mP ay wn \ . . \) Yin. Prey? \s grees Shan dewolink Frey? Chapter Overview of Satellite Systems Syllabus Working principle, Concepts and basic components of Satellite system: Earth segment, Space segment, Active and passive satellite, Geostationary and geosynchroncus satellites, Frequency allocations for satellite services, Uplink and downlink frequency, Satellite frequency bands, Basic terminologies used in satellite communication : Latitude, Longitude, Look angle, Elevation angle, Station keeping, Propagation delay time, Velocity, Look angle and foot print. Communication satelite orbits and its types : LEO, MEO, Elliptical orbit and GEO, Parameters and characteristics of various orbits, Kepler's law, Apogee and Perigee heights, Orbit perturbations, Effects of a non spherical earth, Atmospheric drag, Effect of eclipse on satellite motion. Ty Chapter Contents Pa Satellite Communication a Kepler's Laws Basic Concepts a ‘Orbit Perturbations Satellite Orbits Earth Eclipse of Satellite Types of Satellites Features of Satellite System Satellite Frequency Plans and Allocations Applications of Satellite Communication Basic Terminology used in Satellite Communication -Scheme Questions and Answers LEO, MEO and GEO SatellitesF onsc (Sem, 6/ Elex/MSBTE) — tae _ sucha relay system allows us t0 communicate with a, comer of the world. gram (Model) of a Satellite ation Systom : 4A Satellite Communication mnmunication systems hs “The use of satellites in cor use the mon now-a-days. This is becar become very cor earth. satellites can “see" a very large area of the the satelite can form star poi many users together, fe users widely separated — Hence int of a communications net, to link simultaneously, This will includ geographically. = The construction and laune extremely high. These costs are that means the cost of a short dstance satellite link is link h costs of a satellite are istance insensitive’, approximately same as that of along distance system is wously = Therefore a satellite communication economical only where the system is used co and a large number of users use it. 4.4.4 Gommunication using Satellites : ‘An artificial satellite orbit revolves around the earth in exactly the same manner as electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom. The paths in which satellites move are called as orbits. ‘The orbits are of different types such as synchronous orbits, polar orbits and inclined orbits, out of which the synchronous or geostationary orbit is used by the ‘geostationary satellites. = The geostationary satellites take exactly 24 hours to complete ene revolution around the earth, therefore they appear to be stationary. The satellites can be used for variety of purposes. Depending on the type of application, the satellites are classified into the following categories : 1. Communication satellites, 2. Remote sensing satelite, 3. Weather satellites. 4. Scientific satellites. 4.1.2 Principle of Satellite Communication ; = A geostationary communication satelite is basically a relay station in space. It receives signal from one earth station, amplifies it, improves the signal quality and radiate the signal back to other earth stations. 44.3 Block Dia MSBTE Quostions Q.4_ Draw block dlagram of $2 Communic: elite subsystem. (8-15, 4 Marks) the block diagram of 2 Draw and explain (W-16, 4 Marks) transponder / subsystem. The block diagram of a satellite communication system in in Fig. 41. An earth station transmits | tothe satellite using 2 highly is show formation signal directional dish antenna. receives this. signal, processes it-and The- satel transmits it back at a reduced frequency. the receiving earth stations will receive this signal using parabolic dish antennag pointed towards the satellite, The signal which is being transmitted upwards to the normally ata satellite is called’as the "uplink" and it frequency of*6 GHz. J The signal which is transmitted back to the receiving ‘earth station is called as the “downlink” and it is normally at a frequency of 4 GHz. Sotatta peta a <— gtd ts Some asi cote, (oats) Fig. 4. asic operation of satellite communication system Thus a satellite has to receive, process and transmit the signal. All these functions are performed by a unit «alled satelite transponder. A communication satellite generally has two sets of ‘transponders, each set having 12 transponders making ita total of 24 transponders. ach transponder has a bandwidth of 36 MHz,which is Sulfcient to handle at least one TV channel. WE Fecatanutesstam transponder i ea dowelink signal transmitted by the me onl ranspo vet ler is reefore interference between i feen ther pink and dovinlink frequencies ee to av e are selected diferent values. erect rhe operation of satelite takes place ot a very high signal frequencies in the microwave range, The typical sand of signal frequencies used for the communicati elites are as follows : vneven sat 1. Chand : 4/6 GHz 2. Kuband: 11/14 GHz 3, Kaband: 20/30GHz ‘he C band frequencies of 4/6 GHz indicate that the downlink frequency is 4 GHz while the uplink frequency is 6 GHz, One of the advantages of operating at such a igh frequency is reduction in the size of antennas and ether components of the system, _ itis extremely important to maintain the position of the satelite with respect to earth, Therefore control routines such as station keeping and altitude control are executed from the control room in the earth stations, = Multiple access methods such as FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) are used to allow the access of a satellite to the maximum number of earth stations. = The power requirement of a satelite is satisfied by solar panels and a set of nickel cadmium batteries, carried by the satellite itself 44.4. Benefits of Satellite Communication : dunpredes ae Q.1 ‘Explain advantages of satellite communication (4 points). (8-16, 8-18, 4 Marks) 1. itis possible to use the satelite communication system for different application such as scientific experiments, weather forecasting, mobile telephones, remote sensing, television etc. isc (Sem. 8/ Elox MSBTE) z & 2 43. overview of Satelite Systems, tink signal received a son the entire earth 2. The geostationary satellites can cover and hence they ean be used for global communication 3, The sotellte systems have excellent error rates: 44, The satelite services can be deployed almost instantly. 5, The cost of transmitting a message does not'depend on the distance to be travelled. Can monitor status of earth’s resources. 7. Navigation is possible. High transmission speed and large ‘transmission capacity. 9. Uniform service within their coverage area. 10. Can render direct services to user. 4.2 Basic Concepts 4.2.1 The Space Segment — We can divide the satellite communication system into two segments : Ground segment and space segment. The space segment includes satellites alongwith the ground facilities the satellite ‘operational. = The ground facilities that keep the satellite operational are called as tracking, telemetry and command (TT and ©) facilities. needed to keep Satellite equipments : = The classification of the equipments carried by the satelite can be done according to their functions as follows : 1. Payload. 2 Bus. 3. Transponder. 4. Payload: Payload is the equipment used to provide the desired services for which the satellite is launched. ° 2, Bus: Bus is a collective term used for the vehicle that carries the payload and various subsystems that provide power, attitude control, orbital control, alongwith the command and telemetry functions thermal control required to service the payload.WH. onsc (Sem. f/Elex/MSBTE) 3. Transponder ~ A wansponder is defined as the equipment In ® communication satelite that proves a connecting link between the transmitting and receiving antennas of the satelite, = This one of the main sections of the payload. Another important section of the payload is the antenna subsystem, 4.2.2 The Earth Sogmant : ~The earth segment of a satellite communication system is the part consisting of the transmit and receive earth Stations, ~The simplest earth system is the home TV receive only IVRO) system and the most complex one is terminal stations used for netwarks. International communication ~The earth segment also includes the stations which are Con the ships and mobile stations on land and in air for ‘commercial and military applications. 3 Active & Passive Satellites : = The sateltes can be of two types : 1. Passive satellites 2. Active satelites 4.2.4 Passive Satellite: - A passive satelite imply @ reflector which receives the signal from a transmitting earth station and scatters the signal in all the ditections,as shown in Fig. 42.1(2). Passive satelite o Earth (0-626) Fig. 4.2.1(a) : A passive satellite 44 A passive satelite reflect Overview ui veiwins 9) ts the EM signal without mmodifeation such as amplification, regenera, change in frequency etc atelites cannot generate povies Of ther 44, Passive s nd only reflect the incident power. These satelites can be present at a height of 2009 and more. The signal attenuation due top atmosphere comes into play and the received sign back on earth can be very weak. A passive satellite is known as @ passive repeater due, its functionality. Exaimple : A hydrogen balloon with a metalic coating over it if put up in the air, then it can work as a passive satelite. Passive satellites are less expensive as compared to the active satellites. Passive satellites were the earliest communication satelites. : 4.2.5 Active Satellites : An active satellite is a satellite which receives a signa from a transmitting earth station, can amplify it and change its frequency before retransmitting it back to earth as shown in Fig. 4,2.1(b). Active satelite Earth station { Ee station2 Earth (0-627) Fig, 4.2.1(b) : An active satellite ‘An active satellite has its own transmitting and receiving antennas. Due to'the amplification provided by the active satel the retransmitted signal back to earth is much strange’: ‘Active satellites can generate power for their om” ‘operation. They are known as active repeaters due their functionality.nse (Sem. 6/ Blox MsBTE) g 5 Overview of Satellite Systems “acive satelits are very expensive as co . fe counterparts, par heir posi ed to th most all the modern day satelites used tor var spotications 2t@ active satellites, are Comparison of Active 6 and 425 Satellites = Passivo peaneterot |. Passe | SO] ‘comparison satelllto Active satellite. +———"_| - py 1, | Definition i is a satelite | itis a satelite that that can only|can modify the scatter the [received signal | ecetea signal br without “any | retransmiting i ae siting it Toasty tol Nov oT 2, [Capacity to No generate Yes fewer 43. | Transmitting No Yes nd teceving arienna . 7 |amattcation No Yes 5. | Frequency No Yes tansation 6. |Functionality | Passive Active repeater repeater 7, [oost Low High 43 _ Satellite Orbits : TET Q.1 Define the term w.r.t. satellite, Orbit. (S-14, $-15) |@.2° Dafine with respect to satellite communication 4. + Orbit s | 2. Reotprint (W-16, 4 Marks) 19.3. Define the term orbit wert. satelite. List different LL. _ypes of orbits of satelit (-19, 4 Marks) Orit: ~ Inspace, satellites move in certain specific paths: These Paths are called as orbits. ~ A satelite stays in an orbit becouse the two forces acing on it namely the centripetal force and the ‘Srevitational force are equ it depends on the = The selection of a particular of following faetors + 1, Transmission path loss, 2, Delay time, Earth coverage area, Time period for which the satellite should be visible. 4.3.1 Types of Satellite Orbits DEEESEATEREE) . .1 Listthe orbit of satelite and explain any one, was @.2. Listaifforent types of orbits of satelite. (8-45) 1.3. List the types of orbits used in satelite system and "describe them. (W-17, 4 Marks) Q.4. Define the term orbit wart, satelite. List different, types of orbits of satellite (S-19, 4 Marks) ‘The orbit of a satellite decides its utility. Satellite orbits can be classified into three types : 1. Geosynchronous orbit. 2. Geostationary orbit. 3. Polar orbit 4, Inclined orbit. 43.2 Goosynchronous Orbit : Definition : = Geosynchronous 2s the name itself suggests, is an orbit which is synchronized with the earth’s rotation to its own axis, — This means that the orbital ‘velocity of the satellite is ‘equal to earth’s rotational velocity. Any object placed in this orbit would return to the game point after one sidereal day. = This implies, for any particular location in the earth (ie) foed for a certain longitude, the satellite remain in a faxed area. Due to orbital perturbations the position is not fied (it may move north and south) Ia satellite is placed in the synchronous orbit then it completes one revolution around the earth in exactly 24 hours. Tet Kaewleds4.3.3 25786 km to be precise) above the narth’s surface. ~ The inclination of the geosynchronous orbit Le. the angte macte by the yeosynelwonous orbit with the plane of equator may or may not be ze as shown in Fig. 431 Features : ~ The important features of a geosynchronous orbit are as follows : ~ Shape: Non circulae/ citcular = _ Angle of inclination : Zero/non zero Revolution time : Approximately 24 hours. ~ Height : 35,785 km above the earth ~ Tracking and control system : Net requied =. ‘Ageosynchroncus (0-634) Fig. 4.3.1 A geasynchronous orbit Geostationary Orbit : MASE DSSS Q1 Define geostationary orbit and geestationary satelite. (16, 4 Marks) Definition : ~The synchronous orbit which is paratel to the “equator* is known as “equatorial” orbit or “geostationary” orbit This is as shown in Fig, 432. ~ Iti a special case of the geosynchronous orbit, with 2 zero angle of inclination and circular shape. u $116 3135000 en Hom oar 2 itis patio wate Satolto 3. vorony et soe = Velocity of oar 4. Used for cormmantaton sitios Nenutore ett (0-€46) Fig. 4.3.2 : Geostationary (equatorial) orbit — Communication satellites are generally placed in such equatorial orbits, As the satelite revolution time around the earth is exactly equal to the time teken by efith for one rotation, the satelite appears to be stationary. 1-6 wy Overview of Satelit ONSC (Sem_6/ Elox MSBTE), uch satellites are called as “ge These satellites are at a height of about 36000 km Therefore such satel st Features : Disadvantages of geostationary orbit : These ortits have certain disadvantages. They are: satellites. Three such geostationary Satelit ‘establish communication over the entire earth,“ As the geostationary satelite appears to be stay, wwe don't have to rotate the dish antenna on eanh | now and then to track the satelite, becausa | antenna wil always be looking towards the gaye inespective of the movement of earth and satelite Therefore, ‘every geostationary omit geosynchronous orbit, but I's not recess tng cher way round, Le, 2 g2osynchronous arti may. may not be geostationary. The important features of 2 geostationary orbit ae follows : Shape : Circular Angle of inclination : Zero Revolution time : Approximately 24 hours. Height : 35,786 km above the earth Tracking and contrel system : Not required 1. As this orbit is at 36,000 km from earth, powerhl rockets are required to lounch a satelite in the orbi 2. The satellites placed in these orbits cannot estabish communication inthe polar region of the earth 4.3.4 Comparison of Geostationary and Geosynchronous Orbits : ~The comparison of geostationary and geosynchronaxs orbits is as follows Sr. - Geostati us Parameter | Ce>stationary | Geosynchrone No. orbit orbit 1 T 1. |Shape of the| Circular Not creuter. orbit 2. |Plane of the|Equatorial plane |inclined .to the obit. equatorial plane. 3. [Angle of | Zero Non zero inclination Se Techtnawled Se Fechtnanse (S28 Ele MSBTE) ‘Geosynchronous orbit -———— A satelite. in this Plane appears to be oscitating Tho satellite in this orbit appenrs to be stationary, Exactly same as that of earth's evolution time, Exactly same as that Jof earth's revolution: time, There is only one geostationary onbit Thera can be many [geosynchronous orbits practically itis ot possible to attain an exact geostationary orbit. Therefore a term geosynchronous satelite is used instead of geoctationary satellite. 438 Polar Orbits : _ As shown-in’Fig. 43.3, this orbit is a lower orbit at heights of 900 to 1000 km from earth, It passes over the North end the South pole. _ This orbit is used te put the remote sensing satellites This orbit is generally not used for normal communication purpose, however if a communication satelite is placed in the polar orbit, it can establish communication with the polar regions. = Sometimes navigation satellites are also placed in polar obit. 7 Potar ovtat Satelit. Earth + Itpassos ovor the N and & poles 2 tishoignt le 900-1000 km above earth {8 lisusad or navigation and rorate sonsing satalites (0-847) Fig. 4.3.3 There is only one geostationary orbit but at least theoretically there can be infinite number of polar obits, 43.6 Inclined Orbits : olar orbit Fig. 4.3.4 shows the inclined orbits. Inclined orbits are sed by many countries for their domestic commuication, ite Systems Overview of, Like polar orbit, these orbits can also be used to place the communication satelites which can establish communication with the polar regions. = This orbit is not used very frequently. The height of the inclined orbit Is generally set to cover the area of + interest. — Inclined orbit is used for domestic communication in Russia as its geographical location is near the North pole of the earth. 41. Tt provides communication covarage of polar regions 2. Used for domestic communication (0-848) Fig. 4.3.4: Inclined orbit 4.3.7 LEO Orbits : = LEO meané Low Earth Orbit whereas MEO means Medium forth Orbit. These terms are used to define specific heights of orbits. “The height of LEO orbits is 500 to 1500 km. = LEO satellites were used ‘for military applications. only but now 9 days they are used for many other applications as wel . 4.3.8 MEO Orbits: = MEO stands for medium earth satellites, The height of MEO orbits is about 5000-12000 km above the earth, ‘Types of LEO and MEO orbits : Various types of LEO and MEO orbits are as follows L. Equatorial orbits . 2. Inclined orbits. 3. Elliptical orbits, 4. Molniya orbit. 5. Sun synchronous orbit: 439 HEO Orbits = ~ Highty eliptical orbits are noncircular types of orbits This twpSof orbits are used by many countries for their domestic Communication applications. TekinBY _onsc (som. 6/ Elon MSBTE 4.3.10 Van Allon Radiation Bolts : ~ There are two Van Allen radiation belts The lower one (inner) belt is present at heights about 2000 to 6000 km and the outer belt is at heights about 15000 to 30000 km above earth, These belts consists of ionized particles. Hence satellite communication is extremely dificult in these belts. 4.4 Types of Satellites The satellites can be classified into two groups : 2. Nonsynchronous satellites, 2 Synchronous satellites, . 4.4.1 Nonsynchronous Satellites : Nonsynchronous satellites (also called as orbital satellites) rotate around the earth in an elliptical or circular pattern as shown in Fig. 44.1(2) and (b) respectively, Directon of rotation cow, cw abo rotation (on) anh Hort pole (2) Elliptical orbit Dirocion of ratation Cow retafen (jar North pele Satelite (u,) (b) Circular orbit (0-656) Fig. 4.4.1: Different orbits for nonsynchronous satellites In the circular orbits, the speed of rotation’ of the satelite is constant. Overview of Satelitg. The speed of the satelite Fast whe itis cag than when it is away from the earth, Direction of rotation + : Depending on the direction of rotation ofthe the orbits are classified into fo types as follows Sal 1, Prograde or posigrade orbit. 2. Retrograde orbit. 4. Prograde orbit : Ifa catellte is orbiting in the same diection 254, the earth (counter dockwise) at a speed higher than ya the earth (os > 02) then the orbit s called a5 a pry orbit 2, Retrograde orbit : = a satelite is orbiting in the opposite dieca| (clockwise) to that of the ezrth or in the same direc with 2 speed less than that of the earth (0, ¢ 1) te the orbit is known as.a retrograde orbit. Most nonsynchronous satellites revolve in the progoa orbits. Hence their speed is higher than that of & earth, Therefore their position appears to be continues changing with respect to a fixed point on the earth = Due to this the nonsynchronous satellites hs following drawbacks 1. They are not available for use for all 24 hows: day, They need a complicated and expensive tat equipment et the earth station, so as to lect! them. Advantages : L Due to smaller distance between satelite and ES. 16 power is required to be transmitted, ‘Smaller antennas can be used. ‘On board propulsion rockets are not required to tt ‘them in their respective “onbits. 44.2 Geostationary (GEO) Satellites: . But in the eliptical orbits the speed of rotation is not a ‘constant, Infact it depends on the height of the satelite | | @.4° What do You understand by avon above earth satellite 7 cw-08, WI Tecnteal1 _ONSC (Sem. 6/ Elex msaTe) ‘Overview of Satelite Systems, a @.2 Give four advantages of goostationary soteita (8-09, W-13, 8+ a3. Define geostationary orbit a a “satelite ne momallonary (W.5, 4 Marks) a4, Define the term geostationary satellite. State ite advantages. (W-18, 4 Marks) | pofinition : _ The satellites orbiting in the geostationary orbit are called geostationary satellites, - They travel at the velocity of revolution of earth, hence complete one revolution around the earth in one day te. 24 hours. = Thisis the reason why geostationary satellites appear to be stationary. = These satelites are at about 36000 km (exact : Advantages of geostationary satellite 35786 km) above the earth's surface. Orbit must have a zero inclination. 1. They are much above the inner radiation belt which poses problems to the soiar cells of low attitude satellites. 2, The solar cells get the solar radiation for almost 99% of the orbital period. Therefore energy storage is not necessary. 3. The earth's magnetic field is weak at such heights. Therefore the adverse effects of magnetic field are absent, Large coverage area. A geostationary satelite is visible from about 42% of the earth's surface area, Therefore tes con cover the entire three communication sat surface area of the earth as shown in Fig. 4.4.2. 5. Senders and receivers can use fixed antennas. No adjustment is needed. & Long life time (about 15 years). 7. Noneed of handover. 8. No doppler shift as their relative movement is zero. 9% The geostationary satellites are mostly used as communication satellites. The earth stations which ‘transmit and receive information from these satellites are relatively simple and low cost. — Ax Bator 1 “WE Satotito 3 (0-845) Fig. 4.4.2 : Complete coverage of earth's surface from three satollites Disadvantages of geostationary satellites L 5. 6. 7 These satellites requires require sophisticated devices ‘on board to maintain them in the geosynchronaus orbit. They intraduce much delays because the signal has to travel 36,000 km to teach them and another 36,000 km to return back to earth, The round trip propagation delay is about 240 mS. longer propagation These satellites need higher power transmitter (10 W) and more sensitive receivers due to heavy path loss. Sophisticated advanced technology is necessary for launching and maintaining a geostationary satellite in its orbit. Poor coverage near the poles. Frequency reuse is not possible due to large footprints. Its very expensive to transfer a GEO satellite in its orbit. Applications of geostationary satellites : L 2 3 4 5 TV broadcasting. Telephone and data communication. Mobile phone services. Global communication, Military applications, 44.3 Geosynchronaus Satellites : Definition : ‘The satellites orbiting in the geosynchronous orbit are ‘called geo synchronous satelites. They travel at the velocity of revolution of earth, hence complete one revolution around the earth in one day ie. 24 hours. WE edhewntetetWH _onsc (Som. 6/ Elex/MSBTE) = This is the reason why geo synchronous satellites ‘appear to be stationary. These. satelites..are-at— about 36000. km exact : 35785 km) above the earth's surface. = The orbit of these satelite does not a zer0 inclination. - The satellites placed in geostationary have low coverage angle. It covers most of the highly populated areas upto # 75 degree only. They cannot be used to cover high latitude areas Hence the geo synchronous satellites are used. Difference between Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites : ~The only difference between the two is that while 2 eosynchronous satellite may or may not be following an inclined orbit (with respect to the equatorial plane), a geostationary satellite has to follow a non-inclined orbit. ~ Therefore, ‘every’ geostationary satellite is @ geosynchronous satellite, but it's not (necessarily) true the other way round, ie, a geosynchtonous satelite may or may not be geostationary. = You could also say that geostitionary satelites are a subset of geosynchronous satellites 4.4.4 Near Synchronous Satellites : ‘The satellites in high elevation, non-synchronous orbits between 19,000-miles to 25,000 miles above the earth are said to be in the near-synchronous orbits. Ifa near-synchronous orbit is slightly lower than 22,300 miles. 2bove earth, the satellite orbital time. is lower (speed faster) than the earth's rotational period. Hence the satellite appears to be maving slowly in a ‘west to east direction around the earth. This type of near-synchronous orbits are called as . sub-synchronous satellites. = Thea-near-synchronous-orbit-is-slightly higher than 22,300 miles above the earth, the satellite's orbital time is longer (speed slower) than the earth's rotational time. ~ Hence the satellite appears to be moving from east to ‘west (retrograde) direction. Hi Overview of Satetive ‘Gomparison of Non Synchronoye ~ Synchronous Satellites : & Pearce @.1 Compare non synchronous and synch, satellite based on: my 4, Orbit 2, Visibility | 3, _ altitude 4. _Footorint_(W16, 4, Non-synehy, Parameter | Synchronous satellite cg a Orbit Circular Ellitical ang parabolic } Visibility —_| Visibility changes Visibility change ‘attude’ | Constant (36000. km) | Changes aczog, from earth surface to orbit Footprint | Big coverage of earth | Small coveragey, earth ft 4.8 Satellite Frequency Pians and Allocations : The range of frequencies used for the ster ‘communication is from:3/t0"30 GHz, This-rargej * known as microwave band of frequencies. Due to such a high frequency the signals travel thus the atmosphere end ionosphere without obstricix, absorption or deflection extalto Uptn Doris ahr Sour ‘ (ish artenna —> Porte ashanen Transits Earth Rececg ext sistion earn sain (0-855 Fig. 4.5.1 : Uplink and downlink frequericles 4.5.1 Uplink Frequency See es CEST Q.1 Why upling frequency is greater than downlitk frequency ? (8-09, W49) Q.2 Explain why uplink and downlink frequency 2) different in satelite communication. cer —— Be Mectknendownlink frequencies for ¢ b. and ka band. end x bond ku band (Weta) State Teason for etference In uplink and downlink frequency 19 satelite communication, Det explain the toms ie 4. Uptink frequency 2 Downlink frecuency —(S-t5, vi17, 4 Marks) WAT, 4 Marks: State reason tor difference in uptink ang downlink frequency in satellite communication (S-16, W-45, S46, 4 Marks) Write unlink and downlink frequencies for C-bend Xiband, Ku band and Ka bend. (8.48, 4 Marks) What is uplink and downlink trequency 7 Give | reason for difference frequency. in uplink and downtink’ (W-16, 4 Marks) Define and exptain the terms : | 4. Uplink frequency 2. Downtink frequency (W-17, 4 Marks) Why is the uplink more than downlink frequency in satellite communication ? (S-18, 4 marks) Write uplink and downlink frequencies for C-Band, | XBend, Kn-Band and KaBand.” (8-18, 4 Marks) Siale frequency range for up link and down link for |. Chand and ky band for satellite. (W-18, 4 Marks) = Asshowm in Fig. 4.5.1, the signal to’be transmitted such as a telephone signal is converted to another signal having 2 particular microwave frequency by the ‘wansmitter used in the earth station. Definition : > This signal is then transmitted “up” towards the satellite, Therefore the frequency of signal trensmitted from earth station to. satellite is called 2s “Uplink frequency”. ~The uplink frequency is generally higher than the corresponding downlink frequency. This is done so that the satellite can down convert this frequency to the ddexenlink frequency at the transponder. The power associated with the uplink signals can be adequately largo as these signals are being transmitted by an earth station The amount of power required 10 be transmitted using the uplink depends on the type of bean used. if the beam is narrow then less power is required to be transmitted, 45.2 Downlink Frequency + EEDA ERE DAREMA eed if Q.4 Why uplink frequency is greater than downlink frequency 7 (s-08, W-09) Q.2° Explain why uplink and downlink frequency are different in satellite communication. (w-10) Q.3. What is uplink and downlink frequency ? Why both ao raving diferent frequencies 7 Wete uplink and counts frequencies for band, x band, ku band and ka band. (w-13) Q.4 State reason for difference in uplink and downlink‘ frequenoy in eatallte commenicaton (8-18, WAS, $18, 4 Marks) Q.5 Winte upink and éownink frequencies for C-band: xeband, Ku band and Ka bard, (S-15, 4 Marks) Q.6 What is uplink and downlink frequency. give reason for difference in usiink and downlink frequency. (W-15, 4 Marks) Q.7 Define and explain the terms : 1. Uplink lequency 2. Down traquency (waz, 4 Marks) @.8 Whyis the uplink more than downlink fequeney in satelite communication ? (8-18, 4 Marks) Q.8 Write uplink and downlink frequencies for C-Band, %-Band, Kn-Band and Ka-Band, (8-18, 4 Marks) Q.10 Stete frequency range for uplink and downlink for C band and Kv band for satellite. (W-18, 4 Marks) The satellite receives. signat-coming from the earth station, amplifies it, changes its frequency to a lower frequency (down conversion) and radiates back to the eaith. Se ten¥ Definition : ONSC (Sem. 6/ Elex/MSBTE) The frequency of signal transmitted from satelite towards the earth is called as “Downlink Frequency” Uplink and downlink frequencies to be assigned t0 various satellites re decided by international authority ie. Intemational Telecommunication Union. Why ore uplink and downlink frequencies different: Uplink and downlink: frequencies are different from each other to avoid their interference with each other nd. also. to. prevent oscillations. within’ the satelite amplifier while transmission and reception simultaneously. Uplink frequencies are always higher than the downlink frequencies. . Low frequency band is used on the downlink to exploit the lower atmospheric losses theréby minimizing satellite power amplifier requirements. Frequenc) ‘Overview of Satelite y pian and Allocations ranges are allocated in Different frequency he, communication for diferent applications, ntink equencles FSC any The uplink and do\ different as show in Table 4.5.1. he frequency plan and alocaion 26 25 Gay Table 45.1. she and X bands ae the most widely sed egy ands They havea bandwidth of O5 GH ie. S00 ty ‘as more number of satelites are being launched eq, year this bandwidth is not sufficient. / Therefore higher frequency bands (Ka, Ku and V bax, are being made available. ‘As seen from Table 45.2 thei bandwidth is also hig than that of Cand X bands and they can accommodgy more number of channels. jownlink frequencies and applicetioris Table 45.1: Frequency bands, uplink dé tl Bandwidth aes Sr. | Frequency Uptink Downlink: aa Applications No. barid | frequency GHz |, frequency GHz GHz 1. | UHF band 0.292 -0.312 0,25=0.27 0.02 Military applications. | 2, | Seband 32-37 18-23 0s TV transmission. Used by Doordarshan | transmit its 14 different language channe’ | “ 3. | C-band 59-64 37-42 0s ‘TV bioadeast e.g. star TV programs. | at 4. | band 79-84 7.25-7.15 Os Military use. Mobile radio relay (ship, | | aircratt) Es Ku band 14-145 11.7122 0s TV broadcast, Non military applications. 1 6. | Kaband 2-9 17-20 3 Commercial broadcasting. | (commercial) Lt | Ka bans 30-31 20-1 1 Miltary, (enltary) 8__| Veband 50-51 40-41 1 Non mifitary applications. Teh feetgem, g/Elx/MSBTE) 4 Terminology used In Satellite gommunication p in the following terms W rt satelite 2, Altitude (W-17, 4 Marks) apectant parameters of s3telite communica nication at e1avation. Ms folons = tattude 2. Longitude + mathargle 4. Inclination angle : rootprint 6. Propagation loss : 7, Mtenuation 8. Propagation delay x1 tatituda and Lengitudo : aitude = ines of latitude measure the north-south position meen the north and south poles, as shown in 45.10) eequator Is defined as zero degree, the north pele is apronh and the south pole is 90" south, tec of titude ore parallel to each other. plier pale 60" north Latturies Equator 0° cath {seus pte 90 south (0-028) Fig. 4.6.1(a) + Latitudes he degree of latitude corresponds to 2 distance of ULL km and one minute of latitude corresponds to 185 km (1 degree = 60 minute). ‘The south latitude numbers are considered as negative. nes of Longitude : The lines of longitude or meridians are imaginary lines thatrun between the north and south poles of earth a thonn in Fig, 4.6.1(b). They measure the east - west Prstion, 413 Systems, ovorviow of Satelite % ‘The prime meridian Is assigned value of 26F0 degree: and it rus through Greenwich, England. Pare Le mardan Lines of fongitude Wet Est earth ‘South poe of fongttudes {0-817 Fig. 4.6.1(6) : Concept = Meriians to the left of prime meridian are measured 9 degrees west and those on the right are measured in degrees east — All meridians meet at the potes. The the same length. refore they are of = The longitudes ha 180° east ~The west longitudes are considered as negativ cast longituces are considered to be positive we values ranging from 180° west to fe while Application : — The latitude and longitude values are used to specify the exact position of a satellite, or @ location on earth. For example, the position of 2 geostationary satellite located in the orbit exactly above the equator can be specified by longitude only (latitude = 0° at the equator). The following example demonstrates this principle, a lnc RES Ex.4.6.4: Decode the position of a satellite from the following numbers. Latitude = 47.3700, Longitude = 8.5310 Solm.: — Letuiude = 47-3700 Minutes converted (0-638) Degrees to decimal = We need to convert (0.37000 into minutes as follows : 1degree = 60 minutesO37 degre « X minutes . Ox “OT © Be 8037 x60 SON = 222 minutes * Latitude = 47222 minutes North North because the latitude is positive wns, Longitude = 8.5310... Given 9310 degrees = 0.5310. 60 minutes = 31.86 minutes. Longitude = 8 degrees, 3186 minutes, East Ans, East because the longitude is positive, Latitude and longitudes in Maps & GPS display : Maps and GPS receivers show the latitude and tongitude angles. taps show bold lines marked in Gegrees (Whole number) plus intermediace fines marked 15, 30, 45 minutes, or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes. ~The display of a GPS receiver could read 43: 2311956 Teatnutes Degrees (o.830) ~ Fig. 4.6.2 demonstrates the use of latitude and longitude for finding position ef a place on the mep. ~The longitudes from ~ 180° to + 180° are plotied on the X-axis whereas latitudes from ~ $0* to + 90° are plotted on the Y-axis as shown ~ While specifying the location, the coordinates of a place is expressed as follows: : $9" 09°24-2" § 175037 55" E See ete Lattfudo Longinude (0-631) tt BS EEE 659) Fig. 4.6.2: Use of letitude and longitude to find the location on a map or GPS receiver 414 Teer Q.4. Define look ongle wrt. setae communica, Q.2 Define Azimuth and Elevation ange communication system. (Wats, eal O.3 Dale folowing Yom wrk atte ey angle ey Q.4 Define following terms wert, satelite: 1. Lookangle 2.” Footprint 3. Station keeping 4 Elevation angle (845, 4Mag) Q.5_ Define following terms w.rt satelite : 1 ruth angle (WB, 2 Mary 2. Elevation angle (16, 2h] Q.6 Define the following terms w.r.t satelite : 4. Foot print, 3. Azimuth angle + 2. Station keeping. | 4, Elevation angie (S-19, 4 ait) Definition : ~ Antenna look angle is a term used to represent tle combination of azimuth and elevation angle. = Im order to optimize the performance of sate system, the direction of maximum gain of the eerh Station antenna must coincide with the direction of satelite, ~ In order to ensure that the earth station entenna & aligned in a correct directions, two angles are requitd to be defined namely 1. Azimuth. 2. Flevation angle. Azimuth angle : = Azimuth angle and elevation angle are collectt*Y called as the antenna look angles, — Fora geostationary satelite we need to adjust the lok angles only once. ion ~ Refer Fig, 463, Azimuth is defined as the dro! where north is equal to 0°. The azimuth angle measured clockwise with respect to north =z ey rane wTGIElex/MSBTE) wo ewer se angle of elevation is the NgIe betwee povizantal plane and the pointing direction wy ne ante. lon of the ate nee the azimuth and elevation are known 1 nas he earth sation antennas can Be pointed in that dieedon rection. for geostationary satelite the antenna wail gi remain in that position once itis adjusted, beca y me lite appeats to be station: 1 because the satelite 2PP tationary all the time, Aainwth angio 1+ Diwetion o anions = Rage et oleaton pas Fig. 4.6.3 : Azkmuth angle and the angle of elevation __ The concept of elevation angle will be more clear by referring Fig. 46.4, . Satotito ath station wioma “FAD orig : elovation (0-852) Fig. 4.6.4: Angie of elevation 48.3. Station Keeping : CESSerrenens 21 Explain the term station Keeping wrt satellite (W.09, W-10, 5-11, W-3, 5-45) wet ‘communication, Define following terms vert, satellite 4. Look angie. 2 Footprint ‘3, Station keeping. 4, Blevation angle. Define following term wrt to satellite: 1. Footprint faz (8-15, 4 Marks) 2. Station keeping (6-16, 4 Marks) Q.4 Dotina tha following forme wt satol Overylow of Satell 2. Gtatlon kaoping 4. Elevation angle (0-10, 4 Marke) 1, Foot print, 9. Azimuth angio Dofinition : generation of control signals ty the The process of fie satellite in ground station 10 0 position is known as station keeping. In Its orbit, the forces acting on It intaln or acdjust tl ‘Once a satellite is fi tend to keep it in the correct place. However in practice the satellite tends 10 deviate somewhat in its orbit and change its position due 10 ¢ variety of forces . Because of these dilfts we need to adjust the position petiodically. The satelites purpose. These rockets are placed at various locations on the satellite and we can ignite them to specd up or slow dou the satelite with the control signals generated by the earth station, in order to compensate for the orbital of the satellite in its orbit contain small rockets or thruster jets for th dit. . — For smaller adjustments the thrusters are used. They force the satelite to move by releasing gos under pressure 4.6.4 Satollite Antenna Radiation Patterns = Footprints Q.1 Explain foot print. (W413, S10, W-40, S-11, S-14) .2 Define term wrt, satellite : Footprint. (5-15) Q.3 Define following terms wrt, satellite : 1. Leok angle . 2. Footprint 3, Station keeping 4, Elevation angle (8-15, 4 Marks) a4 ect to satellite communication 2. Footprint (W-16, 4 Marks) Q.5 Define following term wrt. to satellite 1. Footprint 2. Station keeping (5-16, 4 Marks) arene7 cveriow et Setting TE _ovS0 Sen vee sore 2 sn 1 these fctors will ot be the same Stn 26 Define the following MIMS W. Rote 1. Foot pring 2 Station keeping, 3. Azimuth ange 4. Elevation engl (8-19, 4 Marks) The area on earth covered by a satelit folowing parameters 2 Location ofthe satete ints ori 2° Cater frequency, 3 Gain of its antennas, The antenna and cartier then the limited tans concentrated on specifi frequency ate frst selacted and Miter power of the satelite is ie area of the earth surface The geographical representation of a satelite antemna's radiation pattem is called as the foot, Print or footprint map. Definition 'n other words a footprint of satellite isthe area on the earth’s surface that the satelite can communicate with. Fig. 465 footprint. lustrates the concept of satelite 62334) 4.6.5 PathLoss: Definition : ~ We can define the path loss as the ratio of power of the transmitted signal to the power of the same signal received at the receiver, on the same path. Power of transmitted signal Pathioss = Power of received signal = Path loss estimation is very important in successful designing of a wireless communication network The path should be as small as possible. The path loss is dependent on a variety of factors such as the radio frequency used or the type of terrain, Aa anatre it not possble 10 USE 3 sing» ty exebe the characterises Of every tarsmiign esc use more than on = That is why one has t9 i 4 designing 9 communeaton network success esr The propagation loss directly affects the rm, data rates achievable with minimum errors, fa My the maxi ative 63 te wl cea increase in distance ()- 46.6 Signal Attenuation 7 ~ fig, 466 shows the signa attenuation due t ajay atmospheric conditions. ~The sbrepon of el ergy 8 1 ny ‘ston inthe tropcl areas. The ertor ates increase de ‘pin induced attenuation. ‘Signa attention in % s 3 eee | Eetenarge(ooee) | 7 | | (6-2425 Fig. 46.6 Signal attenuation due to atmospheric ” ceriditions 48.7 Velocity : Seosynchronous satelite orbital velocity : ~ The geosynchronous orbit is a circular orbit ata height OF 35,786 km above the earth, ‘The radius of earth is 6378 km, Therefore the radius geosynchronous orbitis, Ry = Ry = 42,164 km Hence the circumference (C) of geosynchronous orbits 35,786 + 6378 C= 2eR.=2ex 42164 2 = 264790 km Be Teammnonelstsem, 61 Elox/MSBTE) ‘Geostabonary ‘stollito 5,786 km Gry ‘png. 487 :Radlis of geostationary orbit sects veoelY ©F® S0OEMMCHTONOU satelite i Y= Dehours 264790 ve 24 = 11033 km/hr, , propagation Delay : aye distances involved in satellite communication are vey bege- Therefore the signal experiences. large aes. peie delays should be considered while designing a saat system. tne one way propagation delay for a geostationary saalfte is given by, Distance ‘Speed Delay fut the distance between an earth station and a poschronous satellite is 35,786 km and the speed of sigalg equal to the speed of light. 15786 » 10" m 3x10" mvs ye nay propagation delay = = 0.119 sec. or 119 ms. Herce the round trip delay will be 0.236 sec, or 238 mS __ LEO, MEO and GEO Satellites Sselites are generally classified into three types epending on their height from the surface of the eh. 1 Low Earth Orbit (LEC) satellites. 2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. 3. Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. With respect to the surface of the earth, altitudes of ferent satelites are shown in Fig. 47.1 ‘Adltuan (my 35,700) u ' ' 4.7.1 LEO Satellite a Uppor Van Allon bolt oe me LS a MEO sooo] BA ‘Lower Van Allen bolt 2000: uo ° ie anh surlaco a 5 z anh si : (G.2170 Fig. 4.7.1: Satellite orbit altitudes GEO sateltes are lacoted at an altitude of 35.766 km between 5000 MEO satellites are located at an altitude and 15,000 km. LEO satellites ave located below an altitude of 2000 km. [An existence of two Van Allen belts is main reason for having different orbits. A layer which contains charged particles is known as a van Alien belt Due to energetic charged particles, a satellite orbiting in one of two belts will be destroyed totally. Between these two balts the MEO orbits are located. LEO is the short form of low earth orbit satellites. They revolve around the earth in-the orbits which ere 500 to 1500 km above the earth. The time taken for one revolution around the earth is ‘about one to one and half hours. They travel at 2 very high speed in order to avoid falling down on the earth The ‘typical speed of these satellites is 20,000 to 25,000 km/hr. The round-trip time propagation delay is, less than 20 mS, because LEO satellites are very close to earth Most LEO setelites operate in the 1 GHz to 2.5 GHz frequency range. Motorola's satellite based- mobile telephone system Iridium is 2 LEO satellite system with 66 satellites. ‘The most important advantage of LEO satellites is that due to thair low altitude, the path loss is very small ‘Tech Kaguitedg treeONSC (Sem. 6/ Elox MSBTE) So they need less transmittor power, smaller antennas and hence they are light weight satellites. ~The disadvantages earth due to their proximity to earth, they have shorter fe span (few months) ate that they cover smaller area of Categories of LEO Sateliltes : 1 time eo, 2. Big tto, 3. Broadband LEO. = Uitle LEO satellite operate under 1 GH2, For low data rate messaging little LEO"s ae used. ~ Big LEO satelite operate in between 1 GHz and 3 GHz. 9. Global star and iridium system — Fiber optic networks and the broadband LEO satelite Provide same communication. Teledesic was first broadband LEO. ~ Globalstar uses 48 satellites in 6 polar orbits. ie. each orbit hosts 8 satellites. ~ Iridium system uses 66 satellites in 6 orbits. ie. each ‘orbit hosts 11 satelite. ~ In globelstar orbits are at an attitude of 1400 km. = Iniridium system orbits are at an altitude of 750 km. ~' To provide broadband internet access for users all over ‘the world is main purpose of Tetedestc. = Teledesic has 288 satellites in 12 LEO orbits each at an altitude of 1350 km Characteristios of LEO satellites : 1. Low orbit height 2. One revolution is completed in 1 to 1.5 hours, 3. Lowlaunching cost 4. Low path loss. Less transmitte 5. power. 6 Smaller antennas are to be used 7. Less weight. 8 4 ‘Small round trip delay. Covers smaller area, of earth. 20. Short life span. ” ‘Advantages 1. With the use of proper compression techniques the ‘transmission rate of 2400 bit/s is enough for voice communication. Disadvantages : 1 Mary LEO satelites wil be teqived for lol cova 2. Need of additional mechanism for handover 3, High complexity of satelite system due to large mba of fast moving satellites. 4. Lower life span (5 to 8 years) 5. Need of routing dato packets from satelite to stelig for communication over the entire globe Applications : ~The LEO satelites gre used! In the following applications: 1. Scientific experiments 2. Weather forecasting, 3. Mobile telephones. 4. As remote sensing satellites. 4.7.2 Tho MEO Satellites : Characteristics : 1 2 Overview of Satelite a on power (1 WF eguHEd for map er ae Smaller footprint. Thorefore better frequency reuse, Better global coverage. The medium earth orbit satellites (MEO) are at much lower altitudes as compared to GEO satellites, Typically the MEO satelites operate in the range of 5000 km to 15000 km above the earth. - AS cbserved from the earth, they drift slowly in longitude, taking about 6 hours to circle the earth, They need to be tracked accordingly. As they are closer to earth than the GEO satellites, they can cover & smaller area on the earth at a time. They need Tes powerful transmitters to reach them. MEO satellites are not used for the communication applications. They are used for the global positionrg ‘system (GPS) in which 24 MEO satellites orbit at about 18000 km, These satelites generally operates in the 12 GHz te 166 GHz frequency band, Orbit height : Medium. Time taken for one revolution :2 to-4 hours. Se lecteonitst