EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT

OF PROGRAMMING
OBJECTIVES
• What is program , programming &
programing Language.
• Birth of programming.
• Generations of programming
language.
 3

WHAT IS MEAN BY A
PROGRAM?

▪ A program is a set of instructions that are

grouped together to accomplish a task or tasks.
▪ It contains a list of ingredients (called variables,
which can represent numeric data, text, or
images) and a list of directions (called statements)
that tell the computer how to execute a specific
 4

WHAT IS MEAN BY A
PROGRAMMING?

▪ Computer Programming is the art of making a

computer do what you want it (the computer) to
do.
▪ At the very simplest level it consists of issuing a
sequence of commands to a computer to achieve
an objective Writing software, computer
 5

WHAT IS MEAN BY A
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

▪ A programming language is a set of instructions

written by a programmer to deliver instructions to the
computer to perform and accomplish a task.
▪ A programming language is a machine-readable
artificial language designed to express computations
that can be performed by a machine, particularly a
computer.
 6

WHAT IS MEAN BY A
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

▪ Programming languages can be used to create

programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to
express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human
communication.
▪ A programming language is mainly used to develop
desktop applications, websites, and mobile
applications.
 7

WHAT IS MEAN BY A
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

▪ There are many different programming languages,

each with its own syntax, structure, and set of

commands.

▪ The choice of programming language depends on the

specific requirements of a project, including the

platform being used, the intended audience, and the

 8

WHAT IS MEAN BY A
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

▪ Some of the most commonly used programming

languages include Java, Python, C++, JavaScript, C#

and etc.
GENERATION OF
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
 10

▪ Programming languages have been developed over

the year in a phased manner.
▪ The programming language in terms of their
performance reliability and robustness can be
grouped into five different generations,
1. First generation languages (1GL)
2. Second generation languages (2GL)
3. Third generation languages (3GL)
4. Fourth generation languages (4GL)
5. Fifth generation languages (5GL)
11
 FIRST GENERATION
12

LANGUAGE
▪ The first generation programming language is also called low-level
programming language.

▪ The first-generation languages are also called machine languages/ 1G

language.

▪ The machine language statements are written in binary code (0/1

form) because the computer can understand only binary language.

▪ The programs written in these languages are executed very speedily

and efficiently by the CPU of the computer system.

▪ Example - ASCII & Unicode

 SECOND GENERATION
13

LANGUAGE

▪ The second generation programming language also belongs to

the category of low-level- programming language.
▪ The second-generation languages are also called assembler
languages/ 2G languages.
▪ Assembly language contains human-readable notations that can
be further converted to machine language using an assembler.
▪ Example - FORTRAN, COBOL
 THIRD GENERATION
14

LANGUAGE
▪ The third generation programming languages were designed to
overcome the various limitations of the first and second
generation programming languages.
▪ The third generation is also called procedural language and It’s
also called High-Level Programming Language.
▪ A program in this language needs to be translated into machine
language using a Compiler/ Interpreter.
▪ Example - FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,PASCAL, ALGOL, COBOL,
C++, C
 FOURTH GENERATION
15

LANGUAGE
▪ The fourth-generation language is also called a non – procedural
language.
▪ The languages of this generation were considered as very high-
level programming languages required a lot of time and effort
that affected the productivity of a programmer.
▪ It enables users to access the database.
▪ The languages were designed and developed to reduce the time,
cost and effort needed to develop different types of software
applications.
▪ Examples - SQL, Foxpro, Focus, Perl, Python, Ruby, and etc.
 FIFTH GENERATION
16

LANGUAGE

▪ The major fields in which the fifth generation programming

language are employed are Artificial Intelligence and Artificial
Neural Networks.
▪ Parallel Processing & superconductors are used for this type of
language to make real artificial intelligence.
▪ Example - Mercury, OPS5, and Prolog.
 17

QUESTIONS
1. Who is a programmer?
2. What is the meaning of Software? And elaborate the system
types|?
3. What is the importance of programming?
4. Compare low level programming languages and high level
programming languages.
PSEUDOCODE
 19

WHAT IS PSEUDOCODE?

▪ When an algorithm is presented in simple

English terms it is called a pseudo code.
▪ Pseudo codes are independent of a computer
language.
▪ Pseudo codes can be converted to any
programming language instructions.
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WHAT IS PSEUDOCODE?

▪ System designers write pseudocode to

ensure that programmers understand a
software project's requirements and align
code accordingly.
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WHAT IS PSEUDOCODE?
▪ Let us see simple English terms used in an pseudo
code.
✓ BEGIN - To indicate a beginning
✓ END - To indicate an end
✓ INPUT , READ , GET - To indicate an input
✓ OUTPUT, DISPLAY , SHOW - To show an
output
✓ PROCESS, CALCULATE - To indicate a process
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WHAT IS PSEUDOCODE?

✓ IF … THEN .. .ELSE … ENDIF - Used to indicate a

selection
✓ FOR – DO

✓ WHILE – ENDWHILE Used to indicate a

repetition
✓ REPEAT - UNTIL
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WHAT IS PSEUDOCODE?

▪ System designers write pseudocode to

ensure that programmers understand a
software project's requirements and align
code accordingly.
 SEQUENCE

▪ Finding the area of a circle

BEGIN
INPUT Radius
CALCULATE Area = 22/7 * Radius *Radius
DISPLAY Area
END
▪ Draw a flowchart to input 03 numbers and calculate
Sum , Average and Product of that three numbers.

BEGIN
Sum=0
Avg=0
INPUT n1,n2,n3
CALCULATE Sum = n1* n2*n3
CALCULATE Avg=Sum/3
DISPLAY Sum,Avg
END
 SELECTION
▪ Finding the big number
BEGIN
READ n1,n2
IF n1>n2 THEN
Large = n1
ELSE
Large = n2
ENDIF
DISPLAY Large
END
▪ Determine if a given positive number is Even or Odd
BEGIN
READ number as N
IF N%2=0THEN
DISPLAY “EVEN NUMBER”
ELSE
DISPLAY “ODD NUMBER”
END
1. Write a Pseudocode to find the grade Pass or
“Fail” (Marks >=50)
2. Calculate students grade using the scenario
Marks >=85 Grade = A
Marks >=75 Grade = B
Marks >=60 Grade = C
Marks >=45 Grade = S
Else Grade = F
 REPETITION
▪ Finding the total of 1 to 5
BEGIN
N=1
Sum=0
WHILE N<=5
Sum= Sum+N
N= N+1
ENDWHILE
DISPLAY SUM
END
1. Find the multiplication of 1 to 10
numbers
2. Print the word “Hello World” in 15 times
3. Find the sum of 10 numbers and
calculate the average
4. Find the Factorial value of number 10
 31

QUESTIONS
1. What is structured programming and unstructured
programming?
2. Define the term Sequential processing and Concurrent
processing?
3. What is Algorithm?
4. What are the advantages in Pseudocode?
5. What is variables ,data types in Pseudocode?