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CH 2

The document discusses the concepts of macrostates and microstates in classical systems, defining microstates as representative points in a 6N-dimensional phase space. It introduces ensemble theory, which states that a macrostate is equally likely to be in any of its distinct microstates, and emphasizes the importance of the density function in describing the distribution of an ensemble over microstates. Additionally, it touches on the Liouville Theorem, microcanonical ensemble, and the implications for classical and quantum ideal gases.

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14 views16 pages

CH 2

The document discusses the concepts of macrostates and microstates in classical systems, defining microstates as representative points in a 6N-dimensional phase space. It introduces ensemble theory, which states that a macrostate is equally likely to be in any of its distinct microstates, and emphasizes the importance of the density function in describing the distribution of an ensemble over microstates. Additionally, it touches on the Liouville Theorem, microcanonical ensemble, and the implications for classical and quantum ideal gases.

Uploaded by

f20220636
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Macrostates, Microstates for Classical systems

N particles in a classical system. q1, q2, .., q3N and p1, p2, .., p3N instantaneous
positions and momentums of N particles at a given instant t. Representative
points (qi, pi) in 6N dimensional space are microstates - space called phase space

Trajectories restricted to hypersurface: or hypershell

Number of microstates = Ω(N, V, E) = ∑pi,qi𝛿(H(pi,qi)-E)

Cells in phase space 𝛿p𝛿q = h ∑ ∫ points within the cells non distinct
Phase space
Harmonic oscillator: p2/2m+kx2/2 = E

General potential: p2/2m+V(x) = E

x1 x2 x1 x2

x
x
Ensemble theory
A given macrostate (N, V , E) at any time t, is equally likely to be in any one of an
extremely large number of distinct microstates.

Ensemble - mental copies of a system in same macrostate but in different


microstates.

Ensemble theory : Ensemble average = time average

This function : the number of representative points in the volume element


(d3Nqd3Np) around the point (q, p) of the phase space is given by the product ρ(q,
p; t)d3Nqd3Np. Density function - how members of the ensemble are
distributed over possible microstates at time t.
- Number of points in volume d 3Nqd3Np around the point (q,p)

Ensemble average

Stationary distribution - equilibrium

<f> independent of time.


Liouville Theorem
The rate change of number of points through a volume = the net flux through a
surface

Liouville theorem
For stationary distribution

Any member of the ensemble is equally likely to be in the neighbourhood of any


phase point. - “equal a priori probability” - microcanonical ensemble

[⍴,H] = 0 satisfied for


Microcanonical ensemble
Microstates lie in the hypershell

Volume of phase space enclosed

The ensemble average of any physical quantity f is identical to the value one
expects to obtain on making an appropriate measurement on the given system.

S = k log 𝛤 = k log 𝜔/𝜔0


Classical Ideal gas

Hyper Spheres of radius -


Classical Ideal gas (contd) ..
Quantum Ideal gas

Volume of a n-dimensional sphere of radius R:

the number of microstates Σ(N, V , E) consistent with all macrostates


for the specified values of the parameters N and V but having energy ≤ E.
Harmonic oscillator

Area of ellipse
Gibbs paradox

Initially gases have same density


Paramagnetism
Isolated paramagnet, N spins, energy E in magnetic field H

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