burette

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107° H 25
D N N H
negatively charged rod
H
H
OVERALL BONDING WS 1
SECTION A

71 Which of the following exists in the solid state as a giant covalent lattice?
Why is a water molecule polar?
A ice
A Molecules are bonded together by hydrogen bonds.
B iodine
B The oxygen and hydrogen atoms have different electronegativities.
C
. oxygen
silicon(IV) oxide
C The atom has two lone pairs of electrons.
D tin(IV) chloride
D !Water is able to dissociate into ions.
9701/1/O/N/02 [Turn over

52 Why does copper wire conduct electricity when a potential difference is applied?

A. Bonding electrons in the crystal lattice move.

B Copper(II) ions move to the cathode.
C The atoms of copper become ionised.

!D The crystal lattice breaks down.

4
67 Flask heated,
When X contains dm3 of
solid1iodine helium
readily at 2iodine
forms kPa pressure 3
vapour. and flask Y contains 2 dm of neon at 1 kPa
3
pressure.
What does this information suggest about the nature of the particles in these two physical states
If the
of flasks are connected at constant temperature, what is the final pressure?
iodine?

A 1solid
!" kPa vapour
B 1 !# kPa C 1 $" kPa D 2 kPa
A ionic atomic
B ionic molecular
C molecular atomic

!D molecular molecular 3
8
5 Which
Which statement about solids
of the following the standard enthalpymolecular
has a simple change oflattice?
formation of carbon dioxide is correct?
4
A
A Itmagnesium
is equal to the standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon.
oxide
B It is equal to twice the bond energy of the C=O bond.
B sodium
C It is the energy released when one mole of carbon dioxide is formed from carbon at the
C silicon(IV) oxide [Turn over
temperature of combustion of the carbon.9701/1/M/J/02
.
D
!D Itsulphur
is the same for carbon dioxide produced from graphite and from diamond.

6
9 Measured
Use values
of the Data of the
Booklet pressure,
is relevant volume
to this and temperature of a known mass of a gaseous
question.
compound are to be substituted into the equation
Hydrazine was used as a fuel for the Messerschmidt 163 rocket fighter in World War II and for the
pV = Gemini
American nRT and Apollo spacecraft. It has the following formula.

in order to calculate the relative molecular

H Mr, of the compound.
mass, H
N Nwould give the most accurate value of M ?
Which conditions of pressure and temperature r
H H
pressure
CEDAR COLLEGE temperature OVERALL BONDING WS 1
What is the enthalpy change of atomisation of 1 mol of gaseous hydrazine?
A high high www.youtube.com/megalecture
A 550 kJ
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26
6

12 Why does the exothermic reaction

5

C(diamond) ⎯⎯⎯→ C(graphite) ∆H = –3 kJ mol–1

not occur spontaneously?

A A tetrahedral configuration is always more stable than a planar one.

B Diamond has only strong covalent bonds whereas graphite has both covalent bonds and van
der Waals’ forces.

.
C The change from diamond to graphite has a high activation energy.

!D
The density of graphite is less than that of diamond.
4
3
86 A substance commonly found in the house or garden has the following properties.
13
5 The sketch
Which of thebelow shows
following the variation
particles of losing
would, on first ionisation energy
an electron, have with proton set
a half-filled number for six
of p orbitals?
elements of consecutive proton numbers between 1 and 18 (H to Ar).
• It is combustible. +
A C– B N C N– D O
• It is an electrical insulator.
• It melts over a range of temperature.
6 Magnesium oxide is used to line industrial furnaces because it has a very high melting point.
What could the substance be?
Which type of bond needs to be broken for magnesium oxide to melt?
ionisation
A brass energy
A co-ordinate
B paper
B covalent
C. poly(ethene) X
C ionic
D silicon(IV) oxide
!D metallic proton number

9 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

77 What
Which is solid
the identity of more
exhibits the element X?kind of chemical bonding?
than one
In an experiment using a gas syringe, 0.10 g2of a gas is found to occupy 83.1 cm3, measured at
AA Mg B Al C Si D P
standard pressure (1.0 × 105 Pa) and 27 °C.
brass
B copper Section A
What
14 The is theofrelative
metals Group molecular masswith
II react readily of the gas?to form compounds of general formula MO.
oxygen
For each
C question
diamond there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
0.10 × 8.31 × 27
A
be correct.
When each of 5these oxides is added to water, which forms the most alkaline solution?
!
D ice 1.0 × 10 × 83.1
A MgO B× 300
CaO C SrO D BaO
B
18 Which type ×of8.31
0.10 bonding is never found in elements?
5
1.0 × 10 enthalpy
× 83.1 changes of formation of iron(II) oxide, FeO(s), and aluminium oxide,
8 The standard
–1
AAl2O 3(s), are –266 kJ mol
covalent and –1676 kJ mol–1 respectively.
15 One mole 0.10
of ×each
8.31of× 27
the following compounds is strongly heated and any gas produced is
C
B.collected
1.0
ionic at
× 10 5 × 83.1
room temperature
× 10 –6 and pressure.
What is the enthalpy change under standard conditions for the following reaction?
CFrom which × 8.31 × 300
0.10compound is 24 dm3 of gas likely to be collected?
D
metallic
1.0 ×of 5 × 83.1 × 10–63FeO(s) + 2Al (s) ! 3Fe(s) + Al 2O3(s)
[One mole 10any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
D van der Waals’ forces
AA MgCl B BMgCO C Mg(NO D [W’15 2 Q1]
3)2 Mg(OH)
+ 8782kJ – 878
3
kJ C –1942 kJ D –2474
2
kJ
2 Arsenic chloride, AsCl 3, reacts with sodium borohydride, NaBH4.
9 Which substance, in 1 mol dm–3 aqueous solution, would have the same hydrogen ion
pAsCl 3 + qNaBH4 → rAsH3 + sNaCl + tBCl 3
concentration as 1 mol dm!3 of hydrochloric acid?
What are the numbers p, q, r, s and t when this equation is balanced correctly?
A ethanoic acid 9701/1/O/N/03

B nitricp acid q r s t
CA sodium
2 hydroxide
3 2 3 1
CEDAR COLLEGE OVERALL BONDING WS 1
DB sulphuric
3 acid
3 3 3 2
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C 4 3 4 3 3
 C The electronegativity of fluorine is much higher than for other elements in the group.
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D There is hydrogen bonding between HF molecules.
27

9
6 Three substances, R, S, T, have physical properties as shown.

electrical conductivity
substance mp / oC bp / oC
3 of solid of liquid
5 In which
R process are801
hydrogen bonds
1413broken? poor good
A H2S(l) → H2(g) 2852 3600 poor good
B NH
T3(l) → NH3(g)
3550 4827 good not known
C 2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)
What could be the identities of R, S and T ?
D CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)
R S T
6 Which of the following least resembles an ideal gas?
A NaF KCl Cu
A ammonia
B NaBr BaO SiO2
B helium
C NaCl MgO C [graphite]
C hydrogen
D NaBr CaO C [diamond]
!D trichloromethane

107 The diagram shows part of the lattice structures of solids X and Y. [In X, represent
particles of different elements.]

© UCLES 2005 9701/01/M/J/05 [Turn over

X Y

What are the types of bonding present in X and Y?

X Y

A covalent metallic
B ionic covalent
C ionic metallic
D metallic ionic
!

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© UCLES 2006 9701/01/M/J/06 [Turn over
 E(C≡O) 1077 kJ mol–1
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360 kJ mol–1
E(C–H) 28410
4 kJ mol–1
E(H–H) 436 5 kJ mol–1
117 What are the lattice structures of solid diamond, iodine and silicon(IV) oxide?
3 –3 –1
9 50 cm of 2.50 mol dm hydrochloric E(O–H)
acid was 460 kJ molin a polystyrene beaker of negligible heat
placed
capacity. Its giant molecular
temperature was recorded and simplethen 50 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3 NaOH at the same
molecular
What is the enthalpy change of this
withreaction?
'
temperature was quickly added, stirring. The temperature rose by 17 °C.
A diamond, silicon(IV) oxide iodine
–1
The resulting solution may be considered to have a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g–1 K–1.
A –537 kJ mol
B diamond, iodine silicon(IV) oxide
B –101 kJ mol–1
What
C is an approximate iodine value for the diamond,
molar enthalpy change
silicon(IV) of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid
oxide
and sodium –1
hydroxide from this experiment?
C +101 kJ mol
D silicon(IV) oxide diamond, iodine
!D +537−(50 kJ .2 x–1
x 4 mol 17 ) − 1
A J mol
(0.050 x 2 .5)
8 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine?
125 Which−(solid
50 x 4 has a simple
.2 x 17 ) molecular
1 lattice?
B J mol −
A Br(20(l) .10→x 22Br(g)
.5 )
A calcium fluoride
−(100
Br x 4 .2 x 17 ) 1
B
C nickel 2(g) → 2Br(g) J mol −
(0.050 x 2 .5)
C silicon(IV)
1 oxide
C − Br2(l)x 4→.2 Br(g)
2 (100 x 17 )
.
1
D
D sulfur J mol −
! (50 x 2 .5)
D 21 Br2(g) → Br(g)

6 The reaction pathway diagram below illustrates the energies of reactants, products and the
1310 transition
Three substances,
state of a R, S and T, have physical properties as shown.
reaction.
9 In an experiment, 50.0 cm3 of a 0.10 mol dm–3 solution of a metallic salt reacted exactly with
25.0 cm3 of 0.10 molsubstance
dm–3 aqueous sodium sulphite.
transition
R state S T
E1
The half-equation for mp / oC
oxidation of sulphite ion 801 2852
is shown below. 3550
bp / oC 14132− 3600 4827
SO 32− (aq) +
E2 + H2O(I) → SO 4 (aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e
–

energy
electrical conductivity ofreactants
solid poor poor good
If the original oxidation number of the metal in the salt was +3, what would be the new oxidation
What could
number be metal?
of the the identities of R, S and T ?
E3
products
A +1 R B +2 S C T +4 D +5

reaction coordinate
A MgO NaCl C [graphite]
10 Nitrogen
B dioxide
MgO decomposes
NaClon heating SiO
according to the following equation.
2
Which expression represents the activation energy of the forward reaction?
C NaCl MgO 2NO2C (g)[graphite]
2NO(g) + O2(g)
A E1 – E 2 B E1 – E 3 C E2 – E 3 D (E1 – E2) – (E2 – E3)
D NaClof nitrogen MgO SiO2into a 1 dm3 container
!
When 4 mol dioxide were put and heated to a constant
temperature, the equilibrium mixture contained 0.8 mol of oxygen.
11 In whichthe
What change
valuewould
of theonly van der Waals’ forces have
theto be overcome?
© UCLES 2010is equilibrium constant, Kc, at temperature
9701/12/O/N/10 of the experiment?
A
A 0 .8 2 × 0 .8 of ethanol
evaporation
B 1 .6 × 02 .8
C2H5OH(l) →2 C H OH(g)
C 1 .6 ×2 02.8 5 D 1 .6 2 × 0 . 8
42 2 .4 4 2 .4 2
B melting of ice H2O(s) → H2O(l)

C melting of solid carbon dioxide CO2(s) → CO2(l)

D solidification of butane C4H10(l) → C4H10(s)

CEDAR
© UCLESCOLLEGE
© UCLES 2011
2007
9701/11/M/J/11
9701/01/O/N/07 OVERALL BONDING WSover
[Turn 1
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 Online
For each question there Classes
are four : [email protected]
possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct. 29

14
1 Three elements, X, Y and Z, have the physical properties shown in the table.

melting point boiling point density

element
/ °C / °C / g cm-3

X –7 3 59 3.12
5 Y helps to explain
The presence of dipoles 98 why the 883 0.97the compound CHCl 3 exist as
element Br2 and
liquids at room temperature.
Z 649 1107 1.74
Which types of dipole are involved?
What could be the identities of X, Y and Z?
Br2 CHCl 3
X Y Z
induced dipoles and permanent induced dipoles and permanent
A
A Br2 dipoles
Al Si dipoles

.
induced dipoles and permanent
B
B Br2 Na Mg induced dipoles only
dipoles
C I2 inducedMg Na induced dipoles and permanent
dipoles only
dipoles
D I2 Si K
! D induced dipoles only induced dipoles only

2 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

15
6 Three compounds have the physical properties shown in the table.
Lead(IV) chloride will oxidise bromide ions to bromine. The Pb4+ ions are reduced to Pb2+ ions in
this reaction. compound P Q R
melting
If 6.980 g of lead(IV) point / is
chloride °Cadded to 2852 993 bromide–119
an excess of sodium solution, what mass of
bromine would be produced?
boiling point / °C 3600 1695 39
A 0.799 g B 1.598
conductivity g
(solid) C poor
3.196 g D 6.392 g poor
poor
conductivity (liquid) good good poor
3 Which element has an equal number of electron pairs and of unpaired electrons within orbitals of
conductivity
principal quantum number (aqueous)
2? insoluble good insoluble

A beryllium
What might be the identities of P, Q and R?
B carbon
C nitrogen
P Q R
D A oxygen
MgO KCl NH3
B MgO NaF C2H5 Br
C SiO2 KCl C2H5 Br
D SiO2 NaF HCl
!

7 For the equilibrium 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3 (g), what will change the value of Kp ?
© UCLES 2011 9701/11/O/N/11
A adding a catalyst
B adding more O2
C increasing the pressure
D increasing the temperature
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8 Which pollutant, present in the exhaust www.youtube.com/megalecture

fumes of an internal combustion engine, has an element
in the +2 oxidation state and an odd number of electrons in one molecule of the pollutant?
 4 In which species does the underlined atom have an incomplete outer shell?
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A Al 2Cl 6 B CH3+ C 30
Cl 2O D H2Cl C•

165 Which solid contains more than one kind of bonding?

A iodine
B silicon dioxide
C sodium chloride

!D zinc 3 4

•••/
•§
••
*t
•

Kak
175
8 The
Some diagram shows
car paints the Maxwell-Boltzmann
contain energy
small flakes of silica, SiOdistribution
2. curves for molecules of a sample
6 Use of the
of a gas at Data Booklet temperatures.
two different is relevant to this question.
In the structure of solid SiO2

a.Hm
The
Whichgasletter
laws on
canthebe axes
summarised in the
represents theideal
mostgas equation.
probable energy of the molecules at the lower

••
temperature?

qq.a.INT
o••
● each silicon atom is bonded to x oxygen atoms,
pV = nRT
I
● each oxygen atom is bonded to y silicon atoms,
0.96 g of oxygen gas is contained in a glass vessel of volume 7000 cm3 at a .temperature of 30 °C.
A •
F \
•
● each bond is a z type bond.
.
What is the pressure in the vessel?

B B2.1 kPa
What is the correct combination of x, y and z in this statement?
•
A 1.1 kPa C 10.8 kPa D 21.6 kPa

oxygen
x y z
7 Two moles of compound P were placed in a vessel. The vessel was heated and compound P
A partly decomposed
was 2 to1produce Q
covalent silicon chemicals P, Q and
and R. A dynamic equilibrium between
R was
B established.
2 1 ionic
.
At equilibrium
C 4 x moles of R2were present and the total number of moles present was (2 + x ).
covalent
2
D 4 2 ionic
What is the equation for this equilibrium reaction?
! C D
A P 2Q + R
9 BJohn Dalton’s +atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms.
186 Which 2P pair 2Q R
of elements has chemical bonds of the same type between their atoms in the solid
state?
CWhich2P of his
Q +predictions
R is still considered to be correct?
A aluminium and phosphorus
DA 2P Q + are
All atoms 2R very small in size.
B chlorine and argon
B All the atoms of a particular element have the same mass.
C magnesium and silicon
C All the atoms of one element are different in mass from all the atoms of other elements.
!
D sulfur and chlorine
D 2012
© UCLES No atom can be split into simpler parts.
9701/12/M/J/12 [Turn over

7 Ethanol has a boiling point of 78 °C. At 101 kPa and 79 °C ethanol vapour does not perfectly obey
10 the gas equation
A student pV = nRT.
calculated the standard enthalpy change of formation of ethane, C2H6, using a method
based on standard enthalpy changes of combustion.
What is the reason for this?
He used correct values for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethane
A Ethanol vapour is in equilibrium with ethanol liquid at 79 °C.
(–1560 kJ mol–1) and hydrogen (–286 kJ mol–1) but he used an incorrect value for the standard
enthalpy
B There change of combustion
are intermolecular forcesofbetween
carbon.the
Hemolecules
then performed hisvapour.
of ethanol calculation correctly. His final
answer was –158 kJ mol–1.
C The vapourisation of ethanol liquid is an endothermic process.
What
D did he will
Vapours usenot
forobey
the standard enthalpy
the gas equation changeatofsuch
perfectly combustion of carbon?
a low pressure.
A –1432 kJ mol–1
B –860 kJ mol–1
C –430 kJ mol–1
CEDAR
D COLLEGE
–272 kJ mol–1 OVERALL BONDING WS 1
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31 3

19
5 Two conversions are outlined below.

NH4+ NH3

C2H4 C2H6

What similar feature do these two conversions have?

A a lone pair of electrons in the product

B change in oxidation state of an element 3

5 . decrease
C
Which in bond particles
of the following angle of the species
would, involved
on losing an electron, have a half-filled set of p orbitals?
+
D
!A C–
disappearance B a N bond
of C N– D O

6 Use of the Data Booklet

is usedistorelevant to this furnaces
question.because it has a very high melting point.
20
6 Magnesium oxide line industrial
The gas
Which laws
type of can
bondbeneeds
summarised in thefor
to be broken ideal gas equation.
magnesium oxide to melt?

A co-ordinate pV = nRT

g of ethene gas is contained in a vessel at a pressure of 102 kPa and a temperature of 30 °C.
B covalent
0.56
C ionic
What is the volume of the vessel?
!A 49 cm3
D metallic
B 494 cm3 C 48 900 cm3 D 494 000 cm3

7 Which solid exhibits more than one kind of chemical bonding?

7 Propanone has the molecular formula C3H6O.
A brass
The enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen is –286 kJ mol–1.
B copper
The enthalpy change of combustion of carbon is –394 kJ mol–1.
diamond change of combustion of propanone is –1786 kJ mol–1.
C enthalpy
The
D ice
Using this information, what is the enthalpy change of formation of propanone?

A –1106 kJ mol–1
8 The standard enthalpy changes of formation of iron(II) oxide, FeO(s), and aluminium oxide,
Al2O–540
B 3(s), are
–1
–266
kJ mol kJ mol–1 and –1676 kJ mol–1 respectively.

C
What–254 mol–1 change under standard conditions for the following reaction?
kJenthalpy
is the
D +1106 kJ mol–1
3FeO(s) + 2Al (s) ! 3Fe(s) + Al 2O3(s)

8 A + 878
Under kJ set of conditions
which B – 878 kJ C likely
is a gas most –1942tokJbehave Dideally?
–2474 kJ

temperature pressure
9 Which substance, in 1 mol dm–3 aqueous solution, would have the same hydrogen ion
concentration
A as 1 mol dm!3 of hydrochloric
high high acid?

A B ethanoic high
acid low

B C nitric acidlow high

C D sodium hydroxide
low low
D sulphuric acid

CEDAR
© UCLESCOLLEGE
2012 9701/11/M/J/12 OVERALL BONDING WS 1over
[Turn
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 Online Classes : [email protected]
32
3

213 The table gives the radii, in pm, of some ions. [1 pm = 10–12 m]

ion radii

Na+ 102
Mg2+ 72
Cs+ 167
Cl – 181
2–
O 140

Caesium chloride, CsCl, has a different lattice structure from both sodium chloride, NaCl, and
magnesium oxide, MgO.

CsCl lattice NaCl and MgO lattice

Which factor appears to determine the type of lattice for these three compounds?

A the charge on the cation

B the ratio of the ionic charges
C the ratio of the ionic radii

!
D the sum of the ionic charges

© UCLES 2010 9701/12/O/N/10 [Turn over

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 4
C The height of the peak, P, decreases and the activation energy does not change.
5 Na2S2O3 reacts with Online
diluteClasses : [email protected]
HCl to give a pale yellow precipitate. If 1 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 HCl is
6 Hydrazine, N2H3 4, is used as a–3 rocket fuel because it reacts with oxygen as shown, producing
added
D The to height
10 cm ofofthe
0.02 mol dm
peak, Na2S2O3and
P, increases
‘environmentally friendly’ gases. 33the
the precipitate forms
activation slowly.
energy moves to the left.

If the experiment is repeated with 1 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 HCl and 10 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 Na 2S 2O3
222 Substances
the X,forms
precipitate Y andmore N 2H 4(l) + Some
Z arequickly.
all solids. O2(g)of→their
N2(g) + 2Hproperties
physical 2O(g) are∆H = –534
given in the mol–1
kJ table.

Despite its use as a rocket fuel, hydrazine does not burn spontaneously in oxygen.
Why is this?
substance X Y Z
Which
A Thestatement
activationexplains
energy why hydrazine is
does notwhen
burn0.05
spontaneously?
–3
melting point / °C of the reaction
772 lower 114 mol dm Na2S2O1610
3 is used.

A
B Hydrazine
The is a between
collisions
boiling point liquid.
/ °C reactant particles are more183
1407 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3 is
violent when 0.05 2205
used.
B The activation
electrical energy is too high.
conductivity conducts does not conduct does not conduct
–3
C Theofreactant state collide more frequently when 0.05 mol dm Na2S2O3 is used.
the liquidparticles
C The N N bond is very strong.
–3
D The
What reaction
type proceeds
of lattice by asubstance have? when 0.05 mol dm Na2S2O3 is used.
different pathway
D The reaction is could each
exothermic.

6 Which stage X free radical substitution

in the Y Z
of ethane by chlorine will have the lowest activation
7 A 10.0 cm3 bubble of an ideal gas is formed on the sea bed where it is at a pressure of 2020 kPa.
energy?
A giant molecular simple molecular ionic
Just below the sea surface the pressure is 101 kPa and the temperature is the same as the sea
A B Cl 2 → 2Cl ●
ionic giant molecular simple molecular
bed.
B C Cl ● + C2Hionic
6 → C2H5● +simple
HCl molecular giant molecular
What is the volume of the bubble when it rises to just below the sea surface?
C D C2H5simple
● + Clmolecular
2 → C2H5Cl + Cl ●
ionic giant molecular
!A 10.0 cm3 B 20.2 cm3 C 200 cm3 D 2 020 000 cm3
D Cl ● + C2H5● → C2H5Cl

238 Four substances have the physical properties shown.

7 Measured values of the pressure, volume and temperature of a known mass of a gaseous
Which substance
compound is an
are to be ionic solid?
substituted into the equation pV = nRT.

The measurements are used to calculate9701/12/M/J/14

© UCLES 2014
the relative molecular mass, Mr, of a compound.
electrical electrical
electrical
melting point boiling point conductivity conductivity
conductivity
Which conditions of pressure and temperature would give theof
most accurate value of Mr?
/ °C / °C molten of aqueous
of solid
substance solution
pressure temperature
A –115 –85 poor poor good
A high high
B 660 2470 good good insoluble
B high low
C 993 1695 poor good good

:
C low high
D 1610 2230 poor poor insoluble
! D low low

24
8 Which solid contains more than one kind of bonding?

A copper
B diamond
C ice

!
D magnesium oxide

©
© UCLES
UCLES 2013
2014 9701/13/O/N/13
9701/13/M/J/14 [Turn over

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 12 Which chlorine compound has bonding that can be described as ionic with some covalent
character?
Online Classes : [email protected]
A NaCl B MgCl2 C
34
AlCl
4 3 D SiCl4

4 Methanol may be prepared by the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
2513 Al Cl3 reacts with LiAl H4 and (CH3 )3 N to give (CH3 )3 NAl H3 .
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
Which statement about (CH3 )3 NAl H3 is correct?
The relevant average bond energies are given below.
A It contains hydrogen bonding.
B It is dimeric. E(C≡O) 1077 kJ mol–1

C The Al atom has an incompleteE(C–O) 360 kJ mol–1

octet of electrons.

! .
D The bonds around the Al atom E(C–H) 4
are tetrahedrally mol–1
410 kJarranged.
E(H–H) 436 kJ mol–1
8
26 Solid carbon dioxide, CO2, is similarE(O–H)
to solid iodine, I2, in–1its structure and properties. Carbon is in
460 kJ mol
Group 14. Silica, SiO2, is a Group 14 compound.

Which statement about solid CO2 and solid SiO2 is correct?

What is the enthalpy change of this reaction?

–537 kJ mol–1
A Both solids exist in a lattice structure.
A
B –101 kJ mol–1
B Both solids have a simple molecular structure.
C +101 kJ mol–1
C Both solids have atoms joined by single covalent bonds.
D +537 kJ mol–1
!D Both solids change spontaneously to gas at s.t.p.
© UCLES 2007 9701/01/M/J/07

27
9
5 Which solid has a simple molecular lattice?
An article in a science magazine contains the following statement.
A calcium fluoride
‘It is lighter than a feather, stronger than steel, yet incredibly flexible and more conductive than
copper.’
B nickel

Which form of carbon

C silicon(IV) oxide is being described?

!AD buckminsterfullerene
sulfur 3

:
B diamond
28
56 Some car paints
The reaction contain
pathway small flakes
diagram belowofillustrates
silica, SiO 2. energies of reactants, products and the
the
Ctransition
graphene
state of a reaction.
In the structure of solid SiO2
D graphite
transition state
● each silicon atom E1 is bonded to x oxygen atoms,

10 Which equation
● each hasoxygen
an enthalpy
atom change
is bonded of reaction which
to y silicon corresponds to the standard enthalpy
atoms,
change of atomisation of chlorine?
● each bond is a zE2type bond.
1 energy reactants
A 2 Cl 2(g) Cl (g)
What is the correct combination of x, y and z in these statements?
1
B Cl 2(l) Cl (g)
2 E3
x y z products
C Cl 2(g) 2Cl (g)
A 2 1 covalent
D Cl 2(l) 2Cl (g) reaction coordinate
§ B 2 1 ionic
D Which expression represents
11 In Can experiment,
4 2 of the
2.00 mol
activation
hydrogen
energy of the forward reaction?
and 3.00 mol of iodine were heated together in a sealed
covalent
container
AD E1 – Eand
2 4 allowed
B toE21reach
– E3 equilibrium
C E at2 –a Efixed temperature.
D (E1 – The
E2) –container
(E2 – E3) had a fixed
!volume of 1.00 dm3. At equilibrium, there were 2.40 mol of iodine present in the mixture.
ionic 3

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

6 Solid sulfur consists of molecules made up of eight atoms covalently bonded together.
© UCLES 2010 9701/12/O/N/10
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
The bonding in sulfur dioxide is O=S=O.
A 0.107 B 0.357 C 0.429 D 2.33
–1
CEDAR COLLEGE
enthalpy change of combustion of S8, OVERALL BONDING WS 1
S8(s)= –2376kJ mol
into gaseous atoms = 2232 kJ mol–1
energy required to break 1 mole S8(s) www.youtube.com/megalecture
–1
 C 4 3 4 3 3
Online Classes : [email protected]
6
D 4 4 4 4 3
35
12 The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation energy with proton number for some
29 3 elements. The lettershave
Three substances usedtheare not theproperties
physical usual symbols
shown for thetable.
in the elements.

melting point boiling point P

conductivity conductivity conductivity
substance
/ °C / °C (solid) (liquid) (aqueous)

U 420 907 good good insoluble

V 993 1695 poor good good
X
W –70 58 poor poor hydrolyses, resulting
first ionisation
solution conducts well
W
What couldenergy
be the/identities
kJ mol–1 of U, V and W?
U
U V W V
R
A Na KCl SiCl 4 T
3
B Na NaF C2H5Br S
5 Which molecule has no overall dipole? Q
C Zn KCl HCl
A CH3Cl B CH2Cl 2 C CHCl 3 D CCl 4
D Zn NaF SiCl 4 proton number
!

6
30 Which
Whichsolid contains
statement morethe
about than one typeisofcorrect?
elements bonding?

©A
A iodine
P2015
UCLES and X are in the same period in the9701/12/O/N/15
Periodic Table.

B
B silicon dioxideincrease from Q to X is due to increasing atomic radius.
The general
C
C sodium chloride
The small decrease from R to S is due to decreased shielding.
D
D zinc
The small decrease from U to V is due to repulsion between paired electrons.
[S’18 1 Q6]

7
31
13 Enthalpy changes
Which element of combustion
shows cantendency
the greatest be used to
to determine enthalpy
form covalent changes of formation. The
compounds?
following equation represents the enthalpy change of formation of butane.
A boron
4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g)
B magnesium
By using the following standard enthalpy of combustion data, what is the value of the standard
enthalpy
C neonchange of formation, , of butane?
D potassium
substance 4 [W’16 2 Q13]
C(s) –394
328 Solid carbon dioxide, CO2, is similar to solid iodine, I2, in its structure and properties. Carbon is in
Group 14. Silica, SiO2, is a Group 14 compound. –286
H2(g)

Which statement about solid CO2Cand

4H10solid
(g) SiO is –2877
2 correct?
–1
A
A –5883 kJ molexist
Both solids in a lattice structure.
B
B Both kJ
–129 mol–1have a simple molecular structure.
solids
¥
C
C Both kJ
+129 mol–1have atoms joined by single covalent bonds.
solids
± D
D +2197 –1
kJ molchange
Both solids spontaneously to gas at s.t.p.
[M’16 Q8]
2–
89 Ethanedioate
An article in a ions, C2O
science 4 , react contains
magazine with a suitable reagent
the following to form CO2. A half-equation for this
statement.
reaction is shown.
‘It is2016
© UCLES lighter than a feather, stronger than steel, yet incredibly flexible and more conductive than
9701/12/O/N/16
copper.’ C2O42– → 2CO2 + 2e–
CEDAR COLLEGE
Which
Which formisofcorrect?
row carbon is being described? OVERALL BONDING WS 1

A buckminsterfullerene
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oxidation state of
 Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that you consider to be correct).
Online Classes : [email protected]
The responses A to D should be selected on the36
basis
14 of

A B
SECTION
Section B
B C D
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct. 1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
correct correct correct
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that you consider to be correct).11
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.
Section
The responses A to D should be selected on B of
the basis
For
31 each of the questionshave
in this section, oneformula
or moreCHof the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be
Which compounds the empirical 2O?
correct. A B C D

1 methanal 12
Decide whether1, each
2 andof3 the statements1 andis2or is not correct (you3 may find it helpful
2 and 1 onlyto put a tick against
Thestatements
the responses
2 ethanoic A toacid
that
are D should
you considerbe selected on the basis of
to be correct).
only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
3 methylA methanoate
The responses to D A should be selectedBon the basis of C D
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
A B C D
correct are features
132 Which of the following correct
of the structurecorrect
of metallic copper?

④
1, 2 and
31 The diagram 3 are the
illustrates 1 and 2 only
energy 2 and
are 12of
changes a set3ofonly are 1 only is correct
reactions.
1 combination
No other correct correct
ionic bonds of statements is used as a correct response. correct
H = _134 kJ mol 1
Section_ B
2 delocalised electrons
No other combination of statements R is used as a correct response.
S
33 The
For each
3 conversion of
of the questions
lattice of ions graphite
in thisinto diamond
section, one is
or an endothermic
more of the threereaction = +3 kJ mol1–1to
(∆Hstatements
numbered ). 3 may
be correct.
31
2 Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is a liquid C(graphite) → C(diamond)
of low boiling point. In the presence of water it decomposes
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
to form silicon(IV) oxide and hydrogen chloride.
33 Which statements
the statements that you about
considerthetocommercial
be correct). extraction of aluminium are correct?
Which statements are correct? H = +92 J mol
1

What types of bonding occur in SiCl (I)?

The 1responses
The enthalpy
cathode reaction
A to D should Al 3+ +4 3e
beisselected on–the→diamond
Al. of is smaller than that of graphite.
basis

⑥
1 The change of atomisation of
12 co–ordinate
The bond ofbonding
liningenergy the electrolytic cell acts as the cathode.
2 The A of the C–C B bonds in graphite is greater than that inDdiamond.
C
_ _
23 covalent
The enthalpy bondingis purified Al
electrolyte HO 1
2 3 in of
= 75 Na
3AlF6. isU greater than that of graphite.
kJ mol 12
3 The changeTof combustion diamond
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
The 3responses
van derareAWaals forces beonly
to D should selected
are on the basis onlyofare is
Which of the following statements
correct are correct? correct
34 Which
Which of of the
the following
following statements
magnesiumare compounds
correct for lose mass when of heated by a below
bunsen flame?
correct correct
3 the sequence compounds considered
from1left The
32 Long-chain toAright?
alkanes
enthalpyare converted
change forBtheontransformation
an industrial scale C into
U ⎯→ R isalkylsulphates
+ 42 kJ mol–1D .for use as detergents,
1 sodium
e.g.
No other magnesium
combination carbonate
lauryl of
sulphate.
statements is used as a correct response.

②
2NaF
1, 2Theand 3MgO change
enthalpy Al1Nfor SiC
the2transformation
and 2Tand
⎯→3S is endothermic. 1 only
2 magnesium nitrate
3 The enthalpy change for the transformation RO⎯→ T is – 33 kJ mol–1 is
are only are only are .
31 1 Use The
of electronegativity
3 magnesium oxide
correct
the Data Booklet is difference
correcttobetween
relevant this the
question. elements
correct in each compound correctincreases.
2 The formula-units of these CH (CH 2)10CH2O areS isoelectronic
compounds ONa (have the same number of
The technetium–99 isotope (99Tc)3 is radioactive
electrons).
and has been found in lobsters and seaweed
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.
O
adjacent to nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
3 The bonding becomes increasingly covalent.
99
Which statements are correct about an atom of Tc?
434 Which pairs of compounds containsodium one thatlauryl sulphate

⑨
is giant ionic and one that is simple molecular?
35 Which
1 It has statements
13 moreare reasons
neutrons thanwhy sulphur dioxide is used as a food preservative?
protons.
What
1 Al 2deductions
O3 and Al 2about
2 It has 43 protons.
Cl 6 the properties of this substance can be made from this structure?
9701/1/O/N/02
1 SiO
2 It is and
a reducing
SiCl 4 agent and therefore an anti-oxidant.
13 PartIt hasof99 the structure is polar and is water–attracting.
2
nucleons.
2 PItOprevents
3 alcohols forming sour-tasting acids.
4 10 and PCl 3
2 The alkyl chain is soluble in oil droplets.
3 It does not smell and therefore can be used in more than trace quantities.
532 Which of the following solids contain more than one type of chemical bond?
3 All the C-C-C bond angles are tetrahedral.

②
UCLES 2004
35 ©When coal is burnt, gaseous oxides of9701/01/O/N/04 carbon and sulphur are formed which pollute the
1 brass (an alloy of copper and zinc)
36 atmosphere.
Why is the addition One methodof concentrated
of preventing sulphuric
such acid to solid
pollution potassium
involves iodide
adding calciumunsuitable
carbonate for to
thethe
preparation
burning
2 graphite coal. of hydrogen
The iodide?
temperature of the process causes the decomposition of the calcium carbonate
into calcium oxide.
13 iceHydrogen iodide is not displaced by sulphuric acid.
Which reactions will be important in helping to reduce atmospheric pollution?
2 Iodide ions are oxidised to iodine.
33 1Many crude oxide
Calcium oils contain sulphur
reacts with 2S. During
as Hdioxide
sulphur to form refining,
calciumby sulphite.
the Claus process, the H2S is
3converted
The product
into solidis contaminated
sulphur, whichby is sulphur compounds.
then removed.
2 Calcium oxide reacts with sulphur dioxide and more air to form calcium sulphate.
CEDAR COLLEGE 9701/1/M/J/03 OVERALL BONDING [Turn overWS 1
reaction I 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g)
3 Calcium oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form calcium carbonate.
reaction II
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2H2S(g) + SO2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 3S(s)
 correct correct correct correct
31 The relative molecular mass of a molecule of chlorine is 72.
Online Classes : [email protected]
11
No Which
other combination
properties ofofthe
statements is used
atoms in this as a37
molecule correct
are theresponse.
same?
Section B
1 radius
6 31 Which diagrams represent part of a giant molecular structure?
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
2 nucleon number
be correct.
1 2 11 3
3 relative isotopic mass
Decide whether each of = the
C statements is or is not correct= C (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
= Na
the statements that you consider to be correct).Section B
= Cl

⑧
32 each
For Whichofmolecules
the are planar?
questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
be correct. 11
1 BCl3
A B C D
Decide
2 whether
NH3 each of the statements is orSection
is not correct
B (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that3 you consider1 to
1, 2 and andbe2correct). 2 and 3 1 only
3 PH
For each of the questions in thisonly
3 are section,
are one or moreonlyof the
are three numbered isstatements 1 to 3 may
The
be responses
correct. A to D should becorrect
correct selected on the basis of
correct correct

7Decide whether
33 Boron is aAeach of the statements
non-metallic element
B is or is is
which notplaced
correctabove
(you may
C find it helpful
aluminium Dto putIIIaof
in Group tick against
the Periodic
No statements
the other combination
that youofconsider
statements isnitrogen
used as known
a correct
asresponse.
32 Table.
WhichItreactions
forms are redoxto
a compound be
with correct).
reactions? boron nitride which has a graphite structure.

④
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
The responses
Which
1 CaBr A2 +to
of the D should
following
2H →beCaSO
selected
2SO4 conclusions on2 +
+ can
Br the
beSO basis
drawn
2 + 2Hof
from this information? is
2O are
31 How mayare only4are
nitrogen exist in compounds? only
is BN. 13
correct correct correct correct
12 TheCaBr 2 + 2H3PO
empirical
A 4 → Ca(H
formula PO4nitride
of boron
B2bond )2 + 2HBr C D
1 bonded by a triple covalent
23 TheCaBr boron and nitride
2 +32AgNO atoms
andis23are
3 → Ca(NO )2 +likely to be2 arranged
3B alternately1inonly
a hexagonal pattern.
used as a Section
1, 2part
and 1 2AgBr andresponse.
2 as
No other of a cation
combination of statements correct
3 Boron arenitride has a layer onlystructure
are with vanonlyder are is the layers.
Waals’ forces between
3 having lost 3 electrons correct
to form an anion
For each of the
correct questions in this section, one or more
correct
33 Sodium hydrogensulfide, NaSH, is used to remove hair from animal hides. of the three numbered
correct statements 1 to 3 may
8be
31 correct.
The Group IV elements carbon, silicon and germanium all exist in a diamond structure. The bond
No lengths in these structures areSH
isgiven
–
ionbelow.
32 other
Use combination
Which
of thestatements of statements
Data Booklet about the
is relevant used
to as
areaquestion.
this correct response.
correct?
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements
1 isotope
The that
99
It containsTc you
18
is consider
electrons.
element X and
radioactive to behas
correct). C in lobsters
been found Si and seaweed
Ge adjacent to nuclear
31 How may nitrogen plants.
fuel reprocessing exist in compounds?
bond oflength X– X /surround
nm 0.154 0.234 0.244
The1responses
bonded A to
2 Three lone pairs
by a D should
triple be bond
selected on the
electrons
covalent
the
99
basis of
sulfur atom.
Which statements are correct about an atom of Tc?

⑨
3 Sulfur has an oxidation state of +2.
2Whyasdoespart the bond
cationlength increase down the group?
© UCLES1 2005 Aof amore
It has 13 neutrons than Bprotons.9701/01/O/N/05 C D [Turn over
31 inOrbital overlapstate
an oxidation decreases
of +5 down the group.
2 It 1, has2 43
and 3
protons. 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
2 Atomic areradius increases down
3 It has 99 nucleons.
only are
the group. only are is
32 The correct
3 phosphide
Nuclear charge
31 3–
ion 15increases correct
P and downsulfidethe 32 2–
16 S
iongroup. correct correct
have the same number of which sub-atomic
particles?
9No© UCLES 2010
33
other
9701/11/M/J/10
combination of statements is used as a correct response.
Which of these substances have a giant structure?

⑤
32 1Sodium neutrons
ions can be formed from sodium atoms.
1 silicon(IV) oxide
Use2 of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some +questions.
electrons
2 baked clay found in crockery Na(s) → Na (g)
3 protons
Which statements about the atoms 23Na and 24Mg are correct?
Which quantitiesVare required to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of gaseous sodium
31 ions?
3 phosphorus( ) oxide

10
33 Which substances have a giant structure?
1 enthalpy
They have the same number of of filled electron orbitals.

④
1 change of atomisation sodium
1 calcium oxide
2 first
2 They have theenergy
ionisation sameofnumber
sodiumof neutrons.
2 calcium
3 enthalpy
3 They arechange
both reducing agents.
of formation of sodium
3 baked clay found in crockery

32 Which compounds contain covalent bonds?

11

⑧
© UCLES 2012 9701/12/O/N/12 [Turn over
1 aluminium chloride
2 ammonia
3 calcium fluoride

[Turn over
33 Ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is used as a de-icer. It allows ice to melt at temperatures below
© UCLES 2006 9701/01/M/J/06

0 °C.
CEDAR COLLEGE OVERALL[Turn
BONDING
over WS 1
Which statements are correct?
© UCLES 2012 9701/13/O/N/12

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1 Ethylene glycol changes the extensive network of hydrogen bonds in ice.
 correct correct correct correct

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No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.
38

12

②
33 Which substances contain delocalised electrons?

1 cyclohexene
2 graphite
3 sodium

34 [ 843
Solids W, X, Y and Z are compounds of two different Group II metals. Some of their 033 ]
2 applications
are described below.

Compound W is used as a refractory lining material in kilns.

Compound X is used as a building material. It can also be heated in a kiln to form compound Y.
When Y is hydrated, it forms compound Z which is used agriculturally to treat soils.

Which statements about these compounds are correct?

1 Adding W to water has less effect on pH than adding Y.

2 Adding Z to soil increases the pH of the soil.
3 The metallic element in Y reacts with cold water more quickly than the metallic element in W.

35 Which properties increase in the sequence hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen
iodide?

1 thermal stability
2 bond length
3 ease of oxidation

© UCLES 2013 9701/12/M/J/13

CEDAR COLLEGE OVERALL BONDING WS 1

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39 220

BONDING WS 1
OVERALL BONDING WS 2
2 For
Examin
Use
111 (a) Give the full electron configuration of the following.

Is
'
2K 2 pb 352
(i) Mg ............................................................................................................................
Is
'
2K 2 pb
(ii) Mg2+ .........................................................................................................................

2p4
'
is as
(iii) O ..............................................................................................................................
2k 2p2
'
Is
(iv) O2– ...........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the lattice structure of magnesium oxide.

:*
: 2-

(ii) Use your diagram to interpret and explain two physical properties of magnesium
oxide.
It mas
high melting point
..................................................................................................................................
and does not conduct
electricity
..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
(iii) State two large scale uses of magnesium oxide.
insides of blast furnaces
Lining the
..................................................................................................................................
.

Used in
spark pings
..................................................................................................................................
.

[5]
!
.
Electrical insulators .

•
Ceramics .

CEDAR COLLEGE BONDING WS 1

CEDAR COLLEGE OVERALL BONDING WS 2
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 Online Classes : [email protected]
40221
PAGE
2 For
Examiner’s
Use
122 (a) Salt, sodium chloride, forms transparent colourless crystals. Describe the bonding in
sodium chloride crystals, give the formula of each particle and sketch part of the crystal
structure.

: :
[3]

(b) Explain why crystals of sodium chloride do not conduct electricity, but molten sodium
chloride does.
form ions free to
In liquid The are
..........................................................................................................................................
and the
more
carry charge
..........................................................................................................................................
.

......................................................................................................................................[2]
!
(c) (i) With the aid of a diagram of the cell, outline the manufacture of chlorine from brine
(aqueous sodium chloride). [ N' 03 QB

(ii) Write the electrode equations, including state symbols.

anode ........................................................................................................................

cathode .....................................................................................................................

9701/02/O/N/03

CEDARCOLLEGE
CEDAR COLLEGE BONDINGWS
OVERALL BONDING WS2 1

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 2
(a) The
Writetable below gives
an equation for data on someofoxides
the reaction of elements
aluminium in Period
with oxygen 3 of the
to form Periodic oxide.
aluminium Table.
For
Online Classes : [email protected] Examiner’s
41 223
PAGE
......................................................................................................................................[1]
Use
oxide Na O 2 MgO Al O
2 3 SiO 2P O SO
4 10 3

33 Drawing
(b) diagrams
melting point /where
K appropriate,
1193 3125 suggest
2345 in 1883
terms of853
structure
290and bonding,
explanations for the following.
boiling point / K 1548 3873 3253 2503 – 318
(i) the high melting point and boiling point of Al2O3
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium with oxygen to form aluminium oxide.

of
has
goin structure ions
A 1203......................................................................................................................................[1]
a that are

held diagramsby
together
(b) Drawing strong
where suggestbonds
appropriate,ionic in terms of structuremake
These and bonding, .

explanations for the following.

it difficult to break the Lattice SO A 1203
very ,

(i) the high melting point and boiling point of Al2O3

and
has a
high melting point .

(ii) the low boiling point of SO3

covalent molecule
503 exists as a simple
intermolecular

boiling
weak
and is held
together by
induced dipoles The
'

forces caused by of SO energy

-
.

(ii) the low boiling point bonds less

3 these is
required to overcome

hence its
boiling point is den .

(iii) the melting point of SiO2 is much higher than that of P4O10

sick exists as a macromolecule and is

held covalent bonds

together by strong
-

required to
(iii) theamounts
melting point of SiO
of 2 is much higher thanisthat of P4O10
Large energy
overcome these bonds compared to
Paolo

which is covalent structure with

a simple

weak IMF .

[7]
© UCLES 2004 9701/02/O/N/04

[7]
! 9701/02/O/N/04
© UCLES 2004

CEDAR COLLEGE BONDING WS 1

CEDAR COLLEGE OVERALL BONDING WS 2
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 Online Classes : [email protected]
42225
PAGE
4

24
5 Copper and iodine are both solids which have different physical and chemical properties. For
Each element has the same face-centred crystal structure which is shown below. Examiner’s
Use

The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In the
diagram above, the particles present are represented by .

(a) Which type of particles are present in the iodine crystal? Give their formula.
Molecules
particle ....................................
.

T
formula ....................................
2-
[2]

(b) When separate samples of copper or iodine are heated to 50 °C, the copper remains as
a solid while the iodine turns into a vapour.

(i) Explain, in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why copper remains a
solid at 50 °C.
is held in metallic lattice
copper together
a
..................................................................................................................................
,

cations surrounded Iz
by electrons Where ar
..................................................................................................................................
.

non is held weak Vander wants forces

together by
.................................................................................................................................. .

(ii) Explain, in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why iodine turns into a
vapour when heated to 50°C.

Is is held together by
weaker
'

van der Waals

..................................................................................................................................
forces that are overcome at 50°C .

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[4]
!

© UCLES 2006 9701/02/O/N/06

CEDAR COLLEGE BONDING WS 1
CEDAR COLLEGE OVERALL BONDING WS 2
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 On the diagram, sketch the π bond that is also present in ethene. [1]
(a) Give the equation, with state symbols, for the reaction of phosphorus with chlorine to
form phosphorus(V)
(e) Carbon, chloride,
Online
hydrogen PCl:[email protected]
Classes
and ethene each burn exothermically in an excess of air.
43
......................................................................................................................................[2]
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H oc = –393.7 kJ mol–1
58 Suggest, in terms of the structure and bonding, explanations
(b) H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H oc =for–285.9
the following.
kJ mol–1
You should draw diagrams where you think they will help your answer.
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H oc = –1411.0 kJ mol–1
(i) the high melting point of sodium chloride
Use the data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆H of , in kJ mol–1,
'

NaCl held
is at 298
of ethene K. together by
ionic bonds that

I:
strong

t.I.IT
2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g) o
- •
. "

mine
.am
÷: energy
.

(ii) the low melting point of silicon tetrachloride

covalent structure
silly is a simple ∆H of = ................................. kJ mol–1
'

with weak Vom der Waals forces between [3]

[Total: 13]
the molecules .

[4]
!

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. For
Examiner’s
6 The elements carbon and silicon are both in Group IV of the Periodic Table.
13
1 Use

Carbon is the second most abundant element by mass in the human body and silicon is the
second most common element in the Earth’s crust.

Carbon and silicon each form an oxide of general formula XO2.

At room temperature, CO2 is a gas while SiO2 is a solid with a high melting point.

(a) Briefly explain, in terms of the chemical bonds and intermolecular forces present in each
compound, why CO2 is a gas and SiO2 is a solid at room temperature.
si 02 exists as macromolecule in which covalent bond ,
..........................................................................................................................................
need to be for it to melt ,
overcome
regaining lots of energy
..........................................................................................................................................
.

CO2 is a simple covalent molecule with weak van der Waals

'

..........................................................................................................................................
forces that are
easily overcome at tip
r
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
.
.

(b) Draw a simple diagram to show the structure of SiO2. Your diagram should contain at
least two silicon atoms and show clearly how many bonds each atom forms.
••
• Silicon

oxygen
• .

j.MY
.

i.
÷•o.¥
.

here is that each silicon in

Key point
and
'
'

connected to 4
!
oxygens [2]

each
to 2 silicon s
oxygen
.

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4

27
15 Copper, proton number 29, and argon, proton number 18, are elements which have different For
physical and chemical properties. Examiner’s
In the solid state, each element has the same face-centred cubic crystal structure which is Use

shown below.

The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In the
diagram above, the particles present are represented by .

(a) Which types of particle are present in the copper and argon crystals?
In each case, give their formula.

element particle formula

copper Cations cu at

argon atoms Ar .

[2]

At room temperature, copper is a solid while argon is a gas.

(b) Explain these observations in terms of the forces present in each solid structure.
held
In the solid state Copper has cations
firmly
..........................................................................................................................................
,

in a of de localised electrons metallic

sea
by strong
..........................................................................................................................................
it
high MP
bonds This stable structure with
gives a
..........................................................................................................................................
.
.

on the other hand has weak IMI caused

Argon
..........................................................................................................................................
,
,

induced dipoles These forces overcome

by easily
.

are
..........................................................................................................................................
the at temperature
by
room
energy
.

.................................................................................................................................... [4]
!

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46 [Total: 10]
7

8 Separate samples of the oxides MgO and SiO are melted.

(d)
16 2 For
Each molten sample is then tested to see whether or not it conducts electricity. Examiner’s
Use

Suggest what would be the results in each case. Explain your answers.
atomic
compound will have free
moving
MgO .................................................................................................................................
,

ions when molten

..........................................................................................................................................
.

..........................................................................................................................................
Not ionic no ions
SiO2 .................................................................................................................................
.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[4]
!
[Total: 12]
4

9 (c) Cerium is a lanthanoid metal that shows similar chemical reactions to some elements in the
third period. Most of cerium’s compounds contain Ce3+ or Ce4+ ions.

(i) Cerium shows the same structure and

© UCLES 2010
bonding as a typical metal.
9701/22/M/J/10 [Turn over
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Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure and bonding in cerium.

to
00

①
-

[2]

(ii) Cerium(IV) oxide, CeO2, is a ceramic.

Suggest two physical properties of cerium(IV) oxide.

Point
High Melting
1. .........................................................................................................................................

Elictrical insulator
2. .........................................................................................................................................
.

! [2]

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19
10
(d) Sodium and silicon also react directly with chlorine to produce the chlorides shown.

melting difference between the

chloride
point / °C electronegativities of the elements
NaCl 801 2.2

SiCl 4 –69 1.3

(i) Describe what you would see during the reaction between sodium and chlorine.
Sodium would react chlorine
rapidly with
giving
.............................................................................................................................................
,

bright yellow I orange light yellow I green gas

The
.............................................................................................................................................
.

disappears and white solid forms

.......................................................................................................................................
.

[2]

(ii) Explain the differences between the melting points of these two chlorides in terms of their
structure and bonding. You should refer to the difference between the electronegativities
of the elements in your answer.
NaCl has a t lattice structure
goin
NaCl structure and bonding ...............................................................................................
ionic bonds ions in
with
strong holding the place
.............................................................................................................................................
.

molecular
simple structure with
SiCl 4 structure and bonding ................................................................................................
induced dipoles btw molecules
covalent
bonding and
.

.............................................................................................................................................
'

difference in
Large electronegativity
es
explanation .........................................................................................................................
in NaCl leads to a transfer of electrons to form ions
.............................................................................................................................................
.

These then held electrostatic

are
together by strong
.............................................................................................................................................
force of attraction
giving melting point
Nau a
high
.............................................................................................................................................
.

in
For silly the small difference
electronegativity
.............................................................................................................................................
,

and in
shape leads to induced
!
symmetry
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
that dom of require a lot of
dipoles as IMF
[Total: 20]
in low M P and B. P
break resulting
.

to
.

energy ,

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4

112 Structure and bonding can be used to explain many of the properties of substances.

(a) Copper, ice, silicon(IV) oxide, iodine and sodium chloride are all crystalline solids.

Complete the table with:

● the name of a type of bonding found in each crystalline solid,
● the type of lattice structure for each crystalline solid.

crystalline solid type of bonding type of lattice structure

copper Metallic Metallic lattice

bonded
hydrogen
ice Covalent simple molecular

silicon(IV) oxide covalent Macromolecular

molecular
iodine covalent simple

sodium chloride ionic Giant ionic lattice

[5]

(b) (i) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force in ice.

Hydrogen branding
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of two water molecules in ice, showing the force in (i) and
how it forms.

ft H
H
bonding
.

I Hydrogen
\
O
•
•
✓
• • I

J -
,
'
"
H
H

ft lol •
• •
•

t -

[3]
!

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