Module 1 - Society, State and Polity in India
1. State in Ancient India: Evolu onary Theory, Force Theory, Mys cal Theory,
Contract Theory Prachin Bharat mein rajya ki utpa ke kai siddhant hain.
Evolu onary Theory kehte hain ki rajya ka vikas samajik avashyakta ke anuroop
hua. Force Theory kehta hai ki shak ke bal par rajya bana. Mys cal Theory ke
anusar rajya Ishwar ki iccha se bana hai. Contract Theory ka vichar hai ki janata
ne apne suraksha ke liye samvidhanik roop se shashak chuna. Yeh sab siddhant
batate hain ki Bharat mein rajya ki soch aur uska swaroop samay ke saath kaafi
viksit hua tha.
2. Stages of State Forma on in Ancient India, Kingship, Council of Ministers,
Administra on Bharat mein rajya nirman kai charanon mein hua. Pratham
charan janpad the, phir mahajanpad bane. Kingship ka matlab tha raja ka divine
right. Rajya mein mantriyon ka parishad hota tha jaise purohit, senapa , amaty
etc. Prashasan mein nyay vyavastha, rajsva sangrah, sainya prabandhan, aur lok
kalyan se judi kriyayein thi. Maurya aur Gupta samay mein yeh prashasan
vyavastha aur adhik vikshit hui thi.
3. Poli cal Ideals in Ancient India: Welfare of Socie es, Seven Limbs of the
State Prachin Bharat mein rajya ka uddeshya tha jan kalyan. Kau lya ne
"Saptang Siddhant" diya jisme rajya ke saat ang bataye gaye: Swami (king),
Amatya (ministers), Janapada (territory), Durga (fort), Kosa (treasury), Danda
(army), Mitra (ally). Yeh darshata hai ki rajya ke liye lokhit sabse mahatvapurna
tha.
4. Society in Ancient India: Purusartha, Varna-Ashrama, Marriage Purusartha
ke chaar lakshya the: Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha. Varna vyavastha mein
samaj ko chaar varg mein baanta gaya: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, aur Shudra.
Ashrama mein jeevan ke chaar charan hote the: Brahmacharya, Grihastha,
Vanaprastha, Sanyas. Vivah ek pavitra sanskar mana gaya.
5. Understanding Gender as a Social Category Gender sirf biological difference
nahi hota, balki ek samajik rachna bhi ho hai. Samaj mein purush aur mahila
ke roop mein alag alag bhoomikaayein banayi gayi hain. Yeh bhoomikaayein
samay ke saath badli nahi jaa , aur aksar mahilaon ko kamzor aur purushon ko
prabhutvashali dikhaya jata hai. Gender ek dharna hai jise samaj, sanskri ,
dharm aur paramparaon ke madhyam se banaya gaya hai. Mahilayein aksar
samajik, arthik aur rajnee k sthi mein pichhe chhoot jaa hain. Isliye, gender
ko samajhna aur iske peeche ke samajik tanav ko pehchanna bahut zaroori hai.
6. Representa on of Women in Historical Tradi ons I has mein mahilao ki
sthi mil -jula rahi hai. Vedic yug mein unhe shiksha aur dharmik kriya mein
sthaan tha. Gargi aur Maitreyi jaise naam iske udaharan hain. Lekin baad mein
mahilaon ki sthi mein girawat aayi. Unhe grih ka kaam aur pa ke anuroop
rehna pada. Rajya aur dharm granthon mein bhi unka chhavi aksar purush-
pramukh dikhaya gaya. Is prakar, mahilaon ki pra nidhitva samay ke saath kam
hota gaya.
7. Challenges Faced by Women Mahilayein kai samajik aur arthik chunau yon
ka samna kar rahi hain. Jaise—bal vivah, dahej pratha, shiksha se vanchit
hona, kaam ki jagah par asuraksha. Unka apna as tva daba diya jata tha. Aaj
bhi kai jagah mahilayein in samasyaon se joojh rahi hain. I has se humein yeh
seekh mil hai ki samaj mein barabari lane ke liye gender samanta bahut
avashyak hai.
8. Four-class Classifica on (Varna Vyavastha) Prachin Bharat mein samaj ko
chaar varn mein baanta gaya: Brahmin (gyani), Kshatriya (yodha), Vaishya
(vyapari), Shudra (sevak). Yeh vyavastha karm ke aadhar par bani thi, lekin baad
mein janm par adharit ho gayi. Isne samaj mein asamanata aur bhedbhav ko
janam diya. Varna vyavastha samajik rachna ko majboot banane ke liye thi,
lekin samay ke saath yah vyavastha rigid aur anyaayapurn ho gayi.
9. Slavery in Ancient India Prachin Bharat mein daas-pratha yaani slavery ka
prachalan tha. Daas ya dasi ve log the jo yudh mein pakde jaate the ya rin ke
badle daas ban jaate the. Manusmri jaise dharm granthon mein daas ke
niyam likhe gaye hain. Kuch daas apne kartavya se mukta bhi ho jaate the.
Lekin samanya roop se daas samaj mein nichli sthi rakhte the aur unke saath
anyaay hota tha.
(Baaki Modules 2, 3 aur 4 mein bhi jo topics bache hain, wo ab next round
mein karte hain. Ready?)
Module 2 - Indian Literature, Culture, Tradi on, and
Prac ces
1. The Vedas, The Upanishads, The Ramayana and The Mahabharata
Ved Bharat ke prachin gyaan ka mool srot hain – Rigveda, Samveda, Yajurveda,
Atharvaveda. Yeh mantra aur stu ke roop mein hain jo devon ko samarpit
hain. Upanishad vedon ke ant mein aate hain aur gyaan, atma, brahman aur
moksha jaise ta von par chintan karte hain. Ramayana Maharishi Valmiki
dwara likhit ek mahakavya hai jo Maryada Purusho am Ram ke jeevan par
adharit hai. Mahabharata Maharishi Ved Vyas dwara rachit hai, jo Pandavon
aur Kauravon ke yudh aur Krishna ke updesh (Bhagavad Gita) ko darshata hai.
Yeh granth Bharat ke sanskar, dharm aur jeevan shaili ke mool adhaar hain.
2. Puranas
Puran Bharat ke lokpriya dharmik aur sanskri k sahitya ka ek mahatvapurna
ang hain. Inmein srish , sanhar, devtaon, rishiyon, aur vanshavalion ka varnan
hota hai. Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, Bhagavata Purana jaise pramukh
puranon mein dharmik kathayein aur jeevan ke niyam diye gaye hain. Inmein
lok kalyan, dharm palan, aur aadarsh jeevan shaili ki baatein ho hain. Puranon
ka uddeshya tha ki aam janata ko dharm aur sanskri ke moolyon se avagat
karana.
3. Buddhist and Jain Literature in Pali, Prakrit and Sanskrit
Buddhism ka sahitya mukhyataḥ Pali bhasha mein likha gaya jaise Tripitaka –
Vinaya Pitaka, Su a Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka. Jain dharm ka prachin sahitya
Prakrit mein milta hai jaise Agamas aur Siddhanta Granth. In granthon mein
ahimsa, satya, aparigrah jaise siddhanton ka varnan hai. Baad mein Jain aur
Bauddh sahitya Sanskrit mein bhi likha gaya. Yeh sahitya Bharat ki dharmik aur
darshanik paramparaon ka pra nidhitva karta hai.
4. Kau lya’s Arthashastra
Kau lya ya Chanakya dwara likhit Arthashastra ek rajnee aur arthvyavastha
par adharit granth hai. Isme rajya ke sanchalan, kootni , arthvyavastha, yuddh
nee , aur prashasan ke sambandh mein vistrit jankari di gayi hai. Arthashastra
ne “Dandani ” yaani shasan ki ni ko spasht roop se vyakhya kiya. Yeh granth
prachin Bharat ke rajnee k soch aur prashasanik samarthya ka praman hai.
5. Famous Sanskrit Authors
Bharat mein kai mahan Sanskrit lekhak hue hain – Kalidas (Abhijnan
Shakuntalam, Meghdoot, Kumarasambhavam), Bhasa (Swapnavasavada a),
Bhavabhu (U ar Ramacharita), Vishakhada a (Mudrarakshasa), aur
Banabha a (Harshacharita). Inke sahitya mein kavita, natak, aur charitra ka
samvedansheel aur kalaatmak roop milta hai. Inhone Sanskrit sahitya ko swarn
yuga mein pahunchaya.
6. Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Sangam Literature
Dakshin Bharat ke sahitya mein Telugu mein Nannayya, Tikkana, aur
Yerrapragada jinke dwara Mahabharata ka anuvaad hua. Kannada mein Pampa,
Ranna, aur Harihara jaise kavi hue. Malayalam mein Ezhuthachan ne Ramayana
ko lokbhasha mein likha. Tamil mein Sangam sahitya prachin kavita sangrah hai
jisme samajik, prem, veer ras, aur dharmik vishayon ka varnan hai. Yeh sab
literature Bharat ki vivid bhasha aur sanskri ka pra bimb hai.
7. Northern Indian Languages and Literature
U ar Bharat mein Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri jaise bhashik sahitya viksit hua. Kabir,
Tulsidas, Surdas jaise bhak kavi is yug ke pramukh kavi the. Tulsidas ki
Ramcharitmanas Awadhi mein likhi gayi thi. Surdas ki rachnayein Braj bhasha
mein thi. Yeh sahitya lokbhasha mein likha gaya aur samanya jan tak pahunch
banayi.
8. Persian and Urdu Literature
Mughal yug mein Persian rajbhasha thi. Abul Fazl ne Ain-i-Akbari aur
Akbarnama likha. Urdu bhasha ka vikas Hindi aur Persian ke sangam se hua. Mir
Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib jaise shayar is yug ke mashhoor kavi the. Urdu mein
gazal, nazm, aur qasida jaise sahityik roop viksit hue.
9. Hindi Literature
Hindi sahitya ke chaar yug maane jaate hain – Virgatha Kal, Bhak Kal, Ri Kal,
aur Adhunik Kal. Bhak Kal mein Kabir, Meera, Tulsidas jaise santkavi hue. Ri
Kal mein Bihari, Keshavdas jaise kavi shringar aur nayika bhed likhte the.
Adhunik Kal mein Premchand, Nirala, Mahadevi Verma jaise lekhakon ne
samajik aur rashtriya vishayon par likha. Hindi sahitya ne rashtravaad aur samaj
sudhar mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhayi.
Module 3 - Indian Religion, Philosophy, and Prac ces
1. Pre-Vedic and Vedic Religion
Pre-Vedic yug mein log prakri ke tatvon jaise agni, jal, vayu, prithvi ko poojte
the. Unka dharm prakri k balon se bhaya aur kripa ki prarthana par adharit
tha. Vedic yug mein yagna, devpooja, mantra jaap aur havan mukhya dharmik
kriyaayein thi. Rigveda ke devta – Indra, Agni, Varun – mukhya the. Dharm,
satya aur rit (cosmic order) ko bahut mahatva diya gaya. Is yug mein dharm aur
samajik vyavastha ka vikas hua.
2. Buddhism
Buddhism ki sthapna Gautam Buddha ne 6th century BCE mein ki. Is dharm ne
ahimsa, madhyam marg, aur atma-vishwas ko mahatva diya. Buddha ne 4 Arya
Satya aur Ashtangik Marg ka gyaan diya. Bauddh dharm do mukhya shakhaon
mein vibhakt hua – Hinayana aur Mahayana. Yeh dharm rajashray ke karan
Bharat ke alawa China, Japan, Sri Lanka aur Tibet mein bhi viksit hua. Bauddh
monasteries aur stupa unki dharmik paramparaon ke pra nidhi hain.
3. Jainism
Jain dharm ki sthapna Rishabhdev se ho hai, lekin isse sangathit roop se 24
Tirthankaron ne badhava diya, jinmein Mahavir (24th) sabse pramukh hain. Jain
dharm ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, aparigrah jaise panch mahavraton
par adharit hai. Jain sahitya prakrit bhasha mein likha gaya. Jain dharm mein
moksha prapt karne ke liye tapasya, satvik jeevan aur gyaan zaroori maana gaya
hai.
4. Six Systems of Indian Philosophy (Shad Darshan)
Bhara ya darshan ke 6 mukhya school hain: Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga,
Mimansa, aur Vedanta. Nyaya tark par adharit hai, Vaisheshika padarthon ke
gyaan par. Sankhya dualism mein vishwas rakhta hai – prakri aur purusha ke
roop mein. Yoga patanjali dwara diya gaya jisme ashtang yog (yam, niyam, asan,
pranayam etc.) mukhya hai. Mimansa vedon ke karmakand ko mahatva deta
hai. Vedanta brahman aur atma ke ekatva ka gyaan deta hai.
5. Shankaracharya
Adi Shankaracharya 8th century ke mahan darshanik the. Unhone Advaita
Vedanta ka prachar kiya jo kehta hai ki atma aur brahman ek hi hain. Unhone
bharat ke chaar kono mein math sthapit kiye – Jyo rmath, Govardhanmath,
Shringeri math, aur Dwaraka math. Unka uddeshya tha sanatan dharm ka
punaruthan. Unki rachnayein – Vivekachudamani, Atma Bodha aadi ne darshan
mein mahatvapurna yogdan diya.
6. Various Philosophical Doctrines & Other Heterodox Sects
Bhara ya darshanik parampara mein kuch heterodox sects bhi the jaise
Charvaka, Ajivika. Charvaka ne materialism ka samarthan kiya – unka maanna
tha ki sukh hi jeevan ka an m lakshya hai aur pratyaksha gyaan hi satya hai.
Ajivika ne niya ya fate ka siddhant diya. In vichardharayon ne Bhara ya
chintan mein vividhta aur gahanata laayi.
7. Bhak Movement
Bhak Andolan 7th se 17th shatabdi tak chala. Ismein bhak aur prem ke
madhyam se bhagwan tak pahunch banana mukhya tha. Ramanuja, Kabir,
Meera, Tulsidas, Surdas jaise santon ne is andolan ko jan andolan bana diya.
Isne ja -vyavastha aur panditvad ke viruddh awaaz uthayi aur sabko samta ka
sandesh diya. Isne lokbhasha mein bhak geet likhkar dharm ko jan-jan tak
pahunchaya.
8. Sufi Movement
Sufi andolan Islam ke spiritual pehlu ko darshata hai. Ismein prem, daya aur
bhagwan se milan ka marg zikr, sama (music), aur fakiri se jata hai. Khwaja
Moinuddin Chish , Nizamuddin Auliya jaise Sufi santon ne Hindu-Muslim ekta,
prem aur insaniyat ka paigham diya. Sufi silsile jaise Chish , Suhrawardi, aur
Qadri prachlit rahe.
9. Socio-Religious Reform Movements of 19th Century
19th century mein Bri sh rule ke dauraan kai samaj sudhar andolan hue. Raja
Ram Mohan Roy ne Brahmo Samaj banaya jo sa pratha, bal vivaah, aur
andhvishwas ke viruddh tha. Dayanand Saraswa ne Arya Samaj banaya jismein
vedon ki shuddhi aur samajik sudhar ki baat ki. Swami Vivekananda ne Vedanta
aur spiritual na onalism ka prachar kiya. In andolanon ne modern Bharat mein
dharm aur samaj ke naye roop ko janm diya.
10. Modern Religious Prac ces
Aaj ke samay mein dharmik paramparaayein adhunik roop le chuki hain.
Mandir aur masjid ke alawa log online pooja, satsang aur dhyan karte hain.
Yoga aur medita on duniya bhar mein popular hue hain. Log dharm ko ab
spiritual aur wellness ke roop mein bhi dekhte hain. Lekin kai jagah dharmik
kathorta aur sampradayikta bhi samasya ban rahi hai. Isliye aaj dharm aur
darshan ko samvedansheel aur samaveshi drish se samajhne ki zarurat hai.
Module 4 - Science, Management and Indian
Knowledge System
1. Astronomy in India
Bhara ya jyo sh shastra ka i has Rigveda se milta hai. Nakshatraon aur grahon
ka gyaan logon ko khe , tyohaar, aur samay gyaan ke liye milta tha. Aryabhata
ne Aryabha ya mein grah-ga yon ka vistrit varnan kiya. Varahamihir ne Brihat
Samhita likhi jo jyo sh ke alawa samanya vijñan ka bhi sangrah hai. India mein
Surya Siddhanta aur Panchsiddhan ka jaise granthon ne astronomy ko
scien fic roop diya.
2. Chemistry in India
Rasayan shastra ka prachin roop Ayurveda aur alchemy se juda tha. Nagarjuna
aur Acharya Kanad jaise rishiyon ne dhatu vijnan, aushadhi nirmaan aur
rasayan tatvon ka vikas kiya. Rasaratnakar aur Rasarnava jaise granth is gyaan
ko darshate hain. Dyeing, metallurgy, aur aushadhi nirmaan mein rasayan
vigyaan ka prachur upyog tha.
3. Mathema cs in India
Bhara ya ganit mein shunya (0) ka avishkaar sabse mahatvapurna yogdan hai.
Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II jaise ganitgyaniyon ne algebra,
trigonometry, aur arithme c mein maha vapoorn yogdan diya. Decimal
system, zero, aur anant (infinity) ke siddhant yahin se viksit hue. Lilava aur
Bijaganita jaise granth ganit ke pramukh sahitya hain.
4. Physics in India
Acharya Kanad ne anu (atom) ka siddhant diya. Vaisheshik Darshan mein ga ,
padarth, aakash, aur kaal jaise tatvon ka varnan hai. Bhara ya shilp, dhvani,
prakash aur ga ke siddhanton ko vyavasthit roop diya gaya tha. Jal yantra aur
surya yantra jaise yantron ka prayog prakri k balon ke samajh mein hota tha.
5. Agriculture in India
Rigveda mein khe aur krishi ke vividhtatmak roop milte hain. Krishi-shastra
jaise Varahamihir ke granthon mein faslon ki khe , mausam ke anusaar beej,
aur sinchai ke tareekon ka varnan hai. Nadiyon ka jal istemal, mi ke prakaar,
aur animal husbandry jaise concepts ka prachin gyaan tha.
6. Medicine in India
Ayurveda Bharat ki prachin chikitsa paddha hai jiska uddeshya shareer-mann-
aatma ki santulan se aarogya banana hai. Charaka Samhita aur Sushruta
Samhita pramukh granth hain. Sushruta ne shalya chikitsa (surgery) mein
vishesh yogdan diya. Yoga aur pranayama bhi is chikitsa paddha ka hissa hain.
7. Metallurgy in India
Iron Pillar of Delhi prachin metallurgy ka pramaan hai jo bina zung ke sadiyon
se sthir hai. Zinc dis lla on, bronze, aur steel banane mein India ka yogdan
mahatvapurna tha. Rasaratnakar jaise granthon mein dhatu nirmaan aur
purifica on ki techniques mil hain.
8. Geography
Bhara ya rishiyon ne sthal, samay aur disha ka adhyayan kiya. ‘Bhu-gol’ shabd
ka upyog hota tha jisme prithvi ke aakar, sthal-rup, samudra aur nadiyon ka
varnan hota tha. Aryabhata aur Varahamihira ke granthon mein geography ke
kayi pehlu milte hain.
9. Biology
Ayurveda mein sharir rachna (anatomy), vriksha gyaan (botany), aur prani
vijnan (zoology) ka varnan hai. Sushruta Samhita mein human body ke parts,
nervous system, aur blood circula on par prachin gyaan milta hai. Vriksha
Ayurveda mein paudhon ki rogon aur unki dekhbhal ka ullekh hai.
10. Harappan Technologies
Harappan sabhyata mein advanced drainage system, pakke eet, aur granaries
jaise construc on technologies ka upyog hota tha. Unka town planning
systema c tha. Unhone bronze tools, weights and measures, aur seals banane
ki kala mein praveenata dikhayi.
11. Water Management in India
Bharat mein prachin kaal se hi jal sanrakshan ki parampara rahi hai. Baoli, talab,
check dams jaise water harves ng ke tareeke use hote the. Kau lya ne
Arthashastra mein jal vyavastha par likha. Rajasthan aur Gujarat jaise sookhe
kshetron mein bhi lok ne jal vyavastha kaushalon se banayi.
12. Tex le Technology in India
India mein co on aur silk ka nirman aur niryaat vishesh tha. Dyeing, weaving,
aur embroidery mein Bharat ke kai kshetra pramukh the jaise Banaras,
Kanchipuram. Indus Valley se hi co on fabrics ka pramaan milta hai. Prakri k
rangon ka upyog hota tha.
13. Wri ng Technology in India
Harappan script, Brahmi aur Kharosh jaise prachin lipiyon ka vikas Bharat
mein hua. Patra (leaves), bhurjapatra, aur takh yon par likhne ki kala thi. Gupta
kaal mein likhne ke liye sookshm likhan aur takniki gyaan ka prayog hota tha.
14. Pyrotechnics in India
Prachin Bharat mein fireworks aur gunpowder jaise materials ka gyaan tha.
Rasashastra mein dhatuon aur chemicals ka mishran jaankar kiya jata tha.
Diwali jaise tyohaaron mein roshni aur dhamako ka prayog prachin samay se
hota aaya hai.
15. Trade in Ancient India & India’s Dominance up to Pre-colonial Times
Bharat ek samriddh vyapari desh tha. Silk Route, Spice Route jaise raaston se
Bharat ka vyapar Europe, Arabia, aur China tak hota tha. Bharat ke kapde,
masale, sona-chandi videshon mein mashhoor the. Vijayanagar, Chola jaise
samraajyon ne samudrik vyapar ko badhava diya. Pre-colonial Bharat duniya ke
richest desh mein se ek tha.
