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Uses of alkali metal
(I) Lithium metal is used to make useful alloys,
• with lead to make 'white metal' bearings for motor engines.
• with aluminium to make aircraft parts.
• with magnesium to make armour plates.
(2) It is used in thermonuclear reactions.
(3) Lithium is also used to make electrochemical cells.
(4) Sodium is used to make a Na/Pb alloy needed to make PbEt. and PbMe•. These organolead
compounds were earlier used as anti-knock additives to petrol, but nowadays vehicles use
lead-free petrol.
(5) Liquid sodium metal is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactors.
(6) Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer.
(7) Potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soft soap. It is also used as an excellent
absorbent of carbon dioxide.
(8) Caesium is used in devising photoelectric cells.
Uses of alkaline metal
(I) Beryllium is used in the manufacture of alloys.
(2) Copper-beryllium alloys are used in the preparation of high strength springs.
(3) Metallic beryllium is used for making windows of X-ray tubes.
(4) Magnesium forms alloys with aluminium, zinc, manganese and tin. Magnesium-aluminium alloys
being light in mass are used in air-craft construction.
(5) Magnesium (powder and ribbon) is used in flash powders and bulbs, incendiary bombs and signals.
(6) A suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water (called milk of magnesia) is used as antacid in
medicine.
(7) Magnesium carbonate is an ingredient of toothpaste.
(8) Calcium is used in the extraction of metals from oxides which are difficult to reduce with carbon.
(9) Calcium and barium metals, owing to their reactivity with oxygen and nitrogen at elevated
temperatures, have often been used to remove air from vacuum tubes.
(10) Radium salts are used in radiotherapy, for example, in the treatment of cancer.
Biological Importance Of Sodium And Potassium;
• Sodium ions are found primarily on the outside of cells, being located in blood plasma and in the
interstitial fluid which surrounds the cells. These ions participiate in the transmission of nerve
signals, in regulating the flow of water across cell membranes and in the tranasport of sugars and
amino acids into cells. Sodium and potassium, although so similar chemically, differ
quantitatively in their ability to penetrate cell membranes, in their transport mechanisms and in
their efficiency to activate enzymes. Thus, potassium ions are the most aundant cations within
cell fluids, where they activate many enzymes, participate in the oxidation of glucose to produce
ATP and, with sodium, are responsible for the transmission of nerve signals
A typical 70 kg man contains about 90 g of Na and 170 g of K compared with only 5 g of iron
and 0.06 g of copper.
Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium :
• Monovalent sodium and potassium ions and divalent magnesium and calcium ions are found in
large proportions in biological Rulds. These ions perform important biological functions such
as maintenance of ion balance and nerve impulse conduction.
• All enzymes that utilise ATP in phosphate transfer require magnesium as the cofactor. The main
pigment for the absorption of light in plants is chlorophyll which contains magnesium. About 99
% of body calcium is present in bones and teeth. It also plays important roles in neuromuscular
function, interneuronal transmission, cell membrane integrity and blood coagulation.
1
• The calcium concentration in plasma is regulated at about 100 mgL- . It is maintained by two
hormones : calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Do you know that bone is not an inert and
unchanging substance but is continuously being solubilised and redeposited to the extent of 400
mg per day in man? All this calcium passes through the plasma.
An adult body contains 25 g of Mg and 1200g of Ca compared with only 5 g of iron and 0.06g of
copper. The daily requirement in the human body has been estimated to be 200-300 mg.
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM
The anomalous behavior of lithium is due to the :
(i) Exceptionally small size of its atom and ion,
(ii) High polarising power (i.e., charge/ radius ratio).
As a result, there is increased covalent character of lithium compound which is responsible for their
solubility in organic solvent. Further, lithium shows diagonal relationship to magnesium.
S.No. Prooertv LI
1. Hardness Li is much harder.
2. M.Pand B.P Higher M.P and B.P
3. Reactivity Less reactive
4. Reducing agent Strong
5. Combustion in Li form monoxide (Li 2O) and nitride (LhN) ; not for other.
air
6. Hydration of Favored for Lie, ; not for other.
ion
Lie, has maximum degree of hydration for this reason. Lithium salts are
mostly hydrated. E.g LiCl.2H2O.
7. Hydrogen Li is not obtained in the solid form while all other elements form solid
Carbonate hydrogen carbonates.
8. Ethynide Favored for Lie ; not for other.
9. Lithium nitrate 4LiNO3 2Li2O + 4NO2 + o,
Lithium Oxide
Where as other alkali metal nitrates decompose to give the corresponding
nitrite.
2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + 0 2
Sodium nitrite
10. Lif and Li 2O These are much less soluble in water. Solubility in water is less than the
corresponding compounds of other alkali metal.
11. Carbide Li reacts directly with carbon to form anionic carbide.
12. Hydroxide Lithium hydroxide is less basic Li 2CO3 , LiNO3 and LiOH all form the
oxides on gentle heating.
13. Carbonate Less stable.
14. Nitrite Less stable.
15. Bicarbonate Lithium forms a bicarbonates in solution it does not form a solid bicarbonate.
Where as the other all forms stable solid Carbonates.
16. Complex ion Lithium has a great tendency to form. Complexes nOI for other. Due to small
formation size of Lithium.
17. Reaction with Li when heated in NH 3 imide (Li2NH) while other alkali metals form amides
NHi (MNH,)
Points of Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium
The similarity between lithium and magnesium is particularly striking and arises because of their
similar size: atomic radii, Li= 152 pm, Mg= 160 pm; ionic radii : u· = 76 pm, Mg2• = 72 pm. The
main points of similarity are :
S.No. Properties LI and Mg
I. Hardness Li and Mg are much harder.
2. Density These are lighter than other elements in the respective group.
3. Reaction with water Both react slowly with water.
4. Solubility of hydroxide and oxide Less soluble and their hydroxides decompose in acid on heating.
5. Reaction with N2 By direct combination with nitrogen both form a nitride Li3N
and Mg1N2.
6. Oxides The oxides LiiO and MgO donot combine with excess oxygen to
give any superoxide.
7. Carbonates Carbonates of both decompose easily on heating to form the
oxides and CO2. Solid hydrogen carbonates are not formed by Li
and Mg.
8. Solubility of halides in ethanol Both LiCI and MgCh are soluble.
9. Hydration of ion Both LiCI and MgCl2 are deliquescent and crystallise from
aqueous solution as hydrates, LiCI.H2O and MgCh.6H 2O.
Anamolous Behaviour of Beryllium
The properties of beryllium the first member of the alkaline earth metal, differ from the rest of the
member. Its is mainly because of
(i) Its small size and high polarizing power.
(ii) Relatively high electro negativity and ionization energy as compared to other members.
(iii) Absence of vacant d-orbitals in its valence shell.
Some important points of difference between beryllium and other members (especially magnesium) are
given below.
S.No. Properties
I. Hardness Be is harder than other members of its group
2. Density Be is lighter than M~
3. M.P. and B.P. Higher then other members of its group.
4. Reaction with water Be does not react with water while Mg reacts with boiling water.
5. Nature of oxides BeO is amphoteric while MgO is weakly basic.
6. Nature of Be forms covalent compounds whereas other members form ionic
compounds compounds.
7. Carbide Beryllium carbide reacts with water to give methane whereas carbides of
other alkaline earth metals gives acetylene gas.
Be2C + 4H2O -+ 2Be (OH)i + CH.
MgiC2 + 2H2O -+ Mg (OH)2 + C2H2
CaC2 + 2H2O -+ Ca (OH)2 + C2H2
8. Hydride The beryllium hydride is electron deficient and polymeric, with muti
center bonding like aluminium hydride.
9. Co-ordination Beryllium does not exhibit coordination number more than four as it has
number four orbitals in the valence shell. The other members of this group has
coordination number 6.
10. Reaction with Alkali Be dissolves in alkalies with evolution of hydrogen
Be+ 2NaOH +2H20-+ Na2Be02.2H20 + H2
(sodium beryllate
Other alkaline earth metals don't react with alkalies.
Resemblance of Beryllium with Aluminium (Diagonal relationship)
The following points illustrate the anomalous behaviour of Be and its resemblance with Al.
S.No. Pro erties Be and Al
I. Nature of Unlike groups-2 elements but like aluminium, beryllium forms covalent
compounds compounds.
2. Nature of The hydroxides of Be, [Be(OH)i) and aluminium [Al(OH)J] are
hydroxide amphoteric in nature, whereas those of other elements of group - 2 are
basic in nature.
3. Nature of oxide The oxides of both Be and Al i.e. BeO and Ah03 are high melting
insoluble solids.
4. Polymeric structure BeCl2 and AICli have bridged chloride polymeric structure.
Cl'-.. / C l ~ /Cl /Cl~
Al -Al Cl-Be_ Be-c1
c1/ ' c 1 / '--c1 "-c1/
5. Salts The salts of beryllium as well as aluminium are extensive! hydrolysed.
6. Carbides Carbides of both the metal reacts with water liberating methane gas.
Be2C + 4H20-+ 2Be (OH)2 + CH.
AL.Ci+ 12H20-+ 4Al(OH)J + 3CH4
7. Oxides and The oxides and hydroxides of both Be and Al are amphoteric and dissolve
hydroxides in sodium hydroxide as well as in hydrochloric acid.
BeO + 2HCI -+ BeCh + H20
BeO + 2NaOH -+ Na 2Be02 + H20
AhOi + 6HCI -+ 2AIC1i + H20
AhOi + 2NaOH --+ 2NaAl02 + H20
8. Reaction with acids Like Al, Be is not readily attacked by acids because of the presence of an
oxide film.
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