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General
KAPPA
PRODUCTION LOGGING
TOOLS
Module #4 TOOLS GENERAL
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Typical PL Toolstring
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Adapters
Courtesy: Sondex
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Calipers
Calipers
• Mechanical devices
• Sensitive readings
• Prone to sticking
• Calibration can shift
• Usually calibrated with a two
point calibration using 2 rings
of known diameters.
PFC1, PFC2 - Schlumberger
XCAL, YCAL - Sondex
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Tool Summary Auxiliary Measurements
Basic Measurements
• Caliper – measures diameter of the wellbore
• De iation – realtime meas
Deviation measurement
rement of de
deviation
iation at the tool
• Head tension – tension or compression at the logging tool head
• Cable tension – tension in the logging cable at surface
Depth control
• Gamma Ray – counts GR’s with an unfocussed detector
• Casing Collar Locator – responds to changes in metal thickness
Other
• Pulsed Neutron – Oxygen Activation
• Noise log
• Tracer
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Open hole GR
White Open hole GR is higher
than the PL GR curves
Normal response for calibrated GR
Coloured PL GR curves are higher
than the white Open hole GR
Probably due to there being radioactive
scale deposits in front of the perfs.
(Indicative of water production)
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Tool Connections
Telemetry errors
Tool communication problems
Spikes on data
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Signal vs Noise
Note: Track scales indicating noise spikes on top of data
Same data, with scales adjusted to see the real tool signal
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Tools Summary
Flowmeters - Fluid Velocity
Density - Fluid mixture or hold up
Capacitance - Water holdup
Pressure - Pressure profiles & Pseudo-density & SIP
Temperature - Variations from the gradient (flow analysis)
Input to pressure measurement (gauge calibration)
Press &Temp - Needed to compute fluid properties - PVT
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Tool Summary Main Measurements
Single phase profiles
• Temperature (for PVT)
• Pressure (for PVT)
• Spinner/flowmeter
• Caliper
Multi-phase profiles
• Density, Gradiomanometer
• Capacitance
• Gas holdup
• Imaging/probe/array tools
• Direct velocity measurements
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QA/QC: Caliper
• Check for repeatability
• Try to identify perforation position – sometimes slight
swelling/enlargement
lli / l t off casing
i att perfs
f
• Verify tool calibration – in known completion ID
• Compare caliper readings with relative bearing where available –
is casing really ovalised?
• Always present all calipers C1, C2 & C1C2 on same scale for
comparison purposes
• Check changes in caliper against changes in spinner response
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QA/QC: CCL
• Check for repeatability
• Confirm CCL against wellsketch, completion diagram, tubing shoe,
pipe tally, packers, reference CCL log, etc
• See if perfs show on CCL
• Stuck tool - Use CCL background noise to see if tool is moving
downhole (analog signal)
• Adjust the scale to show sensitivity
• Does not respond in non-magnetic tubulars
• Sensitivity will depend on casing size,
size centralizing of the tool and
logging speed.
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QA/QC: Gamma Ray
• Check for repeatability between passes
• It is the first level of lithology indicator.
• Check for dynamic range of GR .. normally 0-120API +/-
• Verify that perforation depths agree with the GR log
• Often use the first slow UP pass for correlation with OHGR
• Check depth control with open hole GR reference.. Adjust
depths if necessary
• Compare PL GR vs Open hole GR
• Above normal GR could be due to deposits of radioactive
salts/sulphates – check caliper for buildups on ID – possible
indicator of water production
• Low values of PL GR compared with OH GR could be due
to extra hardware between tool and formation
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QA/QC: Gamma Ray (contd)
• GR will show sensitivity with change of metal thickness.. eg
multiple tubulars, inside packer sealbore.
• Look for RA pip tags – Repeatable spikes of very high API
• Try to confirm perforation zones have some “agreement” with
the GR log
• Slow passes should show better definition/resolution
• Do not correlate on peaks - Correlate on large “shoulders” of
GR contrast
• Tool sensitivity could be affected by a cracked measure
crystal.
• High temperatures could affect the performance of the detector
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