What is biasing?

The proper flow of zero signal collector emitter supply voltage during the passage of signal isknown
as transistor biasing.
Alternatively, the process of giving proper supply voltages and resistances for obtaining thedesired
Q-point is called biasing.
The need for biasing is 1) To prevent thermal runaway 2) To achieve stability
What are the types of BJT biasing?
1. Voltage divider bias 2. Base bias 3. Emitter feedback bias 4. Collector feedback bias
5. Fixed Bias.

Define DC load line?

In order to get the faithful amplification of the signals, operating point had to be fixed in themiddle
of the dc load line.
It is a line drawn on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic
& Vce when no input signal is given under dc conditions.

What is an operating Point?

When we bias a transistor, we establish a certain current and voltage conditions for the transistor. To
establish certain DC current and voltage conditions to operate transistor in a particular operating region
at zero signal level. These conditions are known as operating condition or dc operating point or quiescent
point.

Why fixed bias circuit is not used in practice?

The stability of the fixed bias circuit is very less. Since the stability factor S= 1+β,
β is a large quantity, therefore stability is less. So it is not used in amplifier circuits.
Why voltage divider bias is preferred over other types of biasing?
In Voltage divider bias, the voltage drop across RE (Emitter resistance) increase, decrease thevoltage
difference between base and emitter. Due to decrease in VBE, IB, and IC also reduces.
This decreasing IC compensates the original change in IC.
What is the need of a load line?
In graphical analysis of nonlinear electronic circuits, a load line is a line drawn on the curve. The load
line, usually a straight line, represents the response of the linear part of the circuit, connected to the
nonlinear device. The points where the characteristic curve and the load line
intersect are the possible operating point(s) (Q points) of the circuit.

Why is temperature compensation required?

ICO doubles for every 100C rise in tempearture.VBE decreases by 25mV for 0 c rise in
temperature. Therefore, the variations of temperature affects IB in turn affects IC, so temperature
compensation is required.
How does a transistor acts as a switch?
Transistors are Bi- junction semiconductor devices. Of the two junctions, one is forward biased and
one is reverse biased. The reverse biased junction can be made conducting by applying an external current
source. This will switch ON the transistor. On removal of the current source, the junction again becomes
reverse biased and transistor stopped conducting. This ability of controlling the switching ON and OFF
of the transistors makes it a perfect
switch.
What is need for biasing in Transistor Amplifier?
When a transistor is biased properly, it work efficiently and produces no distortion in the
output signal and operating point can be maintained stable. The transistor can be operated inthree
regions cut off, active and saturation.

What are the types of FET biasing?

The purpose of FET biasing is to select the proper dc gate-to-source voltage to establish adesired
value of drain current and, thus, a proper Q-point. Three types of bias are
1. Fixed bias circuit
2.Self Bias circuit
3. Voltage divider bias circuit.
Why thermal runaway is not there in FET?
FET has a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity. In FET, as temperature increases its drain
resistance also increases reducing the drain current. Thus unlike BJT thermal run away not occur in
FET.
Draw the circuit of self-bias using BJT?
Draw the Fixed bias single stage transistor circuit?

Draw the small signal ac equivalent circuit of BJT?

Why CB amplifier is preferred for high frequency signal when compared to CE amplifier?
Unlike CE amplifier, no internal feedback capacitance exists for the CB configuration. Due to this there
is no miller effect. The absence of miller effect improves the high frequency performance of the
amplifier. Thus CB is preferred for high frequency when compared to CE

Write two reasons why hybrid parameter model is used in small signal analysis?
The lower the frequency, the lesser will be the gain. This reduction in gain is due to negative feedback..As
the frequency of the input signal increases, again the gain of the amplifier reduces. Firstly, the β of the
transistor decreases at higher frequency. Thus reducing the voltage gain of the amplifier at higher
frequencies.
What is Darlington Connection?
The main features of the Darlington connection is that the composite transistor act as a singleunit with
a current gain that is the product of the current gains of the individual transistors.
βo=β1*β2
Mention two advantages, which are specific to Darlington connection?
1. Darlington connection provides very current gain typically in thousands
2. It provides very high input impedance.
Find CMRR of differential amplifier in dB with differential gain 300 and common mode gain 0.2
CMRR = 20 log (Ad/Acm) = 20 log (300/0.2) = 63.52db

What is the slope of AC load line?

The AC load line is a straight line with a slope equal to the AC impedance facing the nonlinear device,
which is in general different from the DC resistance. The ratio of AC voltage to current in the device is
defined by this line. Because the impedance of the reactive components will vary with frequency, the
slope of the AC load line depends on the frequency
of the applied signal.
State the various methods of improving CMRR?
1. Constant current bias method
2. Use of Current mirror circuit
3. Use of Active load
Why multistage amplifiers are required?
To increases the voltage gain of the amplifier, multiple amplifier are connects in cascade. The output of
one amplifier is the input to another stage. In this way the overall voltage gain canbe increased, when
number of amplifier stages are used in succession it is called a multistage
amplifier or cascade amplifier.
List out the features of Differential Amplifier?
1. High differential voltage gain 2. Low common mode gain
3. High CMRR 4. Two input terminals5.High input impedance 6. Large Bandwidth.
Define CMRR?
The ability of a differential amplifier to reject a common mode signal is expressed by CMRR. It isdefined as
the ratio of the differential voltage gain Ad to common voltage gain Ac.

Draw the small signal equivalent of CB configuration?

For the circuit shown draw the DC load line and find the Q - point given β =150,Vcc=15V
, RC=200 Ω , R1 =566 KΩ , R2 = 120 KΩ, VBE(ON) = 0.7V , IB = 10µA.

Solution
Draw the Fixed-bias circuit, for the given configuration and determine the Q-point, I C, VCE,
IB for β=100, Vcc=10V, RB = 930 KΩ, VBE=0.7 V, RC= 4 KΩ,
Calculate the minimum and maximum values of IC and VCE for the base bias when βmin= 50
and βmax=60. For circuit VCC=12V, RC=2K and RB= 150K. Assume silicon transistor VBE=
0.7V
Design a fixed bias circuit to have operating point of (10 V, 3 mA). The circuit is supplied
with 20 V and uses a silicon transistor hfe = 0.7V
Explain about different configurations of Differential amplifier
>Explain the fixed bias of BJT and derive the expression for stability factor
>Explain about the self bias / Emitter bias / voltage divider bias of BJT and derive the
expression for stability factor.
>Small signal analysis of CE amplifier / CE amplifier with by passed emitter resistor
>Small signal analysis of CS amplifier / Explain CS amplifier and derive the expressions.
>All four problems given.
Unit – II
>Explain differential amplifier and derive the expression for common mode gain and
differential mode gain.
>Explain about different configurations of Differential amplifier.
>Explain the operation of cascode amplifier and derive its expressions
>Explain the operation of cascade amplifier and derive its expressions
>Explain multistage amplifier (Cascade and cascode)
>Explain about Bootstrapped Darlington amplifier / Darlington amplifier.