Define RISC and CISC - RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer CISC stands

for Complex Instruction Set Computer

List any two applications of Harvard architecture - 1. PIC 2. AVR 3. ARM 4. DSP
Illustrate any two data
types used in C with
their ranges –
State any two
application of
Bluetooth - i)
Headphones ii) Laptop
iii) Printer iv) Cell
phones

Draw format of TMOD register –

Define the terms scalability, predictability related to RTOS - i) Scalability: RTOS can
be used in a wide variety of embedded systems. They must be able to scale-up or
scale-down to suit the application. ii) Predictability: In RTOS, the user knows within
how much time period the RTOS is going to perform the task
List any four applications of Embedded system - Applications of Embedded system:
Embedded Systems in Automobiles and in telecommunications: ● Motor and cruise
control system ● Body or Engine safety ● Entertainment and multimedia in car ● E-
Com and Mobile access ● Robotics in assembly line ● Wireless communication ●
Mobile computing and networking Embedded Systems in Smart Cards, Missiles and
Satellites: ● Security systems ● Telephone and banking ● Defense and aerospace ●
Communication Embedded Systems in Peripherals & Computer Networking: ●
Displays and Monitors ● Networking Systems ● Image Processing ● Network cards
and printers Embedded Systems in Consumer Electronics: ● Digital Cameras ● Set top
Boxes ● High Definition TVs ● DVD
State any two characteristics of embedded systems - Characteristics of embedded
systems: 1. Power Dissipation: For battery operated system this is important feature.
Examples are mobile phone or digital camera where if power dissipation is small
battery needs to be recharge less frequently. 2. Unit cost: the monetary cost of
manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost.
List any four software development tools used in an embedded system - Software
development tools used in an embedded system. 1. Compiler 2. Cross assembler 3.
Cross compiler 4. Locators 5. Loaders 6. Simulators 7. Debugger 8. Integrated
development environment (IDE)
Sketch and label the block diagram of embedded system –
State any four
applications of
Bluetooth -
Applications of
Bluetooth: 1.
Wireless Head Sets
2. Cell Phones 3.
Laptops and
Notebooks 4. PDA’s
5. Printers 6. Car
manufactures
Industry 7. E-Mail /
Internet / Intranet Access
State the functions of following pins of LCD. i)RS ii)R/W - i) RS: RS is the register
select pin used to write display data to the LCD (characters), this pin has to be high
when writing the data to the LCD. During the initializing sequence and other
commands this pin should low. ii) R/W: Reading and writing data to the LCD, for
reading the data R/W pin should be high (R/W=1), to write the data to LCD R/W pin
should be low (R/W=0)
List any four functions of RTOS - Functions of RTOS. 1) Task Management 2) Task
Scheduling 3) Interrupt Handling 4) Resource Management
State any two application for following i)Small scale embedded system. ii) Medium
scale embedded system. - i)Small scale embedded system. : Washing Machine,
Microwave Oven, T.V. remote control ii) Medium scale embedded system. : Router,
Switch, Bridge, ATM

Compare Harvard and Von Neuman architecture =

Write C language program to toggle all bits of P0, P1, P2 and P3 continuosly with
certain delay –

Draw 9 pin RS 232C connector and state significance of DTR and DSK signals =
Data terminal ready (DTR): When terminal is turned on, it
sends out signal DTR to indicate that it is ready for
communication Data set ready (DSR): When DCE is turned on
and has gone through the self-test, it assert DSR to indicate
that it is ready to communicate
Write a C language program to transfer message "MSBTE" serially at 9600 band rate.
Assume crystal frequency 12 MHz –

Compare between CAN and I2C protocols on the following points. i) Data Transfer rate
ii) Number of fields iii) Addressing bits iv) Applications –

Draw interfacing of ADC with 89C51 and explain function of SOC, EOC and OE –
SOC [Start of conversion]:
When High to low signal
is appearing to this pin of
ADC; ADC then starts
conversion. EOC [End of
conversion]: ADC sends
this high EOC signal to
Micro-Controller to
indicate completion of
conversion. OE [Output Enable]: When a high signal is applied to this pin, the output
latch of ADC get enables and the converted data is then available to Micro-Controller
Compare general purpose operating system and RTOS (four points) –

Describe how assembly language can be included in 89C51 C program. Give an

example - This is known as inline assembly which does not require separate assembly
and link. steps. It is more convenient than a separate assembler. This uses the
functions. and variables of ‘c’ language. This helps to integrate the assembly language
program and ‘c’ language program easily. Its uses following syntax.

Draw and explain USB protocol - The USB can be connected to host directly or
through a hub. Multiple USB connections to a single host computer is possible. USB
hub is an intelligent device that transfers data between host computer and various
USB peripheral devices.  The USB is based on a so-called tiered star topology in which
there is a single host and up to 127 slave devices.  The host controller is connected to
a hub within the PC which allows a number of attachment points (ports).  A further
hub can be plugged into each of these attachments and so on. However, there are
 limitations on this expansion.  A
maximum of 127 devices may be
connected. This is because the
address field in a packet is 7 bits long
and the address 0 cannot be used as
it has special significance.
State any four features of Zigbee -
1.Support for multiple network
topologies such as point to point,
point to multipoint and mesh
networks, cluster tree. 2.ZigBee
operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands: 2.4 GHz in most
jurisdictions worldwide. 3. Low duty cycle provides long battery life. 4. 250 Kbps data
rate. 5. Scalable and easy deployment. 6. Highly reliable and secure. 7. Low latency. 8.
Cost effective. 9. Up to 65000 nodes per network.
Draw interfacing diagram of 4×4 matrix keyboard with 89C51 –

Write a 'C' language program to rotate stepper motor by 90° clockwise. Assume step
angle of 1.8° and 4 step sequence -
Explain watchdog timer and semaphore in detail - Watchdog Timer Watchdog timer
is a valuable tool in
embedded systems for
enhancing reliability
and robustness by
automatically
detecting and
recovering from faults
or malfunctions. It acts
as a safety net,
providing a means to reset the system when necessary, thereby improving the overall
stability and dependability of the embedded application. A watchdog timer is a simple
countdown timer which is used to reset a microprocessor/microcontroller after a
specific interval of time. In a proper operating system, software will periodically
restart the watchdog timer. After being restarted, the watchdog will begin timing
another predetermined interval. The primary purpose of a watchdog timer is to
prevent the embedded system from getting stuck or entering into an unrecoverable
state. The watchdog timer is especially
useful in scenarios where the software
or hardware may encounter
unexpected issues, such as infinite
loops, software bugs, or hardware
failures. By requiring periodic resets,
the watchdog timer ensures that the
system is continually running and
responsive.
Semaphore In a real-time operating
system (RTOS), a semaphore is a
synchronization primitive used to
control access to a shared resource. Semaphores are essential for managing
concurrent access to resources by process.
A semaphore typically has two main operations: Wait (Mutex) Operation: Decrements
the semaphore counter mutex. If the counter mutex becomes zero then process
requesting the operation is blocked until the mutex becomes one again. Signal
(Mutex) Operation: Increments the semaphore counter mutex. If the mutex was zero
due to previous wait operations, it allows one or more waiting process to proceed.
Explain six characteristics of embedded system = 1. Processor Power: It is power
consumed by microcontroller / microprocessor used in embedded system. Lesser the
power consumption better the performance. 2. Memory: Embedded system has
program memory & data memory. Program memory stores program and generally it
is either EPROM or Flash Memory(EEPROM). Data memory stores data which changes
frequently and generally it is RAM. 3. Operating System: It is the program which runs
user assembly language programs on microcontroller hardware. It allots memory and
controls program execution on microcontroller. Generally Real Time Operating system
(RTOS) is used in Embedded system to achieve time deadlines in critical applications.
4. Reliability: Embedded system are used in critical applications like car Air bag
system, Space rockets, Missile systems, Nuclear power generation where reliability
plays very important role. 5. Performance: It is comparative term. The performance of
the system is to be compared with the already existing systems. The response time
and the speed are the important parameters to measure the performance of the
system. 6. Power Consumption: Most of the embedded system are battery operated,
therefore lesser the power consumption of embedded system, more the time battery
can supply power to the embedded system.
Explain pre emptive and round robin scheduling algorithm in RTOS - Pre emptive
Algorithm Preemptive (Preemptive SJF –
Shortest job first) is a scheduling
algorithm that selects the process with
the shortest remaining burst time to
execute next. In the preemptive version,
if a new process arrives with a shorter
burst time than the currently executing
process, the scheduler will preempt the
current process and start executing the
new one.
Round Robin
Algorithm Round Robin is a simple time-
sharing scheduling algorithm where each process is assigned a fixed time slot or
quantum, and the CPU scheduler cycles through the processes, allowing each to
execute for its allocated time slice. Example: Let's consider a simple example to
illustrate the pre-emptive Round Robin scheduling algorithm. We'll assume three
processes with different burst times and a time quantum of 4 .

Time Quantum (TQ): 4

Draw interface diagram of 7 seg LED display to 89C51 and write
a C program to display 0-9 continuously -
Seven segments are widely used in
applications where digits[0-9] are
required to be displayed. The above
figure shows interfacing of common
cathode seven segment display with
89S51. Port 1 is connected to Seven
segment display.
C Program: #include // Define common
cathode seven-segment display patterns
for numbers 0 to 9 unsigned char
disp_patterns[] = { 0x3F, 0x06, 0x5B, 0x4F,
0x66, 0x6D, 0x7D,0x07, 0x7F, 0x6F };

Compare RISC and CISC processors –

Write 89C51 C program to toggle all the bits of Po ,P1and P2continuously with a
zooms delay using the sfr keyword to declare the port address –

Compare features of PIC and ARM microcontrollers –