Experiment-1
Aim: To learn handling and configuration of networking hardware like RJ-45
connector, CAT- 5 cables, crimping tool, etc.
Apparatus (Components): RJ-45 connector, Crimping Tool, Twisted pair Cable
Procedure: To do these practical following steps should be done:
1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the
cable. Be very careful at this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which
are inside. Doing so could alter the characteristics of your cable, or even
worse render is useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If
there are any, just whack the whole end off, and start over.
2. Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with
your other hand. You do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside
the jacket. Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of 'untwisted' wire
at the end; otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously have
ALOT more than 1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.
3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are
using a pre-made cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one
end to install - the crossed over end. Below are two diagrams, which show
how you need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. Decide at this
point which end you are making and examine the associated picture below.
Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection
Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection
Experiment - 2
Aim: Study of following Network Devices in Detail
• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• Gate Way
Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.
Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical.
1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device
that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or
onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances.
Repeater have two ports ,so cannot be use to connect for more than two devices
2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator
is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices
together and making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the
physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport
repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam
signal to all ports if it detects a collision.
3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking
device that connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a
network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2)
of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer
(layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer
switches.
4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data
link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge
formally means a device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A
bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous
ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge .Bridges
can analyze incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the
given packet to another segment of the network.
5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more
computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them.
Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine
if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must
be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple routers are used in a
large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information
about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the
preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.
6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for
interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. A gateway may
contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate
converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system
interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable
administrative procedures between both networks. A protocol
translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network
protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.
