DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Chapter 1: Introduction to Analog

and Digital Signal Processing

Lectured by Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien

National Distinguished Lecturer
Tel: 08-38654184; 0903 787 989
Email: [email protected],

Dated on May 2025

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 Basic concepts on DSP

SIGNAL PROCESSING:
Applied to any kinds of information such as Speech, Audio,
Image, Video, Electric Quantity and non-Electric Quantity, etc.
- Filtering, noise reduction, signal acquisition
- Analysis, recognition, synthesis and coding of real world
signals
- Detection and estimation of signals in presence of noise or
interference.
 Advantages of Digital Representations

• Permanence and robustness of signal representations;

• Minimum Distortion reconstruction is achievable.
• Advanced IC technology works well for digital signals
and systems
• Suitable Processing with CAD
• Virtually infinite flexibility with digital systems
- Multi-functionality
- Multiple-input/multiple-output
1. Define Signals and Systems
• A signal is defined as a function of one or more
variables which convey information
• A system is an entry that manipulates one or
more input signals to perform a function which
results in a new output signal.
2. Classification of signals based on their properties
* Continuous time (CT) or Discrete-time (DT)
* Periodic or aperiodic (non-periodic) signals
* Even or odd signals
* Deterministic signals or random signals
* Energy and or signals
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3. Classification of systems based on
their properties
* Continuous time (CT) systems or
Discrete-time (DT) systems
* Stable or unstable systems
* Memory or memoryless systems
* Invertible or noninvertible systems
* Time-invariant (TI) or time-variant (TV) systems
* Linear or nonlinear systems
* Causal or noncausal systems
4. Causal and Non-causal Systems
 Observations on Causality
• A system is causal if the output does not anticipate
future values of the input.
• All real-time physical systems are causal, because time
only moves forward. Effect occurs after cause.
(Imagine if you own a noncausal system whose output
depends on tomorrow’s stock price.)
• Causality does not apply to spatially varying signals.
(We can move both left and right, up and down.)
• Causality does not apply to systems processing
recorded signals, e.g. taped sports games vs. live
broadcast.
5. Linearity (L)
LINEARITY COMBINATION OF THE INPUTS CAN BE
HAPPENNED WITH THE OUTPUTS
6. Time-Invariance (TI)

• A CT system is a time-invariant system, if for

any input x[t] and any time shift t0,

If x(t) → y(t)
then x(t - to) → y(t - to) .

• A DT system with x[n] → y[n] is a TI system if for

any input x[n] and any time shift n0,
If x[n] → y[n]
then x[n - n0] → y[n - n0] .
7. Transform a Continuous time signal into
a discrete time signal
8.Discrete time signals vs digital signals
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL (DT signals)
•A DT signal is obtained by sampling a CT signal at a
uniform or non-uniform rate
•A signal x(n) is said to be DT signal if it defines or represent
an input at discrete instant of time.
•The DT signal is discrete in time only and the amplitude
varies at every discrete values of n
DIGITAL SIGNALS
•A digital signal is obtained by sampling, quantizing and
encoding a CT signal
•A signal is said to be a digital signal if it is represented in
term of digital format
•The digital signal is discrete in time and quantized in
amplitudes which are represented in digital format.
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 9. Energy signals vs Power signals
Energy Signal Power Signal
The energy of CT signal x(t) over a The power of CT signal x(t) over a
period [-T/2, T/2] is given by period [-T/2, T/2] is given by
+T / 2 +T / 2
1
P = Lim  x(t ) dt

2
E = Lim
2
x(t ) dt T → T
T → −T / 2
−T / 2
The energy of DT signal x(n) over a The power of DT signal x(n) over a
period [-N, +N] is given by period [-N, +N] is given by
+N 2 +N 2

 x ( n)
1
E = Lim
N →
n=− N
P = Lim
N → 2 N + 1

n=− N
x(n)

A signal is referred to as energy A signal is referred to as power

signal if and only if the total energy signal if and only if the total power
of the signal satisfies the condition of the signal satisfies the condition
0 E  0 P
**Generally deterministic and **Generally random and
aperiodic signals are considered periodic signals are considered
to be energy signals to be power signals
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 10. Odd signals vs Even signals
Odd Signal Even Signal
A signal is said to be odd if A signal is said to be even if
x(t)= -x(-t) for CT signals and x(t)= x(-t) for CT signals and
x(n)= -x(-n) for DT signals x(n)= x(-n) for DT signals
The odd component of any signal The even component of any signal
is is
x(t ) − x(−t ) x(t ) + x(−t )
xo = for CT signals xe = for CT signals
2 2
x ( n ) − x ( − n) x ( n) + x ( − n)
xo = for DT signals xe = for DT signals
2 2
Odd signals are anti symmetric Even signals are symmetric about
about the vertical axis the vertical axis
e.g. Sine wave e.g. Cosine wave

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11. Deterministic signals vs Random signals
Deterministic signal Random signal
A deterministic signal is one in which A random signal is one in which
there is a certainty with respect to there is an uncertainty with respect
its values at any time. Future value to its values at any time. Future
of signals is predictable value of signals is unpredictable
E.g. Pulse train, sinusoidal wave, etc E.g. EEG signal, noise, speech, etc.
Deterministic signal can be Random signals are expressed
expressed mathematically mathematically in term of
statictical distributions

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 Convolution Sum and Notation

Notation is confusing, should not have [n]

takes two sequences and produces a third
sequence
makes more sense
 DT Convolution Properties
Commutative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property

+
Delay Accumulation
Medical applications of DSP
Source: Texas instrument 2010
DSP Processing Board from Texas Instrument
TMS320C5515/35 USB
3-G Cell phone architecture
5-G Cell phone architecture
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the signal x(t)=2cos(3t)+7cos(9t) periodic?
2. Draw the waveform x(-t) and x(2-t) of the signal
t , 0  t  3
x (t ) = 
0, t  3 (1/ 2) n , n  0
3. Find the energy of the discrete time signal x(n ) =  n
3 , n0
4. What is the periodicity of the signal x(t) = sin(100t) + cos(150t) ?
5. Draw the waveforms and write their equations for the four basic
continuous-signals and discrete signals (sinusoidal signal, impulse
signal, step signal, ramp signal)
t
6. Classify the following signals: a. x(t ) = e ,   1
b. x(t ) = e − j 2ft
7. Test whether the given signals are an energy or power signal?
x(t)=tu(t) and x(t)=exp(j(2t+/4))
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