Objectives:

It is the objective of this chapter to inculcate into the mind of the

students/readers the true meaning of drugs, their sources/ origin and the
history why not all drugs are legal, as well as what makes them illegal It is
also the objective of this chapter to emphasize to the students/readers how
drugs influence an individual emotionally, intellectually, psychologically, and
socially that may result in the modification of attitudes that influence
behaviour.

AN OVERVIEW

No community in our country is said to be free on the problems on illicit drug

use. Despite years of drug suppression efforts by all levels of government
and by numerous anti-drug organizations, the cycle of drug use continues. In
answer to the globally challenging problem of the illicit trafficking and
proliferation of dangerous drugs and to strengthen the anti-drug abuse
program of the government, Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 was passed, which in July 4,
2002, effectively repealed and replaced the existing drug law, R.A. 6425,
otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972.

With the end in view of pursuing a more intensive and sustained campaign
against the trafficking of dangerous drugs, R.A. 9165 reconstituted and
revitalized the Dangerous Board (DDB) which already existed under R.A.
6425, and vested it with increased powers and duties to pursue its mandate
as the policy making and strategy planning body in the drafting and
formulation of policies and programs on drug abuse prevention and control.
Entrenched in this drug law, however, are provisions aiming at achieving a
balance in the national drug control program so that the people with
legitimate needs are not prevented from being treated with adequate
amounts of required medications which may include the use of dangerous
drugs.
Unfortunately, no community in the Philippines can escape the problems
surrounding illicit drugs

VICE, DEFINED

Vice may be defined as any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of

which leads to depravity, wickedness or corruption.

DRUG EDUCATION, DEFINED

Drug Education is a learning process that influences an individual

emotionally, intellectually, psychologically, and socially and may result in the
modification of attitudes that influence behaviour. It involves the formal
mechanism of presenting information, and includes a series of experiences
and influences that help shape the learning environment, the atmosphere of
the school, the life-style present at home, the attitude of parents, the
pressures within peer group, the popular culture, the personal experience
with or without drugs, and the availability of alternative mechanisms
employed to carry out certain kinds of behaviour.

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

The use of chemical substance that alter physiological functioning dates

back to the Old Stone Age. Egyptian relics from 3500 B.C. depict the use of
opium in religious rituals. By 1600 B.C.., an Egyptian reference work listed
opium as an analgesic, or painkiller.

The Incas of South America were known to have used cocaine for at least
5000 years ago.
Cannabis, the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) from which marijuana and hashis
are derived, also has a 5000-year history.

During World Wars I and II, the use of injectable morphine to ease the pain of
battle casualties was so extensive that morphine addiction among veterans
came to be known as the “soldiers disease”. By that time, the medical
professional and the public recognized how addictive morphine was, its use
had reached epidemic proportions. Then in 1898, the Bayer Drug Company
in Germany introduced a new opiate, supposedly a non-addictive substitute
for morphine and codeine. It came out under the trade name heroine, yet it
proved to be even more addictive than morphine.

When cocaine, which was isolated from the coca leaf in 1869, appeared on
the international drug scene, it too was used for medicinal purposes. Its
popularity spread and soon it was used in other products, a variety of gin
tonics, and the most famous of all, Coca-Cola, which was made until 1903.

THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION

DRUG TRAFFICKING

It is noteworthy that drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a
problem of just a few countries but it is clear and present global danger.
Today, well-organized drug syndicates are behind this menace. They employ
the most advanced and most sophisticated technology coupled with
unlimited financial resources at their command and disposal. Police agencies
around the world, pooling their resources are more often than not, the losers
in a game of hide and seek with the international drug syndicates.

DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

On the other side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route, which is
composed of the popular “Golden Triangle” which is composed of three (3)
countries namely: (1) Burma/Myanmar, (2) Laos, and (3) Thailand; and the
“Golden Crescent” which is composed of: (1) Iran, (2) Afghanistan, (3)
Pakistan, and (4) India.
Southeast Asia

The “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of Opium in the world,

and 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially
acknowledged source of Southeast Asian “Heroin”.

A heroin is produced in the “Golden Triangle” and passes through nearby

countries in relatively small quantities through air transport while in transit to
the United States and European countries.

Southwest Asia

The “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana and
heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produced at least 85% to 90%
of all illicit heroin channel in the drug underworld market.

THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE

Middle East

The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of

cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon has also became the transit country for
cocaine from South America to European illicit drug markets.

Spain

Spain is known as the major transshipment point for international drug

traffickers in Europe, and became the “Paradise of drug users” in Europe.

South America

Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine
supply in the world due to the robust production of the “coca plants”.

Mexico

Mexico is known in the world to be the number one producer of “Marijuana”.

Philippines

The Philippines is second to Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also

became the major transshipment point for the worldwide distributionnof
illegal drugs particularly “Shabu” and “Cocaine” from Taiwan and South
America. It is noted that Philippines today is known as the drug paradise of
drug abusers in Asia.

India

India is known as the center of the world’s drug map, leading to the rapid
drug addiction among its people.

Indonesia

North Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in
Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en route to
Australia and New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand

These countries are known to be the most favorable sites of drug distribution
from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.

China

China is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong Kong.
It is also the country where the “epedra plant” is cultivated-source of drug
“Ephedrine” which is the principal chemical for producing
Methylamphetamine Hydrochloride (shabu)

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is known as the world’s transshipment point of all forms of

“heroin”.
Japan

Japan has become the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United
States and Europe.

THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

The Columbian Medellin Cartel

Founded during the 1980’s by Columbian drug lords in the name of Pablo
Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses: Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top
aid cocaine barons Juan David Ochoa Brothers.

The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug

trafficking network. The Columbian government succeeded in containing the
Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the
people behind the organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of
the Cartel that led to its downfall.

The Cali Cartel

The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel –
the newly emerged cocaine monopoly.

Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela – better known as “Don Chepe” – “the

Chinese Player” heads the syndicated organization. Under him, the Calu
Cartel was considered the most powerful criminal organization in the world.
The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this huge
production, it was called the best and brightest of the modern underworld.
They are Professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative
and nearly impenetrable.

The Chinese Triad

The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese “Mafia” is the oldest and biggest
criminal organization in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the
“Golden Triangle” with international connection on drug trafficking. The
Chinese Triad is also referred to as the “black societies”. Called themselves
Triads because of their highly ritualistic use of numerology a belief in the
magical significance of numbers. The number 3 and multiples of 3 were
accorded major importance by this group. The symbol triad societies is
depicted by an equilateral triangle with the 3 sides representing the 3
Chinese concepts of heaven, earth, and man.

Objectives:

The objective of this chapter is to emphasize to the students/ readers what is

the true meaning of vice, how does it affect an individual, as well as its its
evil effects that are more disastrous, morally and physically that of other
crimes. It is also the objective of this chapter to inculcate into the mind of
the readers those vices which are considered immoral conduct or habit, the
indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness or corruption.

Vice, defined

Vice refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to
depravity, wickedness or corruption.

It is worthy to note that vices are generally thought of as habits or behaviors

that are, at best, unacceptable, and at their worst… immoral. Yet there are
those vices that have become so commonplace that we’ve ceased to
recognize them as such, depending on the culture you live in.

Importance of the Study of Vice

The importance of studying vice are as follows:

1. It is important because its evil effects are more disastrous, morally and
physically that of other crimes;
2. It is important because vice affects the daily lives of many people.
3. It is important because its existence causes a serious problem in law
enforcement.
 4. It is important because commercialized vice disrupts the social make-
up of the community.

Smoking

Take, for example, smoking. Half a century ago it wasn’t at all unusual for
Americans to smoke everywhere in and out of doors, on airplanes, at the
dinner table, etc… Today, our culture has changed due primarily to our
understanding of its effects on our health, thus, we no longer see the kind of
smoking that was once very common.

Yet it seems that the history of smoking and the presence of tobacco in the
West go back a few centuries. Apparently, men and women have enjoyed
smoking as long as there’s been something to smoke.

It’s even been celebrated in song.

Coffee

Coffee first arrived in Europe via Italy. More specifically, it came to Venice
from the Middle East and quickly spread throughout Europe. It got a huge
promotional boost in 1600 when the Pope decreed coffee to be a drink for
Christians. By the end of the 17th Century, coffee houses had spread like wild
fire, including in places such as Leipzig, Germany where they were also
popular venues for musical performance.

It was this very setting that inspired Johann Sebastian Bach to compose his
satirical cantata “Schweigt stille, plaudert nicht,” better known as the
“Coffee Cantata,” which tells of a daughter’s addiction to coffee and of her
father’s frustration in trying to get her to stop drinking it. In the end, he
doesn’t really succeed in spite of his best efforts.

Gambling
Gambling is another one of those vices that is, depending on who you talk to,
variously seen as a recreation, an outright sin, or a distraction falling
somewhere in between the two.

Gambling, defined,

Gambling is the act or activity of betting money, for example in card games
or on horse racing.

Gambling is a game or scheme wherein the result of which depends wholly or

chiefly upon chance or hazard.

Chance of Hazard, defined.

Chance of Hazard is the uncertainty of the result of the game when the
outcome of the game is incapable of calculation by human reason, foresight,
capacity or design/

Drinking

Wine and spirits have been the libations of choice for many a reveler, and
drinking to excess, par for the course. Countless numbers of songs and
dramas have marked such excess from the middle ages through the present
day.

Alcohol, defined.

Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. It is created when

grains, fruits, or vegetables are fermented. Ever since, there has been a
continuous effect, everywhere, to control its consumption because of its
devastating effects on human life. Many countries all over the world have
tried prohibition ban with little success.

Fermentation, defined.

Fermentation is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in

the food into alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce many necessary
items.
Alcoholism, defined.

Alcoholism refers to the state or condition of a person produced by drinking

intoxicating liquors excessively and with habitual frequency.

Alcoholic, defined.

Alcoholic refers to a person who, from the prolonged and excessive use of
alcoholic beverages, finally develops physical and psychological changes and
dependence on alcohol.

How does Alcohol affect the Body?

Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows down the function of the

central nervous system. Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying
to get into the brain. This alters a person’s perceptions, emotions,
movement, vision, and hearing.

What is Prostitution?

Prostitution is an act or practice of a woman who engages or habitually

indulged in sexual intercourse for money or profit.

Who is deemed a prostitute?

A prostitute is any woman who engages herself in indiscriminate sexual

intercourse or acts with males for hire.

Types of Prostitutes

The different types of prostitutes are:

1. Call Girl-This is a part-time prostitute who have her own legitimate

work or profession, but works as prostitute to augment her income.
 2. Hustler-This is a professional type of prostitute who works at a bar or
tavern. She is also a pick-up girl or a street-walker.
3. Door Knocker This is an occasional or selective type of prostitute who is
usually a new comer in the business.
4. Factory Girl-This type of prostitute is the real professional type who
works in regular house of prostitution.

What is Whore/Knocker

It is the name often used for all types of prostitute.

Pimp

One who provides gratification for the lust of others.

White Slavery

The procurement and transportation of women across satellite for immoral

purpose.

Objectives:

This chapter is objectively designed to emphasize the true meaning of drug,

its sources, classifications- legal classification and international classification
as well as its effects to person taking it. It is likewise the objective of this
chapter to emphasize the different categories of drugs. This chapter also
emphasizes that medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drug.

Drug defined.

Drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological,

behavioral and/or psychological change in a person taking it.

Are all Drugs Harmful?

Any drug may be harmful when abused. The fact that many drugs will
produce beneficial results has led some people to feel that drugs solve all
problems. Drugs that affect the mind can have subtle or obvious side effects
which can be immediate or may only become evident after continuous use.
There are drugs that are taken as medicines. But certain drugs are taken not
as medicines but to satisfy a craving or a strong desire and taking them
becomes an ingrained habit. These habit- forming drugs have brought misery
to millions of people in every part of the globe.

SEVEN CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

The following are the categories of drugs namely:

1. Herbal Drugs

Herbal drugs are plant substance that have drug effects whose use is not
generally regulated by the law. These substances require little processing
after the plants are gathered. These drugs may be grown locally.

2. Over-the-counter Drugs

Over-the-counter drugs are commercially produced drugs that may be

purchased legally without prescription. These drugs are also known as
“propriety drugs”.

3. Prescription Drugs

Prescription drugs are commercially produced drugs that can be legally sold
or dispensed only by a physician or on a physician’s order. They are like over-
the-counter drugs in that they are manufactured by pharmaceutical
companies, but they differ, in that the decision to use drugs is legally vested
in a licensed physician not in the user.

4. Unrecognized Drugs

Unrecognized drugs are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug

effects but are not usually considered drugs. These substances are not
generally regulated by law except in so far as standards of sanitation and
purity is required.
 5. Illicit Drugs

Illicit drugs are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is generally prohibited by
law. Criminal penalties usually apply to violators of these laws.

6. Tobacco

Tobacco is not generally considered a drug, thus, may be classified as an

unrecognized drug. However, tobacco holds such a distinct position in terms
of usage patterns, economic importance, and health consequences that it
merits a category to itself.

7. Alcohol

Although alcohol may be included in the unrecognized drugs, alcohol in

forms such as beer wine, and distilled liquor is one of the most widely used
drugs in our society. It is regarded by many experts as the most commonly
abused drug in our society.

Medicines vs. Drugs

All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drug.

Medicinal Drugs

A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or
relieves signs/symptoms of disease.

Dangerous Drugs

A Dangerous drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system which

when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional or
behavioral changes in a person taking it.

Drug Abuse
Drug abuse may refer to any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical,
psychological, legal, economic, or social damage to the user or to people
affected by the user's behavior.

Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that
are available legally, such as prescribed medications and certain over-the-
counter medications.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

Drugs may be classified into:

A. According to origin:

a. Natural Drugs - are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of

plants and other living systems that may be isolated by extraction.

Examples:

 Raw opium
 Marijuana
 Coca bush

b. Synthetic Drugs are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the

laboratory for the illicit market, which are almost wholly manufactured
from chemical compounds in illicit laboratories.

Examples:

 Methamphetamine
 Barbiturates

B. According to Legal classification:

a. RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002)

 Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as The comprehensive
Dangerous drugs Act of 2002):
  R.A. 9165 gives a single definition to dangerous drugs, removing the
distinction between prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law
defines the term “dangerous drugs” as pertaining to either “prohibited
drug” or a “regulated drug”.
b. PD 1619 (Volatile Substances)
c. RA 6425 (Classified as: Regulated and Prohibited)

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as The Dangerous Drugs

Act of 1972: “Dangerous Drugs” refers to either:

(1)“Prohibited drug”, which includes opium and its active

components and derivatives, such as heroin and morphine; coca
leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta
eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline, lysergic acid
diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar
effects; Indian hemp

And its derivatives; all preparations made from any of the foregoing;
and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether natural or
synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a
hallucinogenic drug; or (As amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2,
1982)

(2)“Regulated drug”, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as

secobarbital, Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, such as secobarbital,
barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or
a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of
an isomer, of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine, or
any drug which produces a physiological action similar to
amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as methaqualone,
nitrazepam or any other compound producing similar
physiological effects; (As amended by PD No. 1683 dated March
14, 1980)

C. According to International Classification:

 a. Narcotics substance (derived from the “Greek word” narkotikos”-
meaning “sleep”
 Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and also relieves pain
(medical);
 Depress the central nervous system to produce a marked reduction
in sensitivity to pain, create drowsiness and reduce physical activity
 A drug which therapeutic doses diminishes awareness of sensory
impulses, especially pain, by the brain, in large doses, it causes
stupor, coma or convulsions

b. Psychotropic substances
 Any substance, natural or synthetic or any natural material that
have a high potential for dependence and abuse.
 These drugs are highly addictive but, despite the risk, they remain
in medical use because no satisfactory non-

Example of Amphetamine: Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

Picture of air dried Methamphetamine HCl (Shabu)

Street Name:

Poor man’s cocaine, S, shabu, shabs, ubas, siopao, sha, ice

What it is:

White odorless crystal/crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste

How Taken:

Ingestion, inhalation (chasing the dragon), sniffing, injection, smoked

Effects:

 General: anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior

 Long Term: Psychosis similar to schizophrenia, difficulty in
concentrating, loss of interest in sex
 Physical: chest pain, irregular heartbeat, hypertension, convulsion,
death

Dangers:
Injection from contaminated needles may lead to risk of infections, phlebitis,
septicemia, AIDS, etc.

Addictive alternative medication is available

Pertaining to any drug or agent having a particular affinity for or effect on

the psyche

Examples:

 Heroin
 Marijuana
 Cocaine
 Amphetamines
 Morphine
 Some barbiturates
c. Designer drugs

Designer drugs are substance chemically related to but slightly different

from controlled substances

Designer drugs are designed by clandestine chemists with the aim to

manufacture compounds that produce “the high” or euphoria of parent drugs
and avoid the penalties that would be levied against those illegally trafficking
the controlled substance.

D. According to Pharmacological Classification (Effects):

a. Stimulants
b. Hallucinogens
c. Depressants
d. Inhalants

a. STIMULANTS (uppers) are drugs which increase alertness of physical

disposition. They also reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well
being. They produce the opposite to that of depressants. Instead of
bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental
 alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of well
being. Cocaine and Amphetamines are the most common stimulants.

Example of Amphetamine: Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

Street Name:

Poor man’s cocaine, S, shabu, shabs, ubas, siopao, sha, ice

What it is:

White odorless crystal/crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste

How Taken:

Ingestion, inhalation (chasing the dragon), sniffing, injection, smoked

Effects:

General: anxiety, irritability, irrational behavise

 Long Term: psychosis similar to schizophrenia, difficulty in

concentrating, loss of interest in sex
 Physical: chest pain, irregular heartbeat. Hypertension, convulsion,
death

Dangers:

Injection from contaminated needles may lead to risk of infections, phlebitis,

septicemia, AIDS, etc.

b. HALLUCINOGENS (Psychedelics) are drugs which affect sensation,

thinking, self-awareness and emotion.

Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and

hallucinations may be mild or overwhelming, depending on dose and quality
of drugs. The results are very variable, a “good trip” or a “bad trip” may
occur in the same person on different occasions. Ecstacy (MDMA), LSD,
Marijuana and Mescaline are the most popular hallucinogens.

Example: Ecstacy (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA for

brevity)
Street Name:

XTC, Adam, essence, E, herbals

How Taken:

Swallowing or inhalation

Effects:

Exaggerated emotions, makes HR and BP hike up, dries the mouth, stiffens
arms, legs, jaw; dilates pupils of the eyes, causes faintness, chills sweating
and nausea.

Dangers:

It can really kill!

Example: LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

Street Name:

Lucy in the sky with diamonds, wedding bells, acid, white sugar, lightning,
cubes, brain eaters

What it is:

A semi-synthetic alkaloid substance extracted from a fungus which grows on

rye, wheat, and other grains; odorless, tasteless, colorless

Effects:

 Psychological: vivid hallucinations, confusion, blurring and distinction

between conscious and unconscious thought, etc.
 Physical: Dilated pupils, flushed face, increased BP. Etc.

Dangers:

May cause abnormal amount of breakage of chromosomes of WBCs that

carry genes, which may result to miscarriages and birth defects.

Marijuana

Street Name:
Mary Jane, Flower, pampapogi, brownines, damo, pot, tea, joint, Dope

What it is:

Comes from Cannabis Sativa L. (Indian hemp); looks like fine, green tobacco

How Taken:

Smoked in pipes/cigarettes; can be taken in food; made into candy; sniffed in

powder form; mixed with honey or butter

Effects:

 Immediate: faster heartbeat, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth

 Long Term: chest pain, temporary loss of fertility. cancer, marijuana
burn-out.

Dangers:

Slows down user's mental and psychomotor activities; long-term use may
lead to psychological dependence; may lead to cancer.

C. DEPRESSANTS are drugs which depress or lower the functions of the

Central Nervous System.

Types of Depressants:

A. Narcotics (derived from the Greek word “narkotikos”- meaning “sleep”)-

Are drugs which produce insensitivity, stupor, melancholy or dullness of
mind, induces sleep (Hypnotics) or stupor and relieve pain (Analgesics).
Opium, Heroin, Codein, Morphine are the most popular of narcotics.

Examples of Narcotics:

Street Name:

Schoolboy

What it is:

A component of opium and derivative of morphine; ideal analgesic; found in

some cough syrups.
How Taken:

Orally (tablet or liquid), by injection

Effects:

Analgesic and cough suppressant with very little sedation or exhilarant

(euphoric) action; dependence can be produced in large doses

Dangers:

Occasionally taken for kicks; dependence may occur; occasionally resorted to

by opiate-dependent persons to tide them over if heroin is difficult to obtain
with inadequate result.

B. Sedatives and Hypnotics calm the nerves, reduce tension and induce
sleep. Common examples of sedatives are Barbiturates and Alcohol.

Street Name:

Lily, bala, downers, yellow jackets, blue hheaven

What it is:

Made from barbituric acid (“Barb”); prescribed to induce sleep or provide

calming effect

How Taken:

Orally (tablet/capsule); intravenously sometimes

Effects:

Small amounts make user relaxed, sociable, good-humored; heavy doses

make him sluggish, gloomy, sometimes quarrelsome; thick speech;
staggering gait

Dangers:

Sedation, coma, death from respiratory failure; deaths from intentional and
unintentional overdose; more than 400 mg Per day may lead to barbiturate
poisoning, Drug automatism, physical dependence and Death.
 Alcohol

Street Name:

Beer, whisky, Gin, brandy, wine

Effects:

Sedation; impairs mental and physical functions; increases the risk of heart
attack and stroke.

Dangers:

Cirrhosis; brain damage; obesity; may lead to cancer of the esophagus,

intestines, pancreas, thyroid, and breast.

C. Tranquilizers are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm

psychotic patients or mental disorders without producing sleep. Example of
Tranquilizer is Diazepam (also known as “Valium”). It is the most commonly
used tranquilizer, which has a slow onset but long duration of action.
Prolonged use may result to dependence both physical and psychological.

Heroine

Street Name:

Blanco, brown, sugar, horse, kengkoy, drug, matsakao, powder, sapsap,

thorn

What it is:

Alkaloid derived from morphine, white, off- white or brown crystalline powder

How Taken:

Orally, through inhalation, injection or by smoking

Effects:

Slurring of speech; cyanosis; dry skin and mouth; anoxia; urticaria;

pulmonary ventilation; pulmonary edema; hyperglycemia

Dangers:

Dependence liability is high; dependence usually develops more rapidly,

sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects.
 Morphine

Street Name:

M, dreamer, emma, emsel, pulbos

What it is:

Principal active component in opium; white crystalline powder, light porous

cubes, small white tablets

How Taken:

Any route, but mostly by intravenous injection

Effects:

Initial reaction is unpleasant to most people but calming supersedes and,

depending on dose, may progress to coma and death from respiratory failure

Dangers:

sensitivity to respiratory depressant effect until tolerance develops; Psychic

and Physical dependence and tolerance develop readily.

C. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES (inhalants)

Inhalants

Inhalants –

these are any liquid, solid or mixed substance that has the property of
releasing toxic (psychoactive) vapors or fumes.

Example:

solvents, aerosols glue, gasoline, kerosene, paint, thinner, naphthalene,

bases

What they are:

Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic

vapors or fumes or any chemical substance which when sniffed, smelled,
inhaled, or introduced into the physiological system of the body
produce/induce a condition of intoxication, inebriation, excitement,
stupefaction, etc.

How it is being taken:

Sniffing or inhaled directly through the container or from a bag or by holding

a rag with the substance in the mouth

Dangers:

Causes permanent damage to brain or may result in “Sudden Sniffing

Death”; users become accident prone; death due to road accidents,
drowning, falling from tall building, etc. after sniffing glue; violence;
psychological dependence.

DANGEROUS DRUGS

What are considered Dangerous Drugs?

Dangerous Drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system which

when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional or
behavioral changes in a person taking it.

It is a substance which when taken into the human body alters mood,
perception, feelings and behavior.

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs

Act of 1972, dangerous drugs are classified into three (3) main
categories, namely:

A. Prohibited Drugs
B. Regulated Drugs
C. Volatile Substances

A. Prohibited Drug, which includes opium and its active components and
derivatives, such as heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives,
principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as
mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing
similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives; all preparations made from
any of the foregoing; and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether
natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a
hallucinogenic drug (As amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982).

B. Regulated Drug, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as

secobarbital, Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any
other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid;
any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or
Dexedrine, or any drug which produces a physiological action similar to
amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as methaqualone, nitrazepam or
any other compound producing similar physiological effects (As amended by
PD No. 1683 dated March 14, 1980).

C. Volatile Substance, Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property

of releasing toxic vapors or fumes or any chemical substance which when
sniffed, smelled, inhaled, or introduced into the physiological system of the
body produce/induce a condition of intoxication, inebriation, excitement,
stupefaction, etc.

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002, it gives a single definition for prohibited and regulated drugs. The old
law defines the term “dangerous drugs” as pertaining to either “prohibited
drug” or “regulated drug”.

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002, “Drug Dependence” means a state of psychic or physical dependence,
or both, on a dangerous drug, arising in a person following administration or
use of that drug on a periodic or continuous basis.

As based on the World Health Organization definition, Drug dependence

refers to a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of
variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high
priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of
compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in controlling
substance-taking in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use.
What is Drug Dependency?

Drug addiction or dependence is a need for a particular controlled

substance which comes from continuous and sometimes periodic use of that
drug.

Characteristics of Drug Dependency

1. Physical dependence

It is the result when a drug has been used for a long period of time. It is only
identified when a characteristics withdrawal Or abstinence syndrome occurs
after its use is discontinued. The body’s physical system changes until the
body needs that particular drug in order to function.

2. Mental or psychological dependence

It is a need of drug in order to feel good, to get by or feel normal.

3. Idiosyncrasy or side effect.

Idiosyncracy refers to a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar

to an individual’s mannerism.

What is Physical Dependence?

Physical dependence is a result when a drug has been used for a long period
of time. It is only identified when characteristics withdrawal or abstinence
syndrome occurs after its use is discontinued.

Babies born of drug dependent mothers are often born drug dependent and
require special care, some are mentally and physically impaired as harmed
during fetus development.

If a substance abuser’s drug of choice is unavailable, in order to maintain

their high and to avoid withdrawal symptoms. They usually use other
controlled substance which is available. Sometimes they are multi-user since
they take several different drugs at one or at different times. Multi use
means multi-risk

What is Psychological Dependence?

Psychological dependence refers to a state in which an individual has a

compulsion to take a drug, but one in which there may not be a physical
dependence.

What is Drug Addiction?

Drug addiction refers to a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced

by the repeated consumption of a drug natural or synthetic.

Characteristics of Drug Addiction

The following are the characteristics of drug addiction:

1. An overpowering desire or need, compulsion to continue taking the

drug and obtain it by any means.
2. A tendency to increase dose or tolerance
3. A psychic or psychological and generally a physical dependence on
drug.
4. A detrimental effect on the individual and on the society.

How is drug addiction acquired?

Drug addiction is acquired primarily in three ways:

1. Association is the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups

where he feels being wanted and accepted.
2. Experimentation is the tendency of a person to try and explore the
effects of drugs due to curiosity or other reasons.
3. Inexperienced Physicians – is the tendency of the physicians to
unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

What is Drug Habituation?

Drug Habituation refers to a condition resulting from the repeated
consumption of drug.

Characteristics of Drug Habituation

The following are the characteristics of drug habituation:

1. A desire but not compulsive to continue taking the drug for the sense
of improved well being it brings.
2. Little or no tendency to increase dose.
3. Some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of drug but absence
of physical dependence.
4. Detrimental effect if any, primarily on the individual.

What is Drug Use?

The word “Use” refers to the act of injecting, intravenously or

intramuscularly, or of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing,
eating, swallowing, drinking, or otherwise introducing into the physiological
system of the body, any of the dangerous drugs.

Other Definitions of Drug Abuse

The term “drug abuse” may refer to any of the following:

1. Use of medically useful drugs which have the capacity to alter mood
and behaviour without the benefit of prescription.
2. Use of a medically useful mood-altering drug for a purpose different
from the one for which that drug has been prescribed.
3. Use of drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application
for purposes other than research.

What is Drug Abuse?

Drug abuse refers to non-medical use of drugs that cause physical,
psychological, legal; economic, or social damage to the user or to people
affected by the user’s behavior.

Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that
are available legally, such as prescribed medications and certain over- the
counter medications.

What is Prescription Abuse?

Prescription abuse refers to the improper utilization of controlled

substance prescribed by the physicians to the patient under treatments with
medical problem. Any drug not used according to directions, whether
prescribed by a physician or over the counter medication, can be substance
abuse. Using a prescription in a manner not prescribed, for using another’s
prescription is illegal.

HOW DRUGS WORK?

1. Minimal dose amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest
amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired
therapeutic effect without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward effects
symptoms.
4. Abusive dose amount needed to produce the side effects and action
desired by the individual who improperly uses it
5. Lethal dose the amount of drug that will cause death.

It is known as the major transshipment point for international drug trafficking

in Europe.

Spain
It is noted today as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.

Philippines

It is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.

Thailand

Bali Indonesia

Becka Valley

North Sumatra

It is the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal

drugs particularly “shabu” and “cocaine” from Taiwan and South America.

Philippines

Ephedrine is the principal chemical produced

Cannabis

Shabu

Cocaine

Heroin

It is known as the center of the world’s drug map leading to rapid drug
addiction among its people.

India
It is known in the world to be the number one producer of “Marijuana”.

Philippines

Hong Kong

Mexico

☐ South America

It is noted today as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Europe.

Indonesia

Spain

Mexico

Philippines

This country is second to Mexico in the production of marijuana.

Philippines

Columbia

Spain

Indonesia
Objectives:

It is the objective of this chapter to explain how is drug administered into the
body, as well as how are drugs tested, what are those commonly tested
drugs and what are the usual specimens for drug testing.

What is Administer?

Under Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as Comprehensive Dangerous

Drugs Act of 2002, administer refers to any act of introducing any dangerous
drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge by
injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means or of committing any act of
indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to
himself/ herself unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner for
purposes of medication.

HOW DRUG IS BEING ADMINISTERED/TAKEN

Drug may be administered by any of the following means:

 Ingestion
 Oral Ingestion
 Intravenous/Injection
 Inhalation (smoking, snorting, sniffing)
 Snorting
 Buccal
 Suppositories

Oral Ingestion

The drug is taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach before
being absorbed into the bloodstream. This is one of the most common ways
of taking a drug.

Inhalation
A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the
capillary system. It is probably the second most commonly-used route of
drug administration.

Injection

The drug can be administered into the body by the use of a syringe or
hypodermic needle in the following ways:

A. Subcutaneous – a drug is administered by injecting the drug just

below the surface of the skin. This is sometimes called “skin popping”.
c. Intramuscular administration involves the injection of a drug into a
large muscle mass that has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus
maximus, quadriceps, or triceps.
d. Intravenous this is the most efficient means of administration which
involves depositing a drug directly into the bloodstream. This is also
the most rapid method of drug administration.

Snorting

Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form. It is done by

inhaling a powder of a liquid drug into the nasal coats of the mucous
membrane.

Buccal

Drug is administered by placing it in the buccal cavity just under the lips. The
active ingredients of the drug are absorbed in the bloodstream through the
soft tissues lining the mouth.

Suppositories

Drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in suppository form and

the drug is also absorbed into the bloodstream.

DRUG DETECTION

Drug Detection depends on:

 Absorption: (Structure and composition, diffusion and transport,

Psycochemical factors in penetration)
 Disposition: (Distribution, pH partition principle, electro chemical and
Donnan distribution, bio transformation)
 Elimination
WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED?

MOST COMMON:

 Marijuana
 Cocaine
 Methamphetamine and its derivatives
 Benzodiazepine
 Benzodiazepines
 Ecstacy

OTHER POPULAR TESTS:

 Barbiturates
 Oxycodon
 Amphetamine
 Opiates
 PCP

SAMPLE SPECIMENS

 Blood
 Blood
 Fingernails
 Hair
 Saliva
 Sweat
 Tissue
 Urine (almost 99%)

Objectives:

This chapter is objectively designed to emphasize the methods of identifying

dangerous drugs through laboratory examinations. It also emphasizes the
distinction between screening/preliminary test and confirmatory test.

What is Drug Identification?

Drug Identification is a branch of Forensic Chemistry that deals with the
scientific examination of drugs and volatile substances.

Drug identification is usually conducted by a forensic chemist/chemical

officer to determine the presence of dangerous drug on submitted
specimens. The forensic chemist/chemical officer also conducts drug test on
body fluids of suspected drug pushers and users to determine the presence
of dangerous drug metabolites.

Paraphernalia like smoking pipes, tooters and aluminum foils should also be
submitted for examination to determine the presence of dangerous drugs.

What are the Forms of Dangerous Drugs

Drugs are in various forms. These includes tablets, capsules, liquid, powder,
brick or decks of marijuana, crushed leaves and uprooted plants.

Examination of the sample taken from the suspected Dangerous Drugs

Methods of Examination

There are two (2) methods of laboratory examination of suspected

dangerous drugs namely:

1. Qualitative examination

2. Quantitative examination

Steps common to qualitative and quantitative methods

The following are the steps common to qualitative and quantitative method
of analysis:

1. Selection of method to be used

2. Physical test

3. Sampling
 4. Sample preparation

5. Chemical test

6. Confirmatory examination

7. Calculation and interpretation of dates

8. Drawing of conclusion and writing report

Two phases in the examination of the suspected Dangerous Drugs

The two (2) phases in the examination of the suspected dangerous drugs
are:

1. Screening test/Preliminary test (also known as the color test)

This test is non-specific and preliminary in nature. It is employed to reduce

the family or group of drug to a small and manageable number.

Screening test includes a series of color tests producing characteristic colors

for each family or group of drugs. This is done by adding specific reagent to
unknown sample in a spot plate.

Screening test is quite simple to perform even by investigators in the field.

As a matter of fact, field tests using these techniques are being taught in
Narcotics Investigation Courses. Test reagents and basic apparatus are
commercially available.

Color Reactions:

Upon addition of specific reagents to a sample of dangerous drugs, a specific

color reaction is produced such as:

Cannabis:

Duquenois-Levin = violet

Fast Blue B salt = purple red

Cocaine:

Cobalt Thiocyanate test or CT test = blue

Scott test or Modified CT test:

 Reagent 1 = blue

Reagent 2 = pink

Reagent 3 = blue

Wagner test = brown (specific test for cocaine)

Diazepam: Zimmerman test reddish purple or pink (some benzodiazepine

derivative do not give color with this test)

Hydrochloric acid = yellow

Vitali-Morin test = yellow orange

Opium:

Marquis = violet

Ferric Sulfate = Brownish purple

Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Orange to red to yellow

Morphine: Marquis = Violet to reddish purple

Codeine:

Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Orange to yellow

Heroin:

Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Yellow to green

Dille-Koppanyi test = reddish purple (for barbiturates)

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride:

Simon test = Blue

Marquis test = Orange to brown

Ecstacy: Simon test Blue = Blue

Methaqualone and Phencyclidine: CT test =blue

Lysergide or LSD: Ehrlich = violet

Mescaline: Marquis test = Orange

Liebermann = black

Note:

It must be noted that Positive results of these tests are not conclusive,
as there are substances that may give same positive color reaction/s upon
addition of the specific reagents. Hence, confirmatory tests must be
performed by the forensic chemist/ chemical officer on case to establish the
presence and identification of dangerous drug. It must also be noted that
only those specimens that yielded presumptive positive results are subject to
confirmatory test in order to confirm if the positive result of the screening
test is really positive.

2. Confirmatory Test

Confirmatory test is the method employed to confirm the results of the

screening/preliminary test. This test involves the application of an analytical
procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolites. This is
independent of the screening test and which uses techniques and chemical
principles different from that of the initial test in order to ensure reliability
and accuracy.

There are several methods used in the confirmatory test. Some of these
methods are:

a. Chromatography is the process of separating mixture and comparing the

migration of each component with standard. Some chromatographic
techniques include:

 Gas chromatography
 Thin Layer chromatography
 High-Pressure Liquid chromatography
What is a Gas Chromatography?

 It is a separation technique
 The mobile phase is a gas
 Separation is based on the difference in migration rates among sample
components.

b. Spectroscopy a confirmatory method whereby light is used to identify

the sample specimen.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Used for the identification of pure organic substances. Identifies organic

substances particularly dangerous drugs and explosive ingredients based on
their characteristic functional groups. In layman’s term, the resulting
spectrum could be referred to as the fingerprints of the substance.

C. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy Used for screening of dangerous drugs

in urine specimen.

Examination of the Urine Specimen

The rate of excretion from the body depends on the drug’s solubility in fat.
Water soluble drugs (such as cocaine) are excreted quickly, while fat
soluble drugs (such as marijuana) may take several weeks or months
before excretion.

Drug test must be conducted to apprehended individual/s who is/are

suspected to be a user/s; and to those who are charged with the offense of
“Illegal Use of Dangerous Drugs”.

Validity Test for Urine Specimen

Validity test is conducted to determine the integrity of the samples.

Reasons for Conducting Validity Tests

 In cases of unobserved urine collection

  When there is suspicion that the urine specimen has been tampered

Instances when to allow Unobserved Urine Specimen Collection

 When donor is physically unable to go to the laboratory

 When donor is involved in a crime scene
 When donor is involved in post-accident trauma
 When donor is critically ill

Different Types of Tampered Urine Specimen

The following are the different types of tampered urine specimen:

a. Adulterated a specimen containing either a substance that is not a

normal constituent for that type of specimen or containing an
endogenous substance at a concentration that is not a normal
physiological concentration

b. Diluted refers to a specimen with less than normal physiological

constituents

c. Substituted a specimen which has been derived through switching

or replacement of the original sample.

Ways to Adulterate Urine Samples

The following are the different ways to adulterate urine samples:

(a) Addition of salt

(b) Addition of juice

(c) Addition of detergent

(d) Addition of bleach and other oxidizing

(e) Adulterants

(f) Addition of illicit drugs

Ways to Substitute a Urine Sample

The following are the ways to substitute a urine sample:

 (a) Urine from friends or other persons not using drugs may be used
as substitute specimen
(b)Replace sample with other substance similar to urine in
appearance.

Ways to Dilute a Urine Specimen

The following are the ways to dilute a urine specimen:

a. Internal Dilution (e.g. Intake of plenty of water before collection or

drinking of herbal tea, etc.)
b. External Dilution (e.g. Addition of water to previously collected urine)

Parameters for Validity Tests

The following are the parameters for validity tests:

(a) Initial Validity Tests:

 Physical characteristics such as color, odor, etc

 Volume
 Temperature
 PH
 Specific gravity
 Nitrites
 Creatinine
 Oxidizing agents

(b) Confirmatory Validity Tests

 Physical characteristics such as color, odor, etc.

 Volume
 Temperature
 PH
 Specific gravity
 Nitrites
 Creatinine
 Oxidizing agents

Other Methods for Confirmatory Validity Tests

 Physical characteristics-visually determined

 Volume-same as physical characteristics
 Temperature - using thermometer
 pH - pH Meter calibrated with appropriate buffers
  Specific gravity - use a refractometer

Criteria in determining tampered urine specimen

The following are the criteria in determining whether a urine specimen is

tampered or not:

CHAPTER IV: ADMINISTRATION AND METABOLISM OF

DRUGS

What is Administer?

Under Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, administer refers to any act of introducing any
dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her
knowledge by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or other means or of
committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in administering
a dangerous drug to himself/ herself unless administered by a duly licensed
practitioner for purposes of medication.

HOW DRUG IS BEING ADMINISTERED/TAKEN

Drug may be administered by any of the following means:

Oral Ingestion

The drug is taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach
before being absorbed into the bloodstream. This is one of the most common
ways of taking a drug.

Inhalation

A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the
capillary system. It is probably the second most commonly used route of
drug administration.

Injection
 The drug can be administered into the body by the use of a syringe or
hypodermic needle in the following ways:

A. Subcutaneous - a drug is administered by injecting the drug just

below the surface of the skin. This is sometimes called "skin popping".

B. Intramuscular - administration involves the injection of a drug into

a large muscle mass that has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus
maximus, quadriceps, or triceps.

C. Intravenous - This is the most efficient means of administration

which involves depositing a drug directly into the bloodstream. This is
also the most rapid method of drug administration.

Snorting

Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form. It is done by

inhaling a powder of a liquid drug into the nasal coats of the mucous
membrane.

Buccal

The drug is administered by placing it in the buccal cavity just under

the lips. The active ingredients of the drug are absorbed in the bloodstream
through the soft tissues lining the mouth.

Suppositories

The drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in suppository

form and the drug is also absorbed into the bloodstream.

DRUG DETECTION

Drug Detection depends on:

  Absorption: (Structure and composition, diffusion and transport,
Psychochemical factors in penetration)

 Disposition: (Distribution, pH partition principle, electrochemical and

Donnan distribution, biotransformation)

 Elimination

WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED?

■MOST COMMON:

Marijuana

Cocaine

Methamphetamine and its derivatives

Benzodiazepines

Ecstacy

■OTHER POPULAR TESTS:

Barbiturates

Oxycodone

Amphetamine

Opiates

PCP

SAMPLE SPECIMENS

Blood, Fingernails, Hair, Saliva, Sweat, Tissue, Urine (almost 99%)

 CHAPTER V: IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION OF DANGEROUS
DRUGS

What is Drug Identification?

Drug Identification is a branch of Forensic Chemistry that deals with

the scientific examination of drugs and volatile substances.

Drug identification is usually conducted by a forensic chemist/chemical

officer to determine the presence of dangerous drugs on submitted
specimens. The forensic chemist/chemical officer also conducts drug tests on
the body fluids of suspected drug pushers and users to determine the
presence of dangerous drug metabolites.

Paraphernalia like smoking pipes, tooters, and aluminum foils should

also be submitted for examination to determine the presence of dangerous
drugs.

What are the Forms of Dangerous Drugs

Drugs are in various forms. These include tablets, capsules, liquid,

powder, brick or decks of marijuana, crushed leaves, and uprooted plants.

Examination of the sample taken from the suspected Dangerous Drugs

Methods of Examination

There are two (2) methods of laboratory examination of suspected

dangerous drugs namely:

1. Qualitative examination
 2. Quantitative examination

Steps common to qualitative and quantitative methods

The following are the steps common to qualitative and quantitative methods
of analysis:

1. Selection of method to be used

2. Physical test

3. Sampling

4. Sample preparation

5. Chemical test

6. Confirmatory examination

7. Calculation and interpretation of dates

8. Drawing of conclusion and writing report

Two phases in the examination of the suspected Dangerous Drugs

The two (2) phases in the examination of the suspected dangerous drugs
are:

1. Screening test/Preliminary test (also known as the color test)

This test is non-specific and preliminary in nature. It is employed to

reduce the family or group of drugs to a small and manageable number.

Screening test includes a series of color tests producing characteristic

colors for each family or group of drugs. This is done by adding a specific
reagent to an unknown sample in a spot plate.

Screening tests are quite simple to perform even by investigators in

the field. As a matter of fact, field tests using these techniques are being
taught in Narcotics Investigation Courses. Test reagents and basic apparatus
are commercially available.
Color Reactions:

Upon addition of specific reagents to a sample of dangerous drugs, a

specific color reaction is produced such as:

Cannabis: Duquenois-Levin = violet

Fast Blue B salt = purple-red

Cocaine: Cobalt Thiocyanate test or CT test = blue

Scott test or Modified CT test: Reagent 1 blue

Reagent 2 pink

Reagent 3 = blue

Wagner test = brown (specific test for cocaine)

Diazepam: Zimmerman test = reddish purple or pink (some

benzodiazepine derivatives do not give color with
this test)

Hydrochloric acid = yellow

Vitali-Morin test = yellow orange

Opium: Marquis = violet

Ferric Sulfate = Brownish purple

Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Orange to red to yellow

Morphine: Marquis = Violet to reddish-purple

Codeine: Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Orange to yellow

Heroin: Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Yellow to green

 Dille-Koppanyi test = reddish purple (for barbiturates)

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride:

Simon test = Blue

Marquis test = Orange to brown

Ecstacy: Simon test = Blue

Methaqualone and Phencyclidine: CT test =blue

Lysergic or LSD: Ehrlich = violet

Mescaline: Marquis test = Orange Liebermann black

Note:

It must be noted that the Positive results of these tests are not
conclusive, as there are substances that may give the same positive color
reaction/s upon the addition of the specific reagents. Hence, confirmatory
tests must be performed by the forensic chemist/ chemical officer on
the case to establish the presence and identification of dangerous drugs. It
must also be noted that only those specimens that yielded presumptive
positive results are subject to confirmatory tests in order to confirm if the
positive result of the screening test is really positive.

2. Confirmatory Test

A confirmatory test is the method employed to confirm the results of

the screening/preliminary test. This test involves the application of an
analytical procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite.
This is independent of the screening test and which uses techniques and
chemical principles different from that of the initial test in order to ensure
reliability and accuracy.

There are several methods used in the confirmatory test. Some of

these methods are:

(A) Chromatography - the process of separating the mixture and

comparing the migration of each component with the standard. Some
chromatographic techniques include:
  Gas chromatography
 Thin Layer chromatography
 High-Pressure Liquid chromatography
What is a Gas Chromatography?

 It is a separation technique
 The mobile phase is a gas
 Separation is based on the difference in migration rates
among sample components.
(B) Spectroscopy - is a confirmatory method whereby light is used to
identify the sample specimen.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Used for the identification of pure organic substances.

Identifies organic substances particularly dangerous drugs and
explosive ingredients based on their characteristic functional
groups. In layman's terms, the resulting spectrum could be
referred to as the fingerprints of the substance.

(C) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy - Used for screening of

dangerous drugs in urine specimens.

Examination of the Urine Specimen

The rate of excretion from the body depends on the drug's solubility in
fat. Water-soluble drugs (such as cocaine) are excreted quickly, while fat-
soluble drugs (such as marijuana) may take several weeks or months before
excretion.

Drug tests must be conducted to apprehend individual/s who is/are

suspected to be user/s; and those who are charged with the offense of
"Illegal Use of Dangerous Drugs".

Validity Test for Urine Specimen

A validity test is conducted to determine the integrity of the samples.

Reasons for Conducting Validity Tests

 In cases of unobserved urine collection

 When there is suspicion that the urine specimen has been
tampered with.

Instances when to allow Unobserved Urine Specimen Collection

 When a donor is physically unable to go to the laboratory

 When a donor is involved in a crime scene
 When a donor is involved in post-accident trauma
 When a donor is critically ill

Different Types of Tampered Urine Specimen

The following are the different types of tampered urine specimens:

A. Adulterated - a specimen containing either a substance that is not

a normal constituent for that type of specimen or an endogenous
substance at a concentration that is not a normal physiological
concentration

B. Diluted - refers to a specimen with less than normal physiological

constituents

C. Substituted - a specimen that has been derived through switching

or replacement of the original sample.

Ways to Adulterate Urine Samples

The following are the different ways to adulterate urine samples:

(A) Addition of salt

(B) Addition of juice

(C) Addition of detergent

(D) Addition of bleach and other oxidizing

 (E) Adulterants

(F) Addition of illicit drugs

Ways to Substitute a Urine Sample

The following are the ways to substitute a urine sample:

(A) Urine from friends or other persons not using drugs may be used as
a substitute specimen

(B) Replace the sample with other substances similar to urine in

appearance.

Ways to Dilute a Urine Specimen

The following are the ways to dilute a urine specimen:

A. Internal Dilution

(e.g. Intake of plenty of water before collection or drinking of

herbal tea, etc.)

B. External Dilution

(e.g. Addition of water to previously collected urine)

When do we consider a urine specimen as invalid?

A urine specimen is considered invalid under the following circumstances:

 Adulterated, substituted, or diluted

 Improperly collected, handled, and stored
 Improperly documented
 CHAPTER VI: INDICATORS FOR DRUGS TESTING:
“Reasonable Suspicion”

INDICATORS OF DRUG ABUSERS

The following are the indicators of drug abusers:

1. Performance indicators

2. Behavioral indicators

3. Physical indicators

4. Paraphernalia indicators

Performance Indicators

The following constitute performance indicators:

1. Excessive absenteeism, tardiness

2. Lower productivity, poor morale

3. Missed deadlines

4. Deteriorating work quality

5. Increase accidents, mistakes, equipment breakdowns

6. Multiple reports of theft

Behavioral Indicators

The following constitute behavioral indicators

1. Explosive arguments, and disagreements over small matters

2. Changes in attitudes, work behavior

3. Frequent hang-over symptoms

4. Using drug culture jargon

5. Secretive, forgetfulness, indecision

6. Avoiding "straight co-workers"

 7. Hyper-reactivity, constant toe or heel tapping, finger
drumming

8. Easy excitability

9. Restlessness, anxiety

10. Wearing long sleeves

11. New financial problems and frequent borrowing of money

Physical Indicators (Changes in physical appearance)

Usually, dangerous drug abusers have dry and dull skin. If they can be
been seen while still under the influence of drugs, the following can be
noted:

(A) Neglect of personal appearance, diminished drive, lack of

ambition, reduced attention span, poor quality of work, and
impaired communication skills.

(B) Careless for the feelings of others, lessening of accustomed

family warmth, pale face, red eyes, dilation or constricted pupils,
and wearing of sunglasses at wrong places.

(C) Secretive about money, the disappearance of money, and

other valuables from the house.

(D) Friends refusing to identify themselves or hang up when you

answer the phone, and overreaction to mild conditions.

(E) Smell of Marijuana, sweetish odor, like a burned rope in the

closets.

(F) Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular

aches, insomnia, and convulsion.

Paraphernalia Indicators

It must be noted that a person who is under the influence of drugs

keeps some paraphernalia with him. Some of the most common
paraphernalia include but are not limited to the following: improvised glass
piper/tooter, foil, cigarette foil, and pieces of cut paper.

MOTIVATING FACTORS OF DRUG USE

Drug use is motivated by the following factors:

A. to attain some degree of euphoria

B. for increased enjoyment of other activities

C. as a recreational pursuit

Levels of Drug-Taking

A. Drug Use

This occurs when the effects of the drug sought can be realized with
minimal hazards, whether or not used therapeutically, legally, or as
prescribed by a physician.

B. Drug Misuse

This occurs when a drug is taken or administered under circumstances

and a dose that significantly increases the hazards to the individual or
others.

C. Drug Abuse

This occurs when a drug is taken under circumstances and at a dose

that significantly increases its hazards or potentials whether or not
used therapeutically.

"DRUG DEPENDENCE", defined.

Drug dependence is a state of psychic or physical dependence or both,

on a drug arising in a person following the administration of drugs on a
periodic or continuous basis.
 Drug dependence, based on the World Health Organization definition,
is a cluster of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive phenomena of variable
intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority
thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to
take the substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-taking
behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use.

CHAPTER VII: REASON WHY PEOPLE TURN TO DRUGS

Reasons why people turn to drugs

The following are some of the most common reasons why people turn
to drugs:

1. Poverty

2. Ignorance

3. Loss of Family Values and Solidarity

4. Various Factors

Poverty

This is the most prevalent factor that prompts pushers and abusers
alike to indulge in dangerous drugs. Pushers are forced by circumstances to
sell prohibited drugs as a means or source of livelihood. Many abusers use
dangerous drugs as a means or source as a vehicle for escaping the realities
of poverty and its concomitant problems.

Ignorance

Lack of knowledge and information about how dangerous drugs look

like, their bad effects, legal consequences, and other aspects of prohibited
drugs, drug pushing, drug syndicates, and many others.
Loss of Family Values and Solidarity

Parents, who are busybodies, neglect their children. Western influences

(through the media) have eroded the Filipino values of praying and eating
together.

Various Factors

Curiosity, peer pressure, environmental influences, boredom,

frustration, and the desire to escape to reality are some factors that help
people turn to drugs.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO DRUG ABUSE

The following are the contributory factors to drug abuse:

1. Family Aspect

As regards to family aspect, the following are some of the common

factors leading to drug abuse of a child/children: lack of
communication between the parents and their children; parents
frequently quarreling in the presence of their children; parents being
busy in their works, and rejected children; and children prefer to be
with their peer group because they feel nobody wants them at home.

2. School Aspect

The school, despite its efforts of molding the youth towards responsible
citizens of the country, also tends to contribute to the drug problems in
our society if there is no basic drug education on the proper use of
drugs in the school Oftentimes, teachers are concerned on to the
academic achievements of their students while the latter's personality
growth and upbringing are being neglected.

3. Community Aspect

It is noteworthy that the most influential aspect of the upbringing of

the youth is the influences that the environment can have to them. By
 this, drug-taking behavior can be influenced by the prevailing
environmental condition in a given community since drugs are easily
available in the community; the increasing number of users and
pushers in the community; and no vocational or skilled training for out-
of-school youth to keep them gainfully occupied; and indifference and
apathy of the community members in providing their support and
cooperation to law enforcement agencies in dealing with the drug
problem.

4. Influence made by the Media

It is also noteworthy that the media is a contributory factor in

influencing the youth towards drug use by over-sensationalizing the tri-
media on the drug abuse problem, and too much advertisement on
curative and therapeutic effects of drugs.

5. Biological Factor

Biological factors also contribute to an individual's use of drugs. Some

individual health conditions such as fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia,
physical distress, and mental disorders are usually relieved with
the use of drugs, and improper use will lead to drug abuse. With the
use of drugs, the body works actively, but the continued improper use
will result in drug dependency.

6. Psychological Factor

Psychological conflicts among the youths also affect their positive

behavior toward the maintenance of a clean living. The psychological
conflict becomes a contributory factor for the youth to be hooked on
drugs. Low self-esteem and poor self-image may easily lead to drug
abuse; as well as the need for acceptance and a sense of belonging
also may lead to drug abuse. Mental problem and escape from reality
also leads to drug abuse.

7. Parental Neglect
 It is worth noting that the influence brought about by advanced
technology and computerization on the behavior and attitude of the
youth, aside from the fast-paced global modernizations, the following
may be considered as contributory factors in drug use: over-
domineering parents; lack of parent concern and affection; parental
permissiveness; rejection by the parents; abuse of the parents; family
instability and disorganization; harsh physical punishment; childhood
stress and trauma; lack of parental guidance, and psychological effects
to the children having separated parents.

8. Sociological Factors

Availability of over-the-counter and prescription drugs; influence made

by the media; the impact of the extravagant lifestyle or high
unemployment problem; effect of the increased travel and exposure to
different cultures; modeling of parents (parents are also drug abusers);
social pressures exerted by the peer groups; feeling of powerless;
lower value on academic achievements, and involvement in graft and
corrupt practices of the public officials.

CHAPTER VIII: TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG

DEPENDENTS

Treatment, defined

Treatment is the method that refers to all methods and techniques

utilized to help an individual overcome some deficit or impairment.

Rehabilitation, defined
 Rehabilitation is the outcome of treatment that refers to the
reinstatement or recovery of a previous level of functioning - social,
emotional, physical, and economic aspects of a drug dependent.

Misconceptions About Treatment

Misconceptions about using medications to treat drug dependence are

common. Medication will always be essential to help the drug user to
stop using drugs. Persons with genetic biochemical defects may need
some specific type of medication to keep them from using drugs.

It is also misunderstood that all drug dependencies can be

treated the same way. While it is true that alcoholism can be
successfully treated by detoxification, this is not the case with drugs
that affect brain chemistry, e.g., cocaine, heroin, shabu, and
marijuana. Basically, the treatment for these dependencies includes a
weekly or monthly visit to a counselor and a weekly urine test (to
determine the presence of dangerous drugs), for a period of four to six
months, to determine if drug use persists.

Characteristics That Enhance the Potential Success of Treatment

A. An individual who became dependent on a drug following the teen

years is more likely to succeed in treatment.

B. Individuals who have access to intact family groups and the kinds of
support available from intact families are more likely to succeed in
treatment.

C. A person who began taking the drug of choice for recreational or

experimental reasons is less likely to succeed in treatment than
someone who is forced into it.

Withdrawal of Symptoms

Withdrawal of symptoms may refer to a characteristic reaction and

behavior of varying intensity, depending on the amount of the drug
taken and length of time used which ensue upon abrupt cessation of a
drug upon the body.
Current Approaches to the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug
Abusers

The following are the current approaches to the treatment and

rehabilitation of drug abusers:

1. Supervisory-Deterrent Model

The Supervisory-deterrent model involves law enforcement. It is

a method used to control drug use and, thus, will result in
the reduction of drug abusers. This type of approach works only when
the probability of ending up in jail is a certainty. It only works on a
large-scale basis to reduce the incidence of drug use or abuse. When
everyone is certain that a drug sentence will always follow drug use,
incident rates will go down.

2. Medical-Distributive Model

This approach is based on the philosophy that if the medical

profession finds a person who has a disorder that cannot be treated
(the disorder refers to drug dependence). The purpose of this approach
is to improve a person's quality of life while minimizing the social and
medical consequences of drug dependence.

3. Drug-Free Model

This approach is based on the doctrine of "Drug Abstinence"...

Abstinence is an overriding goal, and reinforcement of that behavior is
considered to occur best in peer group settings. "Therapeutic
community" is one of the best drug-free approaches. Therapeutic
communities are often residential programs designed to deal with the
psychological causes of drug dependence by trying to change the drug
dependent's personality.

4. Crisis Intervention
 Unlike the previously mentioned approaches, crisis intervention
refers to the medical or non-medical management of emergencies that
present some acute hazard to the drug abuser. This approach may or
may not have anything to do with the drug, but most often they fall in
the area of acute adverse drug reactions, treatment for overdose, or
adverse psychological states associated with a drug experience.

5. Multi-modality Approach

This approach is premised on the following principles:

1. A crash program must be avoided.

2. The drug population is heterogeneous. People are addicted to many

different drugs; their entry routes into the drug world are different,
their motivations are different, and their needs are different.

3. Dependency is the result of a complex interaction among the

individual, the environment, and the treatment program.

PROGRAM FOR DRUG TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG

DEPENDENTS

R.A. 9165 provides for both a voluntary submission program and

compulsory confinement for the rehabilitation and treatment of drug
dependents.

Voluntary Submission of a Drug Dependent to Confinement,

Treatment and Rehabilitation

1. A drug dependent or any person who violates Section 15 of RA 9165

may, by himself/herself or through his/her parent, spouse, guardian, or
relative within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, apply to
the Board or its duly recognized representative, for treatment and
rehabilitation of the drug dependency.
 2. Upon such application, the Board shall bring forth the matter to the
court which shall order that the applicant be examined for drug
dependency.

3. If the examination by the DOH-accredited physician results in the

issuance of a certification that the applicant is a drug dependent,
he/she shall be ordered by the Court to undergo treatment and
rehabilitation in a center designated by the Board for a period of not
less than six (6) months: Provided, that a drug dependent may be
placed under the care of a DOH-accredited physician where there is no
Center near of accessible to the residence of the drug dependent or
where said drug dependent is below eighteen (18) years of age is a
first-time offender and non-confinement in a Center will not pose a
serious danger to his/her family or the community.

4. After confinement in a center for treatment and rehabilitation, the

court shall determine whether the drug dependent will undergo further
confinement.

5. After the applicant has been temporarily released, he will still be

required to report to the DOH for aftercare and follow-up treatment.

How will the drug-dependent benefit from this program?

Aside from benefiting from treatment and rehabilitation, the drug

dependent shall also be exempt from the criminal liability imposed for drug
use. However, the applicant should meet the following requirements:

1. Compliance with the rules and regulations of the rehabilitation center.

2. Has not been charged or convicted of any offense under R.A. 9165 or
R.A 6425 or the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
3. Has not escaped from the rehabilitation center
4. Poses no threat or danger to himself, his family, and the community.
Applicants who cannot meet these requirements will be placed on probation
and should undergo community service.
ROLES OF THE FAMILY, STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND SCHOOL
AUTHORITIES

What are the roles of the Family, Students, Teachers, and School
authorities in the campaign of the government against illegal
drugs?

The family shall educate, make family members aware of the

illegal effects of drugs, and closely monitor family members who may
be prone to drug abuse.

Student councils and campus organizations should include in

their activities a program for the prevention of drug use and the
referral of drug-dependent students for treatment and rehabilitation

School curricula of public and private schools should include

instruction on drug abuse, prevention, and control.

As persons in authority, school heads, supervisors, and teachers

can apprehend, arrest, or cause the arrest of any person who violates
any of the unlawful acts enumerated under RA 9165.

What is expected from the Department of Education and other

government agencies in the education sector?

The Department of Education, the Commission on Higher

Education and the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) shall develop, publish, and distribute information,
and support educational materials on dangerous drugs for students,
faculty, parents, and the community.

What is the Special Education Center?

A Special Education Center shall be established in each province

to sponsor drug-prevention programs and information campaigns and
educate the out-of-school youth and street children on the harmful
effects of drugs.
PARTICIPATION OF THE PRIVATE AND LABOR SECTORS, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE) AND THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS

What is the responsibility of DOLE, private companies, and the labor

sector?

Private companies should adopt a national drug abuse prevention

program in the workplace developed by the DOLE. The program should
include company policies against drug use after consulting with the
DOLE, labor, and employer organizations, and human resource
development managers.

CHAPTER IX: APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS

THE DRUG PROBLEM

LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

The Philippine government considers drug abuse as a multi-faceted

problem that threatens the health and well-being of the Filipinos across all
levels of the society. It is noteworthy that Republic Act No. 9165 (otherwise
known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002) has been
created to control the drug problem.

Dangerous Drug Board (DDB)

The Dangerous Drugs Board is a Philippine government agency that

makes policies, strategies and programs on drug prevention and control.

The Dangerous Drug Board is directly under the Office of the President.
Its Secretariat is under the administrative control and supervision of the
Executive Director, who has the tank of Undersecretary and who is assisted
by two (2) Deputies with the rank of assistant secretaries. These are the
Deputy Executive Director for Administration, and Deputy Executive Director
for Operations.

Composition of the Board

The Dangerous Drug Board is composed of the following:

A. Chairman; two (2) permanent Board Members;

B. The Heads of twelve (12) National Government Agencies as Ex-Officio
members namely: the Department of Justice (DOJ), Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE), Deprtment of Health (DOH),
Department National Defense (DND), Department of the Interior and
Local Government (DILG), Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA),
Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Education (DepEd), the
Commission of Higher Education (CHED), the National Youth
Commission (NYC), and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
(PDEA); and
C. Two (2) regular members, the President of the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines (IBP) and the Chairman or President of a Non-Government
Organization (NGO).
D. The permanent consultants are the heads of the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI), and the Philippine National Police (PNP)

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan

ng Pilipinas Laban sa Droga) is the lead anti-drugs law enforcement agency,
responsible for preventing, investigating and combating any dangerous
drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals within the Philippines.
The agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory
provisions of Republic Act No. 9165 (R.A. 9165), otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

PDEA is under the supervision of the Office of the President. PDEA is

the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB).

The DDB is the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the

planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and
control.
 PDEA and DDB are both under the supervision of the Office of the
President.

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ACTION

The following are the five pillars of action:

1. Supply Reduction
The objective of supply reduction is to take away the drugs from
the person through market denial operations and prevention of
diversion of these drugs to the illicit markets. Supply reduction efforts
take the form of law enforcement, the regulatory compliance, and
institution of judicial and legislative measures.
2. Demand Reduction
This pillar is geared towards reducing the consumer's demand
from drugs and other substances. This is done through programs on
Preventive Education, Treatment and Rehabilitation, and Research.
These programs are either school-based or community based or both.
3. Alternative Development
This pillar aims to reduce the production of marijuana and
eventually eliminate its cultivation through sustainable rural
development and alternative livelihood programs. Its thrust is to
develop and implement sustainable income-generating programs like
yakon snd jathropa (commonly known as tuba-tuba) propagation and
other socio-economic programs offering health services, Philhealth
insurance, education, and infrastructure like farm-to-market roads,
irrigation systems, etc.
4. Civic Awareness
Promotion of Civic Awareness is done through the use of a public
communication strategy that utilizes the tri-media in conveying anti-
drug abuse messages and through the conduct of community-based
outreach programs that also deal with the evils of drug abuse and the
legal consequences of being involved in illegal drugs. The Board's
Programs and activities for the year focused on the promotion of a
campaign message "Challenge Yourself".."Be Drug-Free This
communication plan was developed to properly and effectively
disseminate the message.
 5. Regional and International Cooperation
The Dangerous Drug Board has actively maintained cooperative
undertakings at the bilateral, regional, and international levels on all
matters pertaining to drug abuse and illicit trafficking of dangerous
drugs.

What is Marijuana Eradication?

Marijuana eradication involves the location and destruction of

marijuana plantations, including the identification, arrest, and prosecution of
the planter, owner, or cultivator, and the escheating of the land where the
plantations are located.

CHAPTER X: LEGAL ASPECT OF DRUG TESTING

COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 (R.A. 9165)

Safeguard the state, and its citizen from the harmful effects of dangerous
drugs

 Enhance the efficiency of the law against dangerous drugs

 Enhance campaign against trafficking and use of dangerous
drugs
 Reintegrate drug users back into society

Mandatory Drug Testing

 All persons charged before the prosecutor's office with an offense

having an impossible penalty of imprisonment of not less than 6
years and 1 day
 Any person arrested for violations of the provisions of R.A. 9165,
is subjected to a screening drug test within 24 hours. If positive,
confirmatory testing within 15 days after receipt of the result
(Sec 38, R.A. 9165)
  All candidates for public office whether appointed or elected both
in national or local government.

Who are required to undergo mandatory drug testing?

 Applicants for driver's license (new and renewal)

 Applicants for firearms license

 Applicants for a permit to carry firearms outside of residence

 Officers and members of the military, police, and other law

enforcement agencies (annual drug testing)

 All persons who by nature of their profession carry firearms (e.g

security guards)

 Students of secondary and tertiary schools

 Officers and employees of public and private offices

 All persons charged before the prosecutor's office of a criminal

offense are punishable with imprisonment of not less than six (6)
years and one (1) day.

 Candidates for public office whether appointed or elected in the

national and local government.

WHO MAY UNDERGO RANDOM DRUG TESTING?

1) Students of Secondary and Tertiary schools (DECS/CHED to

implement)

 Requisites:
 Pursuant to rules and regulations as contained in the school's
student handbook
 With notice to parents
  Government shall bear the cost of drug testing (private or public
schools)

Under Section of RA 9165, instruction on drug abuse prevention and

control shall be integrated into the elementary, secondary, and tertiary
curricula of all public and private schools, whether general, technical,
vocational, or agro-industrial as well as in non-formal, informal, and
indigenous learning systems. Such instructions shall include:

1. Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse of dangerous drugs on the

person, the family, the school, and the community;
2. Preventive measures against drug abuse;
3. Health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal, and economic dimensions
and implications of the drug problem.
4. Steps to take when intervention on behalf of a drug dependent is
needed, as well as the services available for the treatment and
rehabilitation of drug dependents; and
5. Misconceptions about the use of dangerous drugs such as, but not
limited to, the importance and safety of dangerous drugs for medical
and therapeutic use as well as the differentiation between medical
patients and drug dependent in order to avoid confusion and
accidental stigmatization in the consciousness of the students.

Section 44 of Republic Act 9165 provides that all school Heads,

Supervisors, and Teachers shall be deemed persons in authority and, as
such, are hereby empowered to apprehend, arrest, or cause the arrest or
apprehension of any person who shall violate any of the said provisions,
pursuant to Section 5, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court. They shall be deemed
persons in authority if they are in the school or within its immediate vicinity,
or even beyond such immediate vicinity if they are in attendance at any
school or class function in their official capacity as school heads, supervisors,
and teachers.

Any teacher or school employee, who discovers or finds that any

person in the school or within its immediate vicinity is liable for violating any
of said provisions, shall have the duty to report the same to the school head
or immediate superior who shall, in turn, report the matter to the proper
authorities.
 Failure to do so in either case, within a reasonable period from the time
of discovery of the violation shall, after due hearing. constitute sufficient
cause for disciplinary action by the school authorities.

What is Chemical Diversion?

It refers to the sale, distribution, supply, or transport of legitimately

imported, in-transit, manufactured, or procured controlled precursors and
essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any
person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and
shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of
such transaction through fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of
permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud.

What is Clandestine Laboratory?

It refers to any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any

dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.

What is a Confirmatory Test?

It refers to an analytical test using a device, tool, or equipment with a

different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will
validate and confirm the result of the screening test.

What is a Den, Dive, or Resort?

A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and

essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes,
distributed, sold, or used in any form.

What is Dispense?
 It refers to any act of giving away, selling, or distributing medicine or
any dangerous drug with or without the use of a prescription.

What is a Drug Syndicate?

Drug syndicate refers to any organized group of two (2) or more

persons forming or joining together with the intention of committing any
offense prescribed under this Act.

What is Illegal Trafficking?

It refers to the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration,

dispensation, manufacture, sale, and trading. transportation, distribution,
importation, exportation, and possession of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical.

What is an Instrument?

It refers to anything that is used in or intended to be used in any

manner in the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses.

What is Laboratory Equipment?

The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used,

intended for use or designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous
drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, such as reaction
vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermentors, separatory funnel,
flask, heating mantle, gas generator, or their substitute.

What is Manufacture?

It refers to the production, preparation, compounding, or processing of

any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical,
either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin,
or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of
extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or
repackaging of such substances, design or configuration of its form, or
labeling or relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include
the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other
substances by a duly authorized practitioner as an incident to his/ her
administration or dispensation of such drug or substance in the course of
his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical
analysis of dangerous drugs or such substances that are not intended for
sale or for any other purpose.

What is Planting of Evidence?

It refers to the willful act by any person of maliciously and

surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding, or attaching directly or indirectly,
through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house,
effects or in the immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose
of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of
this Act.

Who is a Practitioner.?

Practitioner refers to any person who is a licensed physician, dentist,

chemist, medical technologist, nurse, midwife, veterinarian or pharmacist in
the Philippines.

What is a Screening Test?

The screening test is a rapid test performed to establish potential/

presumptive positive results.

What is "Sell"

Under Republic Act 9165, "Sell" means the act of giving a dangerous
drug, whether for money or any other material consideration.

What is Use?
 Use refers to any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, or
consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing,
drinking, or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body,
and of dangerous drugs.

Question:

What happens to confiscated, seized, and surrendered dangerous

drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia, and/or laboratory equipment?

Answer:

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) shall have

custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled
precursors, and essential chemicals as well as instruments/paraphernalia
and/or laboratory equipment that are confiscated, seized, and/or
surrendered.

The apprehending team or the group in custody of the confiscated drugs

shall immediately prepare an inventory and photograph the items in the
presence of the accused or his counsel, a representative from the media, and
the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official. The items
will then be submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for examination.
Within 24 hours after receipt of the items, the Forensic Laboratory examiner
shall issue a certification of the laboratory results.

The court shall conduct an ocular inspection of the confiscated items

within 72 hours after the filing of the criminal case. The PDEA shall then
destroy or burn the items in the presence of the accused, a representative
from the media and DOJ, civil society groups, and any elected official.
However, a representative sample shall be retained.

After the judgment has been rendered in the criminal case, the trial
prosecutor shall inform the Dangerous Drugs Board that the case has been
terminated and ask permission from the court to turn over the representative
sample to the PDEA.