Coefficient problem for functions of

bounded boundary rotation

Name: Devender Gurjar
Roll No: 23MA4512
Supervisor: Dr. Md Firoz Ali
Department of Mathematics
NIT Durgapur

Date: 14/05/2025
Contents

1 Introduction

2 Some Classes of Analytic Functions

3 Close-to-Convex Functions

4 Functions of Bounded Boundary Rotation

5 Literature survey

6 Theorem

7 Future Work

8 References

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Introduction

Univalent Function
A complex-valued function f of a complex variable is called univalent in a
domain Ω if it does not take the same value twice, i.e, for z1 , z2 ∈ Ω,
f (z1 ) ̸= f (z2 ) for z1 ̸= z2 .
Note: It is just a fancy term for one-one functions.
The theory of univalent functions is so vast and complicated that
certain simplifying assumptions are necessary.
The most obvious one is to replace arbitrary domain Ω ⊆ C by the
unit disc, defined D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}.
This replacement is ensured by the Riemann mapping theorem, which
states that two simply connected domains are conformally equivalent.

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Some Classes of Analytic Functions

Class A
It is the class of all functions f (z) that are analytic in the unit disk D and
are normalized by the conditions f (0) = 0 and f ′ (0) = 1. This class is
denoted as Class A.
Class S
Class S is a subclass of A, with an additional condition that each function
is univalent. A function f (z) in S has the power series representation:

f (z) = z + a2 z 2 + a3 z 3 + . . . (|z| < 1). (1)

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Convex Function

Convex Set
A set G in the complex plane is called convex if the line segment joining
any two points in G lies in G , i.e., tz1 + (1 − t)z2 , where z1 , z2 ∈ G and
t ∈ [0, 1].

Convex Function
A function f ∈ A is called convex in D if f (D) is a convex set. The class
of all univalent and convex functions is denoted by C .

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Subordination

Definition (Subordination)
Let f and g be analytic in the unit disk D. A function f is said to be
subordinate to g , written as f ≺ g or f (z) ≺ g (z), if there exists a
function ω, analytic in D, with ω(0) = 0, |ω(z)| < 1, and f (z) = g (ω(z))
for z ∈ D.

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Herglotz Representation Formula

Theorem (Herglotz 1911)

If f (z) is in P, then there is a real-valued nondecreasing function µ(ϕ)
such that Z 2π
dµ(ϕ) = 2π
0
and for each z in D
1 + ze −iϕ
Z 2π Z 2π
1 1
f (z) = dµ(ϕ) = L0 (e −iϕ z)dµ(ϕ).
2π 0 1 − ze −iϕ 2π 0

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Close-to-Convex Functions

Necessary and sufficient condition for Convex Functions (C):

Necessary and sufficient condition:

zf ′′ (z) zf ′′ (z)
 
1+ ′ ∈ P (i.e., Re 1 + ′ > 0).
f (z) f (z)

A function f (z) is close-to-convex if there exists a convex function

ϕ(z) and a real β ∈ (−π/2, π/2) such that:
 ′ 
f (z)
Re > 0 for z ∈ D(0, 1).
e iβ ϕ′ (z)

Necessary and sufficient condition for close-to-convexity:

re iθ f ′′ (re iθ )
Z θ2  
Re 1 + dθ > −π.
θ1 f ′ (re iθ )

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Functions of Bounded Boundary Rotation

A function f (z) is of bounded boundary rotation if:

re iθ f ′′ (re iθ )
Z 2π  
Re 1 + dθ ≤ K π.
0 f ′ (re iθ )

The class V (K ) consists of functions f (z) = z + ∞ n

P
n=2 an z
satisfying the above condition.
The derivative f ′ (z) can be expressed as:
 Z 2π 
f ′ (z) = exp − ln(1 − ze −it ) dµ(t) ,
0

where µ(t) is a function of bounded variation.

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Literature survey
P∞ n.
Let f ∈ S be of the form z + n=2 an z

For f ∈ ST , |an | ≤ n.(Nevanlinna, 1 1920)

Equality occurs for the rotation of the Koebe’s function.

For f ∈ CV , |an | ≤ 1.(Nevanlinna, 2 1920)

z
Equality occurs for f (z) = , for some λ ∈ C, |λ| = 1.
1 − λz

For f ∈ CC , |an | ≤ n.(Reade, 3 1955)

Equality occurs for the rotation of the Koebe’s function.

1
R. Nevanlinna , Uber die konforme Abbildung von Sterngebieten, Oversikt av
Finska Vetenskaps-Soc. Forh. 63(A) (1920), 1–21.
3
M. O. Reade, On close-to-convex univalent functions, Mich. Math. J. 3 (1955),
59–62.
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 1
Theorem

Theorem
We define Bn (K ) by
 K /2 ∞
1 1+z 1 X
FK (z) ≡ − ≡ Bn (K )z n , (2)
K 1−z K
n=1

and let α = K /2 − 1 ≥ 0. If f (z), given by (1) is in V (K ) or in CC

f (α),
then for n ≥ 2
|an | ≤ Bn (K ). (3)

1
D. A. Brannan, J. G. Clunie, and W. E. Kirwan, On the coefficient problem
for functions of bounded boundary rotation, Annales Fennici Mathematici 523 1973.
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lemma 1

Lemma (1)
f (β), where β = k/2 − 1.
For all k > 2, Vk is properly contained in CC

Proof.
The geometrical interpretation of CC
f (β) is that for 0 < r < 1, the tangent
iθ
to Cr = {ω : ω = f (re ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π} does not turn back on itself by
more than βπ as θ increases from 0 to 2π . If f (z) ∈ Vk then the total
variation of the argument of the tangent to Cr is at most kπ. Hence the
tangent to Cr cannot turn back on itself by more than (k/2 − 1)π as θ
increases from 0 to 2π and thus f (z) ∈ K (k/2 − 1). It is clear from the
geometrical interpretation that Vk is properly contained in K (k/2 − 1).

It follows from lemma 1 that if f (z) ∈ Vk ,

zf ′ (z) = e iβ [p(z)]k/2−1 ϕ′ (z), (4)
where p(z) ∈ P and ϕ′ (z) is starlike.
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lemma 2

Lemma (2)
Let c be a constant of modulus 1 at most and let E denote the set of the
functions subordinate to
1 + cz
T (z) = .
1−z
If α ≥ 1 and h(z) ∈ E , then there exists an increasing function µ(t) on
[0, 2π] with µ(2π) − µ(0) = 1 such that
Z 2π  α
α 1 + ce it z
[h(z)] = dµ(t).
0 1 − e it z

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Lemma 3

Lemma (3)
If ϕ(z) is in CV , then there is a µ(t) on [0, 2π] with µ(2π) − µ(0) = 1
such that Z 2π
′ dµ(t)
ϕ (z) = . (5)
0 (1 − e it z)2

Lemma (4)
If α ≥ 0 and |c| ≤ 1, then
 α+1  α+1
1 + cz 1+z
<< . (6)
1−z 1−z

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Con..

Now for theorem

We use (5) in (4) and obtain
Z 2π
dµ(t)
f ′ (z) = e iθ [p(z)]α
0 (1 − e it z)2
Z 2π
1 + e it z 1
= e iθ [p(z)]α · dµ(t).
0 1 − e z 1 − e 2it z 2
it

On expanding the last factor in a power series we find that

∞ Z 2π
+ e it z 2mit

α1
X
′ iθ
f (z) = e [p(z)] e dµ(t) z 2m . (7)
0 1 − e it z
m=0

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Con..

The term
1 + e it z
e iθ [p(z)]α = 1 + ···
1 − e it z
is subordinate to [T (z)]α+1 for some suitable c with |c| ≤ 1.

2π α+1
+ e it z 1 + ce it z
Z 
iθ α1
e [p(z)] = dµ1 (t1 ). (8)
1 − e it z 0 1 − e it z

If we had sharp upper bounds for the coefficients in the expansion of

[(1 + cz)/(1 − z)]α+1 , then we could use (8) in (7) and complete the
proof of Theorem 1.

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Con..

If we use the relation (6) in (8) and then in (7), we find that
∞ 
1 + z α+1 1 + z α+1
  
′
X
2m 1
f (z) << z =
1−z 1 − z2 1−z
m=0
1+z α
 
1
= .
(1 − z)2 1 − z

Since α = K /2 − 1, we also have

 K /2−1
1 1+z
f ′ (z) << . (9)
(1 − z)2 1−z

Integrating (9) we obtain the coefficient bound given in Theorem .

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Future Work

In this thesis, we have studied the close-to convex and functions of

bounded boundary rotation. Specially, the coefficient estimates for
functions of these two classes.In future, we would like to study the
logarithm coefficient, Fekete-Szego problem for functions in these two
classes.

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References

D. A. Brannan, J. G. Clunie, and W. E. Kirwan, On the

coefficient problem for functions of bounded boundary rotation,
Annales Fennici Mathematici 523 1973.
F. R. Keogh and E. P. Merkes, A coefficient inequality for
certain classes of analytic functions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 20
1969, 8–12.
M. Darus and D. K. Thomas, α-logarithmically convex
functions, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math., 29(10), 1998, 1049–1059.

S. Ponnusamy, H. Silverman, Complex Variables with

Applications, Birkhäuser, 2006, 349–410.

D. K. Thomas, N. Tuneski, A. Vasudevarao, Univalent

Functions, A. Primer. 2010, 1–98.

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Thank You

Thank you for your attention!

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