Design of Steel Structures
CE-375
Instructor:
Dr. Muneer Saeed
[email protected]
1 1
Lecture#5
Shear Strength of Beams
1
Shear Strength
Shear Forces Diagram
Internal Forces
Infinitesimal Stress
Element
3
Shear Strength (Cont..)
VQ
It
vertical and horizontal shearing stress at the point of
interest
V vertical shear force at the section under consideration
Q first moment, about the neutral axis, of the area of
the cross section between the point of interest and the top or
bottom of the cross section
I moment of inertia about the neutral axis
t width of the cross section at the point of interest
2
Shear Strength (Cont..)
Vn
Aw
The nominal shear strength = 0.6 Fy
Vn
0.6 Fy
Aw
Vn 0.6 Fy Aw
Shear Strength (Cont..)
Resistance reduction factor
For web yielding, v=1
For web inelastic buckling, v=0.9
For web elastic buckling, v=0.9 6
3
Example
A simply supported beam with section of W14 × 90 and a span
length of 45 feet is laterally supported at its ends and is subjected
to the following service loads:
Dead load = 400 lbft (including the weight of the beam)
Live load = 1000 lbft
Use Fy= 50 ksi,
Is the beam safe against shear?
Solution
From the dimensions and properties tables in AISC
manual ,
h
25.9
tw
1.1 kv E / Fy 1.1 5 29000 / 50 54.0
h
1.1 kv E / Fy 7
tw
Example (Cont..)
Aw d tw 14 0.44 6.16 in 2
The nominal strength
Vn 0.6 Fy Aw 0.6 50 6.16 184.8 kips
The design strength
Vu v 0.6 Fy Aw 1.0 0.6 50 6.16 185 kips
The factored load and maximum shear are:
wu 1.2wD 1.6wL 1.2 0.4 1.6 1.0 2.08 kips / ft
wu L 2.08 45
Vu 46.8 kips 185 kips
2 2
Thus, the beam is safe against shear
4
Block Shear
To facilitate the connection of beams to other beams so that the
top flanges are at the same elevation, a short length of the top
flange of one of the beams may be cut away, or coped. If a
coped beam is connected with bolts as in Figure below, segment
ABC will tend to tear out.
Block Shear Failure (Cont..)
Block Shear Rupture Strength (Equation J4-5),
Rn 0.6Fu Anv Ubs Fu Ant 0.6Fy Agv Ubs Fu Ant
Agv = gross area subject to shear
Anv = net area subject to shear
Ant = net area subject to tension
Ubs = 1 or 0.5 (1 for most tension members, see Figure C-J4.2)
The resistance factor for block shear, = 0.75
10
5
Continuity connection between beams
of different depth
11
12
6
Block Shear (Cont..)
Example
Determine the maximum reaction, based on block shear, that
can be resisted by the beam shown in Figure below.
13
Example (Block Shear Failure)
Solution
The gross shear areas are
Agv tw 2 3 3 3 0.3 2 3 3 3 3.3 in 2
and, since there are 2.5 hole daimeters
7
Anv 0.3 11 3.5 2.381in 2
8
The tension area is
7
Ant 0.3 1.25 0.5 0.248 in 2
8
14
7
Example (Block Shear Failure)
Rn 0.6 Fu Anv U bs Fu Ant
Rn 0.6652.381 1.0650.2438 108.7 kips
With an upper limit of
Rn 0.6 Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant
Rn 0.6503.3 1.0650.2438 114.84kips
The nominal block shear strength is therefore 108.7 kips
The design strength = Rn= 0.75( 108.7) = 81.5 kips
15
Deflection
Deflections: Deformations in structural members and structural
systems due to service loads shall not impair the serviceability
of the structure.
A serviceable structure is one that performs satisfactorily,
not causing any discomfort or perceptions of unsafety for the
occupants or users of the structure. For a beam, being
serviceable usually means that the deformations, primarily
the vertical sag, or deflection, must be limited.
Excessive deflection is usually an indication of a very
flexible beam, which can lead to problems with vibrations.
The deflection itself can cause problems if elements attached
to the beam can be damaged by small distortions. In
addition, users of the structure may view large deflections
negatively and wrongly assume that the structure is unsafe.
16
8
Deflection (Cont..)
Excessive vertical deflections and misalignment arise primarily
from three sources:
(1) gravity loads, such as dead, live and snow loads;
(2) effects of temperature, creep and differential settlement; and
(3) construction tolerances and errors.
Such deformations may be visually objectionable; cause
separation, cracking or leakage of exterior cladding, doors,
windows and seals; and cause damage to interior components and
finishes.
17
Deflection (Cont..)
For the common case of a simply supported, uniformly
loaded beam such as that in Figure below, the maximum
vertical deflection is
18
9
Deflection (Cont..)
19
Deflection (Cont..)
20
10
Deflection (Cont..)
21
Deflection (Cont..)
22
11
Deflection (Cont..)
23
Deflection (Cont..)
24
12
Deflection (Cont..)
25
Deflection (Cont..)
The limits shown in Table 5.4 for deflection due to dead load
plus live load do not apply to steel beams, because the dead load
deflection is usually compensated for by some means, such as
cambering. Camber is a curvature in the opposite direction of
the dead load deflection curve and can be accomplished by
bending the beam, with or without heat. When the dead load is
applied to the cambered beam, the curvature is removed, and the
beam becomes level. Therefore, only the live load deflection is
of concern in the completed structure.
26
13
Example
Compute the dead load and live load deflections for the beam shown
in Figure below. If the maximum permissible live load deflection is
L/360, is the beam satisfactory?
Solution
5 0.5 / 12 30 12
4
5 wD L4
DL 0.616
384 EI 384 29,000 510
5 0.55 / 12 30 12
4
5 wL L4
LL 0.678
384 EI 384 29,000 510
The maximum permissible live load deflection is
L 30 12
1.0 0.678 (OK )
360 360
Hence ,the beam satisfies the deflection criteria. 27
Beam Design
The design process can be outlined as follows:
1- Compute the required moment strength (i.e. the factored
load moment Mu). The weight of the beam is part of the
dead load but it is unknown in this point
2- Select from AISC manual a shape that satisfies the
required design strength .
3- Check the shear strength
4- Check the deflection.
28
14
Example
Select a standard hot-rolled shape of A992 steel for the beam
shown in Figure below. The beam has continuous lateral support
and must support a uniform service live load of 4.5 kips/ft. The
maximum permissible live load deflection is L/240.
Solution
wu 1.2wDL 1.6wLL 1.2 0 1.6 4.5 7.2 kips / ft
Mu
w u L2 7.2 30
2
810.0 kips. ft
8 8
Assume that the shape will be compact. For a compact shape with
full lateral support,
M n M p Fy Z x
M n M u Fy Z x
Mu 810 12
Zx 216 in3
Fy 0.9 50 29
Example (Cont..)
Select the lightest section fro ZX Tables
W 21×93 , ZX = 221 in3
W 24×84 , ZX = 224 in3
Try W 24×84
This shape is compact, as assumed (noncompact shapes are
marked as f in the table); therefore Mn= MP , as assumed.
Account for the beam weight
wu 1.2wDL 1.6wLL 1.2 0.084 1.6 4.5 7.301kips / ft
Mu
w u L2 7.301 30
821.4 kips. ft
2
8 8
Mu 821.4 12
Zx 219 in3 224 in3 OK
Fy 0.9 50 30
15
Example (Cont..)
31
Example (Cont..)
Check the shear strength
wL 7.301 30
Vu 110 kips
2 2
From the Zx table
vVn 340 kips 110 kips OK
Check the deflection
5 4.5 / 12 30 12
2
5 wL L4
LL 1.19 in
384 EI 384 29,000 2370
The maximum permissible live load deflection is
L 30 12
1.5 in. 1.19 (OK )
240 240
Hence ,the beam satisfies the flexural strength, shear
strength and deflection criteria. 32
16
Using charts for selecting Lightest
section
33
Example
Use A992 steel and select a rolled shape for the beam in Figure
5.29. The concentrated load is a service live load, and the
uniform load is 30% dead load and 70% live load. Lateral
bracing is provided at the ends and at midspan. There is no
Restriction on deflection.
Solution
wDL 0.3 3 0.9 kips / ft
wLL 0.7 3 2.1kips / ft
wu 1.2 0.9 1.6 2.1 4.44 kips / ft
Pu 1.6 9 14.4 kips
34
17
Example (Cont..)
x
M 60.48 x 4.44 x 60.48 x 2.22 x 2
2
for x 3 ft , M A 60.48(3) 2.22(3) 2 161.5 kips. ft
for x 6 ft , M B 60.48(6) 2.22(6) 2 283.0 kips. ft
for x 9 ft , M C 60.48(12) 2.22(12) 2 406.1kips. ft
12.5M max
Cb
2.5M max 3M A 4M B 3M C
12.5 406.1
Cb 1.36
2.5 406.1 3 161.5 4 283.0 3 364.5
35
Example (Cont..)
Enter the charts with an unbraced length Lb= 12 ft and a bending
moment of
M u 406.1
299 kips. ft
Cb 1.36
Try W 21 48
M n 311kips. ft for (Cb 1)
sinceCb 1.36, the actual design strength 1.36 311 423 kips. ft
The design strength cannot exceed ΦMp, which is only
398 kips.ft (obtained from the chart)
so the actual design strength must be taken as
M n 398 kips. ft M u 406.1kips. ft ( N .G.)
36
18
37
Example (Cont..)
For the next trial shape, move up in the charts to the next solid
curve and try W18 × 55. For Lb=12 ft , the design strength
from the chart is 335 ft-kips for Cb= 1. The strength for Cb=
1.36 is
M n 1.36 335 456kips. ft M P 420 kips. ft
M n 420 kips. ft M u 406.1kips. ft (OK )
Check the beam weight:
1
M u 406.1 1.2 0.055 24 411kips. ft 420 kips. ft (OK )
2
8
The maximumshear
1
Vu 60.48 1.2 0.055 24 61.3 kips (OK )
2
From the Z x tables
vVn 212 kips 61.3 kips (OK )
Use W 18 55 38
19
Floor and Roof Framing Systems
1. Floor loads, both live and dead, are supported by the floor slab.
2. The weight of the slab, along with the loads it supports,
is supported by the floor beams.
3. The floor beams transmit their loads, including their own
weight, to the girders.
4. The girders and their loads are supported by the columns.
5. The column loads are supported by the columns of the story
below. The column loads accumulate from the top story
to the foundation.
39
Floor and Roof Framing Systems
40
20
Floor and Roof Framing Systems
purlins are most unique cold roll
formed sections used to fix roof
and side claddings.
A horizontal beam along the
length of a roof, resting on
principals and supporting the
common rafters or boards.
41
Floor and Roof Framing Systems
42
21
43
44
22
Floor and Roof Framing Systems
45
Example
Part of a floor framing system is shown in Figure I. A 4-inch-thick
reinforced concrete floor slab of normal-weight concrete is
supported by floor beams spaced at 7 feet. The floor beams are
supported by girders, which in turn are supported by the columns.
In addition to the weight of the structure, loads consist of a
uniform live load of 80 psf and moveable partitions, to be
Acounted for by using a uniformly distributed load of 20 pounds
per square foot of floor surface. The maximum live load deflection
must not exceed L/360 of the span length. Use A992 steel
and design the floor beams. Assume that the slab provides
continuous lateral support of the floor beams.
46
23
Example (Cont..)
Figure I
47
Example (Cont..)
The slab weight is
t 4
wslab 150 150 50 psf
12 12
The floor beam supports a 7-ft width (tributary width) of floor
Slab: 50(7)=350 Ib/ft
Partitions : 20(7) = 140 Ib/ft
Live Load: 80(7)=560 Ib/ft
The beam weight will be accounted for once a trial selection
has been made. Since the partitions are moveable, they will be
treated as live load
wDL 0.35 Ib / ft (excluding thebeam weight )
wLL 0.56 0.14 0.7 Ib / ft
48
24
Example (Cont..)
The factored load is
wu 1.2wDL 1.6wL 1.2 0.35 1.6 0.7 1.54 kips / ft
1 1
M u wu L2 1.54 30 173 kips. ft
2
8 8
Since the beams have continuous lateral support, the Zx
table can be used.
Try a W14 × 30:
M n 177 kips. ft 173 kips. ft (OK )
Check the beam weight
1
1.2 0.03 30 177 kips. ft (OK )
2
M u 173
8
49
Example (Cont..)
The maximum shear is
1.54 30
Vu 23.1kips
2
From the ZX table
Vn 122 kips 23.1kips (OK )
The maximum permissible deflection is
L 30 12
1.0 in.
360 360
5 0.7 / 12 30 12
4
5 wL L4
L 1.51in 1.0 in ( N .G.)
384 EI 384 29,000 291
50
25
Example (Cont..)
Solving the deflection equation for the required moment of inertia
yields
5 0.7 / 12 30 12
4 4
5wL L
I required 440 in 4
384 E required 384 29,000 1.0
Part 3 of the Manual (pages 3-21to 3-26) contains selection
tables for both Ix and Iy . These tables are organized in the
same way as the Zx table, so selection of the lightest shape
with sufficient
moment of inertia is simple. From the Ix table, try a W18 ×
35:
I x 510 in 4 440 in 4 (OK )
M n 249 kips. ft 177 kips. ft (OK )
Vn 159 kips 23.1kips (OK )
Use W18 × 35 51
26
