NAME: ADNAN IMAM AKBAR
ROLL N O.: 242
COURSE TYPE: HONOURS
STUDEN TS: D2HM3220242
R E G I S T R AT I O N N O . : 4 31 - 1 1 1 5 - 0 2 5 9 - 2 2
S U B J E C T: M AT H
TOPIC: VECTOR SPACE
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WHAT IS VECTOR SPACE ?
Definition: A space comprised of vectors, collectively with the associative and
commutative law of addition of vectors and also the associative and distributive
process of multiplication of vectors by scalars is called vector space.
Vector Space Axioms:
Ten axioms can define vector space. Let x, y, & z be the elements of the vector
space V and a & b be the elements of the field F.
1. Closed Under Addition
For every element x and y in V, x + y is also in V.
2. Closed Under Scalar Multiplication
For every element x in V and scalar a in F, ax is in V.
3. Commutatively of Addition
For every element x and y in V, x + y = y + x.
4. Associatively of Addition
For every element x, y, and z in V, (x + y) + z = x + (y + z).
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5. Existence of the Additive Identity
There exists an element in V which is denoted as 0 such that x + 0 = x, for all x in V.
6. Existence of the Additive Inverse
For every element x in V, there exists another element in V that we can call -x such
that x + (-x) = 0.
7. Existence of the Multiplicative Identity
There exists an element in F notated as 1 so that for all x in V, 1x = x.
8. Associatively of Scalar Multiplication
For every element x in V, and for each pair of elements a and b in F, (ab)x = a(bx).
9. Distribution of Elements to Scalars
For every element a in F and every pair of elements x and y in V, a(x + y) = ax + ay.
10. Distribution of Scalars to Elements
For every element x in V, and every pair of elements a and b in F, (a + b)x = ax + bx
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Inner Product
An inner product is a generalization of the dot product. In a vector space, it is a way to
multiply vectors together, with the result of this multiplication being a scalar
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Orthogonalization
In linear algebra, orthogonalization is the process of finding a set of orthogonal
vectors that span a particular subspace. Formally, starting with a linearly independent set
of vectors {v1, ... , vk} in an inner product space (most commonly the Euclidean space Rn),
orthogonalization results in a set of orthogonal vectors {u1, ... , uk} that generate the same
subspace as the vectors v1, ... , vk. Every vector in the new set is orthogonal to every other
vector in the new set; and the new set and the old set have the same linear span.
In addition, if we want the resulting vectors to all be unit vectors, then we normalize each
vector and the procedure is called orthonormalization.
Orthogonalization algorithms:
Methods for performing orthogonalization include:
1. Gram–Schmidt process, which uses projection
2. Householder transformation, which uses reflection
3. Givens rotation
4. Symmetric orthogonalization, which uses the Singular value decomposition
What is Gram Schmidt Orthonormalization Process?
Let V be a k-dimensional subspace of Rn. Begin with any basis for V, we look at how to get an
orthonormal basis for V.
Allow {v1,…,vk} to be a non-orthonormal basis for V. We’ll build {u1,…,uk} repeatedly until
{u1,…,up} is an orthonormal basis for the span of {v1,…,vp}.
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Examples:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teachers as well as our principal Sir who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic Vector space, which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would
also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame
Adnan Imam Akbar
B.Sc. Math (Honors)
