Lecture-2
Engineering Mechanics
Instructor: Muhammad Imran
Objectives
1. To show how to add forces and resolve
them into components using the
parallelogram law.
2. To express force and position in Cartesian
vector form and explain how to
determine the vector’s magnitude and
direction.
Definitions
Scalar - A quantity characterized by
a positive or negative number is
called a scalar. Examples of scalars
used in Statics are mass, volume or
length.
Definitions
Vector - A quantity that has both
magnitude and a direction. Examples of
vectors used in Statics are position,
force, and moment.
Symbols
Vectors are denoted by a letter with an arrow
over it or a boldface letter such as A.
Symbols used for vectors:
r v
A or A
Denote magnitude by:
r
A or A
Vector Definitions
Magnitude and Multiplication of
Vector by Scalar
The magnitude of a quantity is always
positive.
If m is scalar quantity and it is
multiplied to a vector A we get mA.
What does it mean?
mA is vector having same direction as A
and magnitude equal to the ordinary
scalar product between the magnitude
of m and A.
what happens if m is negative?
Scalar Multiplication
Scalar Multiplication
Vector Addition
Vector addition is commutative and
associative.
How?
Vector Addition
Vector Addition
Force
1. Force is a Vector Quantity
2. Forces Add as Vectors
Parallelogram Law
1. Make a sketch showing vector addition using the
parallelogram law.
2. Determine the interior angles of the parallelogram
from the geometry of the problem.
3. Label all known and unknown angles and forces in
the sketch.
4. Redraw one half of the parallelogram to show the
triangular head-to-tail addition of the components
and apply laws of sines and cosines.
Important Points
1. A scalar is a positive or negative number.
2. A vector is a quantity that has magnitude,
direction, and sense.
3. Multiplication or division of a vector by a
scalar will change the magnitude. The sense
will change if the scalar is negative.
4. If the vectors are collinear, the resultant is
formed by algebraic or scalar addition.
Example-1
The screw eye in the
figure at the left is
subjected to two forces
F1 and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.
Parallelogram
Law
Calculate angles
Angle COA = 900 -150-100 = 650
Angle OAB = 1800 -650= 1150
Triangular
Construction
Find FR from law of cosines.
Find from law of sines.
Angle = + 150
FR = (100) 2 + (150) 2 − 2(100)(150)cos115 0
FR = 10000 + 22500 − 30000( −0.4226)
FR = 212.6N = 213N
150 212.6
=
sin sin1150
150
sin = (0.9063) = 0.6394
212.6
= sin −1 (0.6394) = 39.750 = 39.80
= + 150
Answer
The resultant force has a magnitude of
213 N and is directed 54.8o from the
horizontal.
Example-3
If the resultant force of the two tugboats is 3 kN, directed
along the positive x axis, determine the required magnitude
of force FB and its direction u.
Solution
Solution
Coplanar Forces
Coplanar forces, i.e., forces that all lie in
the same plane.
System of Coplanar System
When a force is resolved into two components along
the x and y axes, the components are then called
rectangular components.
we can represent these components in two ways
1. Scalar Notation
2. Cartesian vector notation.
1. Scalar Notation
F can be represented as
F = Fx + Fy
Then
Fx = F cos θ
Fy = F sin θ
2. Cartesian Vector Notation
F = Fx i + Fy j
Example-4
Determine the x and y components of F1 and F2 acting on
the boom shown in Fig using (1) Scalar Notation (2)
Cartesian Vector Notation
Coplanar Force Resultants
We can use either of the two methods just described
to determine the resultant of several coplanar forces
But we need to take care of Quadrant System
Quadrant System
1. Scalar Notation
2. Cartesian Components
Example-5
The link in the figure is
subjected to two forces,
F1 and F2. Determine the
resultant magnitude and
orientation of the
resultant force.
Scalar Solution
Scalar Solution
+
→ FR x = Fx
FR x = 600cos 30o N − 400sin45o N = 236.8 N →
+ FR y = Fy
FR y = 600sin 30o N + 400cos45o N = 582.8 N
582.8 N
= tan −1 = 67.9 o
236.8 N
Scalar Solution
Note: How FR is
directed in 1st Quadrant?
Cartesian Vector Solution
Cartesian Vector Solution
F = ( 600cos 30 ˆi + 600sin 30 ˆj ) N
r o o
1
F = ( 600cos 30 ˆi + 600sin 30 ˆj ) N
r o o
2
r r r
FR = F1 + F2
( )
= 600cos 30o ˆi + 600sin 30 o ˆj N +
( )
600cos 30o ˆi + 600sin 30o ˆj N
( )
r
FR = 236.8iˆ + 582.8jˆ N
Example-6 (Practice)
The link in the figure is
subjected to 3 forces, F1 ,
F2 and F3. Determine the
resultant magnitude and
orientation of the
resultant force using
cartesian vector notation
and scalar notation form.
Solution
Solution
Solution
Practice
Practice by calculating resultant using
Scalar Notation.
Which Method was
easier?
Questions?
