Definition of Spread Spectrum

• Spread Spectrum is a means in which data of

interest occupies a BW in excess of the minimum
BW required to transmit the data
• Spectrum Spreading is accomplished before
transmission using a code that is independent of
the message/data sequence. The same code is
used at the receiver (operating in synchronism to
the transmitter) to despread the received signal so
that the original message/data sequence can be
recovered.
Communication Systems
 SS Modulation Applications
• Unlike FM/PCM/DM or the others wideband signal, SS
does not combat the effect white noise
– BW expansion is done by something that is
independent of the message signal , rather than being
uniquely related to the message
• What are then applications?
– Antijamming- particularly for narrowband jamming
– Interference rejection
– Multiple access capability
– -Multipath Rejection/protection
– Covert Communication or Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)
– Secure Communication
– Improved Spectral Efficiency –in special circumstances
– Ranging
Communication Systems
 Types of SS
• Types of SS, based on (i)Concept (ii) modulation
• Concept
– Averaging: Reduction in Interference takes place by averaging
interference over large interval of time
– Avoidance: Reduction in interference occurs as the signal is
made to avoid the interference a large fraction of time.
– Types of Modulation
– -Direct Sequence (DS) (AVERAGING Type)
– Frequency Hopping (FH) (Avoidance Type)
– Time Hopping (TH) (Avoidance Type)
– Chirp (Avoidance Type)
– Hybrid (Averaging or Avoidance)

Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• In SS, noise-like code called pseudo random or
pseudo noise (PN) sequence is used to spread
the spectrum of the data sequence (message).
– Generation and properties of PN code
– A PN sequence is a periodic binary sequence
having noise-like waveform and generated from
feedback shift register.
– A feedback shift register is an ordinary shift
registers comprises of flip-flops (two state
memory device) and a logic circuit that are
interconnected to form multiloop feedback
circuit.
Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• FFs in shift registers are regulated by a single
timing clock.
• At each clock pulse, the state of each FF is shifted
to the next one down the line.
• Logic circuit computes the Boolean operation
and the result is fedback to the 1st FF

Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• PN sequences so generated are determined by
the length m of the shift register, initial states
and feedback logic.
• At each clock pulse, the state of each FF is shifted
to the next one down the line.
• With m FFs, the number of possible states in shift
register is utmost
• A feedback shift register is said to be linear if the
logic operation is modulo-2 operation.
• All state zero is not permitted here, hence, the
length of periodic sequence can’t exceed
Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• When the length of PN sequence is exactly ,
the sequence is called as maximal –length-
sequence or m-sequence.
• Let initial sequence is 100

Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• P1: In each period of m-sequence, the number of
1’s is one more than number of 0’s (Balance pro.)
• P2: Among the runs of 1’s and 0’s, in each period
of m- sequence, one half the runs of each kind
are of length one, one fourth are of length two
and one eighth are of length three and so on as
long these represent a meaningful fraction (Run)
• Run is a sub-sequence of identical symbols with
one period of sequence. Length of the
subsequence is the length of the run.
• Total number of run is (N+1)/2 where
Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• P3: The autocorrelation function of maximal
length sequence is periodic and binary valued.
This property is called correlation property.

Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• For a period of the maximal length sequence,
ACF is somewhat similar to that of random
binary sequence (wave).

Communication Systems
 Properties of PN
• PSD is similar to random binary sequence, only
difference, for random binary sequence, it is
continuous but in PN it is having delta functions

Communication Systems
Properties of PN

Communication Systems
 Why PN code?
• They have desirable Autocorrelation properties

• Period of PN sequence can easily be made very

large. Suppose that the clock frequency is 10
MHz, t1 is of 10^{-7} . Shift register with 41 stage

Communication Systems
 Notion of SS
• Let b(t) be the message signal or bit sequence
• C(t) is the code sequence
• C(t) the code pattern modulates b(t) and makes
it a wideband signal.

Communication Systems
 Notion of SS
• C(t) chops b(t), the small increment in C(t) is
called chip

Communication Systems
 Notion of SS
• Received signal r(t)= m(t)+i(t)
• = c(t)b(t)+i(t)
• Multiplier output in the receiver is z(t)=r(t)c(t)

Communication Systems
 BPSK Modulation
• A Phase modulated carrier is expressed as
•

Communication Systems
QPSK Modulation

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 Process Gain
• Spectrum of BPSK/QPSK signal

• BW of BPSK/QPSK is
BW of message signal is
Communication Systems