AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

MODULE 5

The automobile emissions play a major role in the air pollution menace. Various causes of
the genesis and exodus of those pollutants have been identified.

CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILES IN INDIA:

The three main types of automotive vehicles being used in our country are
a) Passenger cars powered by four stroke gasoline engines
b) Motor cycles, scooters and auto rickshaws powered mostly by small two stroke
gasoline engines
c) Large buses and trucks powered mostly by four stroke diesel engines

EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLES are generally classified as

a) Exhaust emissions
b) Crank case emissions and
c) Evaporative emissions

EXHAUST EMISSIONS: The important exhaust emissions from a gasoline engine care
carbon dioxide, unburnt hydro carbons, nitrogen oxides and particulates containing lead
compounds. These emissions vary with the air fuel ration spark timings and the engine
operating conditions.

CRANK CASE EMISSIONS: It consist of engine blow by which leaks past the piston
mainly during the compression stroke, and of all vapors generated into the crank case. The
quality of blow by depends on engine design and operating conditions. Worn out piston rings
and cylinder liner may greatly increase blow by. Those gases mainly contain hydro carbons
and account nearly for 25% of the total hydro carbon emissions from a passenger car.

EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS: Through a short term experimental determination it has

been estimated that an average Indian passenger car would emit about 20 kg of hydro carbons
through evaporation annually. For controlling evaporation of fuel from the carburetor and
fuel system Systems are being developed that store fuel vapors in the crank case or on a

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 1

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

charcoal canister that absorbs hydro carbons for recycling the engine.
Evaporative emissions essentially constitute the fuel evaporation from the fuel tank and
carburetors and consists of hydro carbons alone The amount of pollutants, that an automobile
emits depends on a number of factors, including the design and operation (idle, acceleration
etc) of the hydro carbons emitted by a car with no controls, the exhaust gases account for
roughly 65%, evaporation from the fuel tank and carburetors for roughly 15% and blow by
crank emission gases that escape around the piston rings for about 20%.

DIESEL POWERED ENGINES: Diesel powered vehicles create relatively minor

pollution problems compared to gasoline powered ones. The diesel engine exhausts only
about a tenth of the amount of carbon monoxide exhausted by a gasoline engine, although
its hydro carbon emissions. They approach those of the gasoline engine. Blow by is
negligible in the diesel, since the cylinders contain only air on the compression stroke.
Evaporative emissions are also low because the diesel engine uses a closed injection fuel
system and because the fuel is less volatile than gasoline. The major problems of diesel
engines are smoke and odour.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VEHICLE EXHAUSTS:

 Contacts with pollutants – Irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory system
 Excess amount of carbon dioxide and Methane – Asphyxiates
 Lack of Oxygen – destroys brain cells and affects central nervous system.
The adverse effects experiment by the individual depends on
a. Age
b. General state of health and nutrition
c. Concurrent exposure
d. Pre-existing disease
e. Temperature and humidity of the time of exposure, duration of exposure
f. Nature and concentration of pollutants

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SOME POLLUTANTS ARE

1) Particular matter – smoke from diesel engines and load from gas line engines
produces skin cancer and tumors of the lungs.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 2

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

2) Lead – long term effects, high blood levels, and anemia affects liver and kidney
functions.
3) Carbon monoxide – it reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood, irreversible damage
to the central nervous system.
4) Hydrocarbons – it causes smog which in turn damage plant, eye and imitation in
respiratory tract.
5) NOX – death and chronic respiratory diseases.

CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN VEHICLES:

Two main approaches to minimize exhaust emissions are
1. Modifications in the engine design and operating variables.
2. Treatment of exhaust gases after emission from the engine.

The following modifications may help in cleaner exhaust.

1. Use of cleaner idle mixtures.
2. Use of cleanest possible mixture and maximum spark retard compatible with
good power output and drivability
3. Use of minimum valve over tap necessary.
4. Pre-treatment of the mixture to improve vaporization and mixing of fuel with air.
5. Low quench combustion chambers
6. Piston and ring variables

1. Exhaust treatment devices

The basic techniques are to promote oxidation of HC and CO after emission

from the engine. Exhaust oxidation devices fall into two categories
a. Promotion of after burning of the pollutants by exhaust heat conservation,
introduction of additional air and by providing sufficient volume to ensure adequate
reaction time
b. Use of catalytic converters. In after burners air from an engine driven blower is injected
into the exhaust stream just after the exhaust valve. Sometimes an additional source of
ignition is provided in the exhaust passage to initiate the after burning under certain

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 3

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

engine conditions. Other methods

1) Petrol injection
2) Stratified charge engine

CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS:

Insulation of the fuel tank to reduce temperature, sealed and pressurized fuel
systems, and vapor collection systems have all been explored to reduce tank emissions.

CONTROL OF CRANK CASE EMISSIONS:

Designers are shifting crank-case exhaust vents from simple open ending to a feed back.
New engines equipped with the positive crank-base ventilation (PVC) system return
crank-case vapors through a vacuum valve, back to downstream side of the carburetor
recycling burns hydrocarbon in the cylinders, dropping overall pollution by 25%

CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILE POLLUTION:

1. ROLE OF LEGISLATION:
Enforcement of laws is an imp. tool in curbing automobile pollution. The auto emission
standards can be promulgated at two stages i.e.at manufacturing & at road level. At
manufacturing stage, the emission of various pollutants like CO, HCs, NOX & Particulates is
checked at the std. test condition. A national level legislation on this subject has come into
force after the amendment of the Motor Vehicles Act.
2. ROLE OF CONTROL DEVICES:
i. CRANKCASE EMISSION CONTROL BY PCV:
The pollution caused by crankcase is result of the leakage of HCs & other gases between
piston ring & cylinder wall which are then released out into the atmosphere through a vent. A
complete check on such emissions has been brought by a device called positive crankcase
ventilation (PCV), which provides return of crankcase blow-by to the engine for burning
again, instead of venting them out to the atmosphere.
ii.CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS USING VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATOR:
Devices have also been developed for controlling the evaporative losses of fuel from the
storage tank. One such device is an attachment of a vapour-liquid separator to the tank which
return liquid back to the fuel tank & releases vapours into a canister containing activated
Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 4
 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

carbon. The stored vapour in this canister are then purged into the combustion chamber
(cylinder) for burning.
iii. CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMISSION USING
a. CATALYTIC CONVERTERS:
Use of catalytic converters in two stages helps in eliminating pollutants from exhaust gases
before they are discharged into the atmosphere. In the 1st converter (NOX) is reduced to N2
(+NH3) in the presence of finely divided Pt, as catalyst & the reducing gases CO & HCs. The
production of NH3 is kept at a minimum under carefully controlled conditions.

In the 2nd converter, air is introduced to provide an oxidizing atmosphere for complete
oxidation of HC & CO into H2O & CO2 in the presence of finely divided Pt catalyst. One
problem of the Pt catalyst is that, it is liable to be poisoned by heavy metals (e.g. Pb) present
in gasoline itself. Hence Pb-free gasoline must be used for proper function of catalytic
converters.
b. STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE:
Honda Corporation of Japan has recommended this engine as an alternative to catalytic
converters. It contains an extra combustion chamber where a fuel-rich mixture is introduced
& ignited with a spark. This sets in combustion at a relatively low temp. as a result of which
NOX formation is minimized. The burning mixture is then fed into the large main chamber
where it gets mixed with a lean fuel mixture (which contains excess air). The combustion
proceeds to completion without stalling the engine. The presence of excess air ensures
complete combustion of HC & CO but the temp. remains low enough to limit the build-up of
NOX.
3. ROLE OF SUBSTITUTE FUEL:
Natural gas in both compressed (CNG) & liquefied forms (LNG) has been used as fuel.
Although it is an attractive pollution free fuel, there are problems of steady supply &
economic storage. Alcohols are other substitutes, but their combustion products, aldehydes
are eye irritants.
4. ROLE OF ALTERNATE POWER SOURCES:
The fourth possible solution to automotive emission problems is alternate power sources e.g.
steam, electric & gas turbine engines but none of these are economically viable as compared
to gasoline.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 5

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

Noise pollution: Causes, effects and control measures

Sound is main means of communication in many animals, including humans. A low sound is
pleasant and harmless. A loud, unpleasant or unwanted sound is called as noise. A given
sound can appear music to some and noise to others. It depends upon loudness, duration and
mood of a person.
Noise (La. nausea=seasickness) is physical form of pollution. It is not harmful to air, soil and
water but affects the animals including humans. Noise is unwanted sound, that is unpleasant,
loud and disruptive. Humans have a hearing range called as audible range. Audible range
depends upon frequency and loudness of sound. For a person with normal hearing, frequency
ranges from 20 to 20,000 Hz and loudness ranges from 0 to 120 dB. Sound is measured in
decibels (dB). A decibel value above 80 is considered to be noise pollution.

Sources of Noise Pollution

1. Industrialization: Most of the industries use big machines which are capable of producing
noise. Apart from that, various equipment‟s like compressors, generators, exhaust fans,
grinding mills also participate in producing noise.
2. Poor Urban Planning: In most of the developing countries, poor urban planning also play
a vital role. Congested houses, large families sharing small space, parking lots, street noise,
honking, commercial zone leads to noise pollution which disrupts the environment of society.
3. Social Events: Noise is at its peak in most of the social events. Whether it is marriage,
parties, pub, disc or place of worship, people normally defy rules set by the local
administration and create nuisance in the area. People play songs on full volume and dance
till midnight which makes the condition of people living nearby pretty worse.
4. Transportation: Large number of vehicles on roads, aero planes, trains produce heavy
noise. The high noise leads to a situation wherein a normal person lose the ability to hear
properly.
5. Construction Activities: Construction activities like mining, construction of bridges,
dams, buildings, stations, roads, flyovers take place in almost every part of the world. These
construction activities have to be continued to meet the demand of ever increasing
Population. It also creates noise pollution.
6. Household Chores: We people are surrounded by gadgets and use them extensively in our
daily life. Gadgets like TV, mobile, mixer grinder, pressure cooker, vacuum cleaners,

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 6

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

washing machine and dryer, cooler, air conditioners are also contributors to the amount of
noise that is produced and but many times it affects the quality of life of our neighborhood.
7. Fireworks: Firework is a common thing during various fairs, festivals and cultural
ceremonies. Apart from air pollution, the intensity of their sound creates noise pollution.
8. Agricultural Machines: Tractors, thrashers, harvesters, tube wells, powered tillers etc.
have all made agriculture highly mechanical but at the same time highly noisy.
9. Defence Equipment and launching of satellites: A lot of noise pollution is added to the
atmosphere by artillery, tanks, launching of rockets, explosions, exercising of military
airplanes and shooting practices. Screams of jet engines and launching of satellite, sonic
booms have a deafening impact on the ears.
10.Miscellaneous Sources: The automobile repair shops, market places, schools, colleges,
bus stands, and railway stations etc. are other sources of noise pollution.

Effects of noise pollution

Human response to noise varies from man to man according to age and temperament. It may
vary even in the same individual from time to time because of change in health, fatigue and
other conditions (Fig). The effects of noise on human beings are as under:-
1) Auditory effects: It includes deafness or auditory fatigue.
Deafness or impaired hearing: Prolonged exposures to noise lead to gradual deterioration of
internal ear and subsequently hearing loss or deafness. It may occur due to continuous
exposure to noise level of more than 90 dB. It may be temporary or permanent. Explosions or
other high intensity sounds can also cause immediate deafness by rupturing the ear drums or
damaging the cochlea. Many time hearing loss is attributed to occupation.
Auditory fatigue: It is defined as a temporary loss of hearing after exposure to sound.
Continuous humming sound such as whistling and buzzing in the ears.
2) Non auditory effects: These are:-
Irritation and annoyance: Noise, sometimes, leads to emotional disturbances and makes
people loose their temper. It can interfere with proper rest and sleep. Annoyance seems to
increase with the loudness of the sound.
Work efficiency: It has been observed that noise reduces the efficiency of work.
Physiological effects: It includes dilation of the pupils, paling of skin, tensing of voluntary
muscles, diminishing of gastric secretions, increase in diastolic blood pressure and the sudden
injection of adrenalins into blood stream which increases neuromuscular tension,
Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 7
 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

nervousness, irritability and anxieties. It can adversely affect the development of unborn
babies.
Other health effects: Noise is also associated with headache, giddiness, sweating, nausea,
fatigue, difficulty in breathing, disturbed sleep pattern, psychological stress.
Trouble Communicating: High decibel noise can put trouble and may not allow people to
communicate freely. Constant sharp noise can give you severe headache and disturb your
emotional balance.
Effect on Animals: Animals rely heavily on sounds to communicate, to find food, avoid
predators etc. Pets react more aggressively due to exposure to constant noise. They become
disoriented more easily and face many behavioral problems. Overexposure to high intensity
of noise affects the hearing ability of many animals. Man-made noise affects mating calls and
echolocation. This leads to reduction in survival and reproduction rates. At an ecosystem
level, noise pollution could lead to migration of animals. Their migration can affect the crop
production. Because many animals such as bats pollinate bananas, peaches, agave and other
cash crops.
Effect on non-living things: The noise booms cause cracks in walls of buildings as well as in
hills. Sonic boom can break window panes and buildings.

Steps to Control Noise pollution

Noise pollution can be effectively controlled by taking the following measures:
(1) Control at receiver’s end: For people working in noisy installations, ear-protection aids
like ear-plugs, ear-muffs, noise helmets, headphones etc. must be provided to reduce
occupational exposure.
(2) Suppression of noise at source: It can be achieved by following methods:
a. Designing, fabricating and using quieter machines to replace the noisy ones.
b. Proper lubrication and better maintenance of machines.
c. Installing noisy machines in sound proof chambers.
d. Covering noise-producing machine parts with sound-absorbing materials to check
noise production.
e. Reducing the noise produced from a vibrating machine by vibration damping i.e.
making a layer of damping material (rubber, neoprene, cork or plastic) beneath the
machine.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 8

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

f. Using silencers to control noise from automobiles, ducts, exhausts etc.

(3) Acoustic Zoning: There should be silence zones near the residential areas, educational
institutions and above all, near hospitals. Zoning of noisy industrial areas, bus terminals and
railway stations, aerodromes etc. away from the residential areas i.e. increasing the distance
between source and receiver.
(4) Sound Insulation at Construction Stages: It reduces the chances of noise nuisance in
future. Some of these measures could be:
a) The space/cracks that get left between the door and the wall should be packed with sound
absorbing material.
(b) Sound insulation can be done by constructing windows with double or triple panes of
glass and filling the gaps with sound absorbing materials.
(c) Acoustical tiles, perforated plywood etc. can be fixed on walls, ceilings, floors etc. to
reduce noise (especially for sound proof recording rooms etc.)
(5) Planting of Trees: Green muffler scheme involves planting green trees and shrubs along
roads, hospitals, educational institutions etc. to reduce noise to a considerable extent. Trees
like Ashoka, Neem, Tamarind are good for this purpose.
(6) White noise:- It is a special type of sound signal which is used to mask background
sounds. White noise helps to mask out sounds which might otherwise prevent one from either
falling asleep or waking up whilst asleep.
(7) Legislative Measures: Strict legislative measures need to be enforced to curb the menace
of noise pollution. Noise standards (Table) should be strictly followed. Minimum use of
loudspeakers and amplifiers especially near silence zones. Banning pressure horns in
automobiles. Albeit, noise has been considered as pollutant under Air act and The noise
pollution (regulation and control) rules(2000) have been framed under Environment
protection act. But still people need to be educated about harmful effects of noise.
Table: Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise [Source: CPCB]
Area Code Category of Area/Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq*
Day Time Night Time
(A) Industrial area 75 70
(B) Commercial area 65 55
(C) Residential area 55 45
(D) Silence Zone 50 40

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 9

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

Note:
1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
3. Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 meters around
hospitals, educational institutions and courts.The silence zones are zones, which are
declared as such by the competent authority.
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four-abovementioned
categories by the competent authority.
*dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale
A which is relatable to human hearing. A”decibel” is a unit in which noise is measured.
“A” in dB (A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and
corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.
Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

I. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
 This act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the
maintenance or restoration of wholesomeness of water.
 As such, all human activities having a bearing on water quality are covered under this
Act.
 Subject to the provisions in the Act, no person without the pervious consent of the
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) can establish any industry, operation or any
treatment and disposal system or an extension or addition there to which is likely to
discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well sewer or on hand and have to
apply to the SPCB concerned to obtain the „consent to establish‟ as well as the
„consent to operate‟ the industry after establishment.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 10

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

II. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION)

CESS ACT, 1977
 The main purpose of this Act is to levy and collect cess on water consumed by certain
categories of industry specified in the schedule appended to the Act.
 The money thus collected is used by CPCB and SPCBs to prevent and control water
pollution.

III. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT,

1981
 The objective of the Air Act 1981 is to prevent, control and reduce air pollution
including noise pollution.
 Under provisions of this Act, no person shall, without previous consent of the SPCB,
establish or operate any industrial plant in air pollution control area the investor has to
apply to the SPCB/Pollution Control Committee (PCB) to consent.
 No person operating any industrial plant shall emit any air pollution in excess of the
standards laid down by the SPCB and have to comply with the stipulated conditions.

IV. THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986

This is an umbrella Act for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters
connected, which provides that no person carrying on any industry, operation or process
should discharge or emit or permit to discharged or emitted any environmental pollutant in
excess of such standards as may be prescribed.
 Several rules relative to various aspects of management of hazardous chemicals,
wastes, etc. have been notified. Under this Act, Central Govt. has rusticated,
prohibited location of industries in different areas so as to safeguard the environment.
 Many standards for air emissions, discharge of effluent and noise have been evolved
and notified.
 Subject to the provision of this Act, Central Govt. has the power to take all measures
as it deemed necessary for the purpose of protection and improving the environment.
 Procedures, safeguards, prohibition and restriction on the handling of hazardous
substances along with the prohibition and restriction on the location of industries in
different areas have notified.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 11

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

V. THE HAZARDOUS WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING)

RULES, 1989 & 2000.

 Hazardous wastes have been categories in 18 categories.
 Under this rule, project proponent handling hazardous waste must report to the
concerned authorities regarding handling of wastes, obtain authorization for handling
wastes, maintain proper records, file annual returns, label all packages, consignments
etc., report any accident immediately in for report import-export of hazardous waste.
 MOEF notified the HW (M&H) Amendment Rules in January 6, 2000 (MOEF,
2000a). Under this rule, toxic chemicals, flammable chemicals and explosive have
been redefined to be termed as „hazardous chemical‟. As per new criteria, 684
hazardous chemicals.

VI. THE MANUFACTURE, STORAGE AND IMPORT OF

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL RULES, 1989 & 2000.

 Under these rules, project proponents of any kind of hazardous industry have to
identify likely hazard and their anger potential. They also have to take adequate steps
to prevent and limit the consequences of any accident at site.

 Material safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all the chemicals in handling has to be
prepared. Workers on site are required to be provided with information, training and
necessary equipment to ensure their safety.
 Onsite Emergency Plan is to be prepared before initiating any activity at the site. Off-
site Emergency Plan is to be prepared by the District Controller in close collaboration
with the project proponents for any accident envisaged on site.
 The public in the vicinity of the plant should be informed of the nature major accident
that may occur on site and Do‟s and Don‟ts to be followed in case of such an
occurrence.
 Import of hazardous chemicals is to be reported to the concerned authority within 30
days from the data of import.
 MOEF made significant amendments in the MSIHC Rules, 1989 on January 20,
2000. Under new amendments, new schedule –I is incorporated with the increase in
the number of hazardous chemicals.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 12

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

 Renewal of authorization will be subject to submission of „Annual Returns‟ for

disposal of hazardous waste; reduction in the waste generated or recycled or reused;
fulfillment of authorization conditions and remittance processing and analysis fee.
 State government as well as occupier or its association shall be responsible for the
identification site for common waste disposal facility. Public hearing is also made
mandatory to be conducted by the state government before notifying any common
hazardous waste disposal site.
 Central/State government will provide guidance for the design, operation and closure
of common waste facility/landfill site. It is mandatory to obtain prior approval from
the SPCB for design and layout the proposed hazardous waste disposal facility.
VII. PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT, 1991.
 This Act, unique to India, on the owner the liability to immediate relief in respect of
death or to any person or damage to any property resulting from an accident while
handling hazardous any of the notified hazardous chemicals.
 This relief has to be provided on „no fault‟ basis.
 The owner handling hazardous chemical has to take an insurance policy to meet this
liability of an amount equal to its “Paid up capital” or up to Rs. 500 millions,
whichever less. The policy has to be renewed every year.

 New undertaking will have to take this policy before starting their activity. The owner
also has to pay an amount equal to its annual premium to the Central Government‟s
Environment Chief Fund (ERF). The reimbursement of medical expenses up to Rs.
12,500/-. The liability of the insurance is tied to Rs. 50 million per accident up to Rs.
150 million per year or up to the tenure of the policy.
 Any claims process to this liability will be paid from the ERF. In case the award still
exceeds, the remaining amount shall have to be met by the owner.
 The payment under the Act is only for the immediate relief; owners shall have to
provide the compensation if any, arising out of legal proceeding.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 13

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

VIII. THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL ACT, 1995.

 The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 is enacted to provide for strict liability
for damages arising out of indents occurring during handling of hazardous substances
and for establishment of National Environment Tribunal effective and expunction
disposal of cases arising from such accidents, with a view to giving relief and
compensation damages to person, and the environment.

IX. THE CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS (EMERGENCY PLANNING,

PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE RULES, 1996.

 These rule provided a statutory backup for setting up of a Crisis Group in districts and
states, which have Major Accident Hazard (MAH) installations for providing
information to the public.
 The rules define the MAH installations, which include industrial activity, transport
and isolated store at a site handing hazardous chemicals in quantities specified.
 As per the rules, GOI has constituted a Central Crisis Group (CCG) for the
management of chemical accidents a set up an alert system.
 The Chief Secretaries of all the States have also constituted Standing State Crisis
Groups (SSCG) to plan and response to chemical accidents in the state.
 The District Controller has to constitute District as Local Central Crisis Groups (DCG
and LCG).

 The CCG is the apex body in the country to deal with and provide expert guidance for
planning and handling major chemical accidents. It continuously monitors the post-
accident saturation and suggests measures for prevention occurrence of such
accidents.
 MOEF, GOI has published a state-wise list of experts and concerned officials. The is
the apex body of the state chaired by the Chief Secretary Consisting of GOI officials,
technical experts and industry representatives and deliberates on planning,
preparedness and mitigation of chemical accidents to reduce the loss of life, property
and ill-health.
 The SSCG reviews all the District off-site Emergency plants for its adequacy.
 District Collector is the Chairman of DCG serving as apex body at the district level.
DCG will review all the on-Emergency plants prepared by the occupier of the MAH

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 14

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

installations and conduct one full-scale of the off-cist Emergency plan at a site each
year.
 These rules enable preparation of on and off- site emergency plans, updation and
conduction of mock-drills.

X. THE BIOMEDICAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING)

RULES, 1998.
 The Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 regulates the
disposal of biomedical wastes including anatomical waste, blood, body fluids
medicines, glass wares and animals wastes by the health care institution (i.e. nursing
homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses pathological
laboratories and banks etc. in the cities having population more than 30 Lakh or all
the hospitals with bed strength more than 500.
 They are required to install and commission requisite facilities like incinerators,
autoclaves, microwave system etc. the treatment of biomedical waste.
 All the persons handling such sides are required to obtain permission from the
Appropriate Authority.
 Segregation of biomedical waste at source been made mandatory for all the
institutions and organizations dealing with them. These rules make the generator of
biomedical wastes liable to segregate, pack, store, transport, treat and dispose the
biomedical waste in an environmentally sound manner.

XI. MUNICIPAL WASTES (PROCESS AND DISPOSAL) DRAFT

RULES, 1999.
 Under these rules, municipal authority is made responsible for implementation of the
provisions of these rules and for any in structural development for collection, storage,
segregation transportation, processing and disposal of MSW and to comply with these
rules.
 Annual report is to be submitted by Municipal authority in From-I to the District
Magistrate/ Deputy Commissioner who shall have the power to enforce these rules.
We shall be managed as per Schedule-II.
 Disposal of MSW shall be through landfill as per specifications and standards laid
down in schedule-III.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 15

 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

 The standards for compost and disposal of treated leachate shall be followed by
Municipal Authorities as per Schedule-IV.

XII. THE RECYCLED PLASTIC MANUFACTURE AND USAGE

RULES, 1999.
 Under these rules, use of carry bags or containers made of recycled plastics for
storing, carrying dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs is prohibited.
 Carry bags or containers made of plastics can be manufactured only when (i) virgin
plastic in its natural shade or white is used and (ii) recycled plastic is used for
purposes other than storing and packaging foodstuff using pigments and colorants as
per IS: 9833: 1981.
 Recycling of plastics is to be undertaken strictly in accordance with the Bureau of
Indian standards Specification IS: 14534: 1998 entitled “The Guideline for Recycling
of Plastics”.
 Manufacture has to print on each packet of carry bags as „Made of Recycled Material‟
or „Virgin Plastic‟. The minimum thickness of carry bags should not be less than 20
microns.
 Finally, Plastic Industry Association through their member units has to undertake
self- regulatory measures.

XIII. THE FLY ASH NOTIFICATION, 1999.

 The notification to conserve topsoil and prevent the dumping and disposal of fly ash
discharged from coal or lignite based thermal power plants have been issued on
September 14, 1999.
 Under these directives it is mandatory for every brick manufacture within a radius of
50 km from coal or lignite based thermal power plant to mix at least 25% of ash (fly
ash/bottom ash/pond ash) with soil on weight-to-weight basis to manufacture clay
bricks or tiles or blocks used in construction activities.
 Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant has to make available ash, for at least
ten years from the date of publication of this notification, without any payment or any
other consideration, for the purpose of manufacturing ash-based products.
 Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant commissioned subject to
environmental condition stipulating the submission of an action plan has to achieve
Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 16
 AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL (17CV551)

the same within 9 years (15 years for plants not covered by environmental clearance).
 As per the directive, Central and state Govt. Agencies, the State Electricity Boards,
NTPC and the management of thermal power plants have to facilitate utilization of
ash and ash-based products in their respective schedule of specifications.
 All the local authorities have also to specify in their respective building bye-laws and
regulations about the use of ash and ash-based products.

XIV. THE BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING (DRAFT)

RULES, 2000.
 The MOEF issued the Batteries (M&H) (Draft) Rules, 2000 to control the hazard
associated with backyard smelting and unauthorized reprocessing of lead acid
batteries. The lead acid batteries are widely used automobiles such as cars, trucks,
buses, two- wheelers and inverters.
 As per the provision, battery manufactures, importers, assemblers and re-conditioned
have to collect old batteries on a one to one basis against the sale of new batteries.
 The batteries so collect have to be sent to recyclers, registered with MOEF for
recycling them in eco-friendly manner, unless battery manufactures them have such
recycling facilities.

 Registration is accorded by the MOEF to only those units, which have in place
appropriate manufacturing technology, pollution prevention systems and suitable
arrangements for waste disposal.
 Importers of new batteries, dealers as well as organization auctioning used batteries
have been brought under the purview of these rules.
 Only those re-processors registered with MOEF would be able to participate in sale
by auction or contract. As a result, middlemen and backyard smelters are debarred
from participation in any auction within the country.
 Manufactures have to incorporate suitable provisions for buyback, in case of bulk sale
of batteries by the manufacturers to bulk consumers.
 Recycling of ferrous metals such as lead and zinc helps to save energy vis-à-vis
primary metal production and is environment-friendly if reprocessing is done with
suitable arrangements for pollution a control and waste disposal. They also help
conserving precious metal resources.

Manohar P, Asst.Prof.,Dept. of Civil Eng., RYMEC, Ballari Page 17