Muscular System Skeletal Muscles

It is responsible for all types of → voluntary muscles

movement. → attached to bones
→ causes movement
Movement
→ make the bulk of the body
→ is the most common t hing you
can observ e in an individual → protect the vital organs
under willed control Fun ction s of Skeletal M uscles
→ determines form and
contours of t he body ➢ Excitability (stimuli)
- respond nerve signal
We have about 600
About 40%-50% of
our body weight
➢ Contractility (shorten/contract)
muscles in the are composed of - produce body movement
body. muscles.
➢ Extensibility (extend)
- like lowering heavy obj ects
Im portan ce of M uscular System ➢ Elasticity (stretch)
- like lowering heavy obj ects
➢ Give form and shape to our
body D ifferen t Skeletal M uscles
➢ Communication
1. Parallel (abdominal muscles )
o speaking or writing
2. Fusiform (biceps brachii )
➢ Maintain body posture 3. Unipennate (digital extensor)
o sitting or standing 4. Bipennate (rectus femoris)
➢ Involves in respiration 5. Multipennate (deltoideus)
o breathing 6. Convergent (pectoralis)
➢ Constriction and cont raction 7. Circular (orbicularis oculi )
of organs and vessels
o propel and mix food
o propel blood
➢ Production of heat
o give off heat
Types of M uscles

Smooth Muscles
→ involuntary muscles
→ exhibits a rhythmic self -
excitation
→ located in walls of hollow
visceral organs
o liver, pancreas, stomach,
intestines How m uscles w ork
Cardiac Muscle
→ involuntary muscles
→ located in the walls of the
heart
→ pumping action to regulate
or maintain blood flow
notesbyjo
Muscles are i nnervated , meaning it The t hick filaments are
is composed of nerv es , that receive composed of myosin , anchored at
or send of nerve impulses that then the cent er of the sarcomere called
sends information or instructions the M Line.
that will make muscles contract . The t hin filaments are composed
structure of skeletal m uscle of the protein actin , anchored to
the Z line, the outer edges of t he
sarcomere.
Because the actin filaments are
anchored to the Z lines, the
sarcomere shortens from both sides
when actin filaments slide along t he
myosin filaments.
Although described as “sliding”,
the myosin filament actually pulls
the actin along its length.
How Skeletal M uscles w ork
This action is known as the
sliding filament m echanism of muscle
contraction.
The sarcomeres shorten without
the thick or t hin filaments changing
in length.
A contraction begins when a
bound ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP
and inorganic phosphate . This
Muscle fibers are what causes the causes the myosin head to ext end
muscles to contract and is composed and can attach to a binding site on
of hu ndreds / thousands of actin forming a cross-bridge.
contractile elem ents which are
called my ofibrils . Pow er-stroke, when tri ggered ,
allows myosin to pull the actin
Slid in g Filam en t Theory filament toward the M line, thereby
shortening the sarcomere.
Neu romuscular junction is the
site of signal exchange; is where ADP and inorganic phosphate
synaptic bulb and muscle fiber are then released.
connect. The myosin remains attached to
Myofibril contains contractile actin until a new molecule of ATP
units called s arcom eres . binds, freeing the myosin to either
go through another cycle of binding
They run adjacent to one and more contraction , or remain
another down the lengt h of the unattached allow the muscle to
myofibril. They consist of alter- relax.
nating thick and thin protein
filaments making it look striated.
Mus cle c ontrac t ions are c ontrolled b y
Muscle contracts when these the actions of calcium.
filaments slide past each other.

notesbyjo
 The thin actin filaments are → if muscles are not allowed
associated with regulatory proteins to rest, then fatigue will
called t roponin and tropomyosin . happen
When a muscle is relaxed, → stimulus will let the muscles
tropomyosin blocks the cross-bridge contract and then relax
binding sites on actin . Phases of m uscle tw itch
When calcium ion levels are high
enough and ATP is present, calcium → Latent Period (initiate)
ions bind to the troponin which → Contraction Period
displaces tropomyosin, exposing t he → Relaxation Period
myosin binding sites on actin. W hy M uscles Tw itch
This allows myosin to attach to
a binding site on actin forming a ➢ Fatigue
cross-bridge. ➢ Stress and Anxiety
➢ Caffeine
Calcium ions are stored in t he ➢ Nutritional Deficiencies
sarcoplasmic reticulum and are ➢ Dehydration
released in response to signals ➢ Over-the-counter Drugs
from the nervous system to
contract. M uscle tw itch rem ed ies
Neurotransmitter molecules are o Balanced Diet
released from a neuron and bind to o Hydration
recept ors, which depolarizes the o 6-8 Hours of Sleep
membrane of the muscle fiber. o Minimize Stress
The electrical impulse travels Tetan us
down the T-tubules and opens
calcium stores. → series of stimuli that
resulted in rapid enough
Calcium ions flow to the
succession
myofibrils where t hey tri gger a
muscle contraction. → multiple waves have been
added together to sustain
As the actin and myosin slide muscle tension
along each other, the entire → muscles do not have time to
sarcomere shortens as the Z -lines relax completely before the
draw closer to the M -line. next contraction
As the sarcomeres in myofibrils Types of Tetan ic Con traction
contract, t he entire muscle fiber
will shorten. 1. Incomplete T etanus
When muscle fibers contract in - muscles go through quick
unison, a muscle can produce enough cycles of contractions
force to move the body. For followed by relaxation
example, allowing you to take notes. periods
2. Complet e Tetanus
- no relaxation period
M uscle Tw itch
- muscle contractions
completely fuse to creat e
→ happens when t he muscles one continuous muscle
are overwork ed contraction
notesbyjo
 Aspects of M uscle Con tractions ➢ Fats and fibrous tissue will
slowly take over the muscle
❖ There is a muscle that will tissue if stimulation of nerve
remain stationary while the will not be back
other one moves
❖ Different muscles working M uscles an d its fun ctions
together will let the body move ❖ Head Muscles
❖ There is the primer mover ➢ For facial expression
muscle (muscles that work) and
o Frontalis
the synergists (assisting - eyebrows and wrinkles
muscles). o Orbicularis Ocul i
❖ During contraction, muscles will - eyes and crow’s feet
shorten, that’s why muscles o Buccinator
can only pull, they cannot push. - cheek area
Im portan ce of M uscle Ton e o Orbicularis Oris
- to pucker the lips
✓ It plays an important role i n o Zygomaticus
maintaining posture - cheek bone when smiling
✓ Some fibers are always
contract ed
✓ Muscles of the neck, trunk and
legs suddenly relax, the body
collapses
Types of m uscle con tractions

1. Isotonic Contraction
→ tension of the muscle is
the same while the
length changes
a. Concentric Contraction
- shortening of muscle ➢ For mastication
due to movement o Masseter
b. Eccentric Contraction - raises the mandible
- muscles increases its o Temporalis
length while it contracts - found above the
2. Isomet ric Contraction temporal bone
- a synergist
→ the tension increases
→ muscle doesn’t shorten
Con traction an d m uscle size

➢ Hypertrophy
→ increase in size of
muscle due to dynamic
muscle activity
➢ Atrophy
→ decrease in size of
muscle if not always in
use

notesbyjo