NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) AND

YOUNG PEOPLE IN A GLOBAL VILLAGE: A

COMPARISON OF DEVELOPED AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

COURSE TITTLE
PRH702

PRESENTED BY
OMOJOLA REBECCA IREDEBAMI

LECTURER IN CHARGE
DR TOPE ASEKUN
INTRODUCTION

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a major public health concern globally,
affecting people of all ages, including young people. NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases,
cancers, diabetes, and mental health disorders, are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity
worldwide. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are medical conditions that are not infectious
and cannot be spread from person to person. They are typically chronic in nature, meaning they
develop and progress over a long period. This slide will compares the prevalence, risk factors,
and consequences of NCDs among young people in developed and developing countries.

PREVALENCE OF NCDS AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

In developed countries:
- 22% of youth (15-24 years) have at least one NCD risk factor (WHO, 2019)
- 1 in 5 youth in the United States have obesity (CDC, 2020)
- 1 in 6 youth in Europe have mental health disorders (WHO, 2019)
So, in developed countries, NCDs are often linked to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical
inactivity, and substance abuse. For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that
over 80% of NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, but young people in
developed nations still face significant risks (WHO, 2021).
Health Systems: Advanced healthcare systems provide better access to prevention and treatment
services. Despite this, young populations are increasingly affected by mental health disorders and
obesity, leading to a rise in NCDs (OECD, 2022).
Education and Awareness: There are often more resources for health education and preventive
measures, but the challenge lies in engaging young people in healthy behaviors

In developing countries:
- 17% of youth have at least one NCD risk factor, with limited access to healthcare (WHO, 2019)
- 22% of youth in India have hypertension (ICMR, 2017)
- 50% of youth in Africa have inadequate physical activity (WHO, 2018)
Emerging Threat: In developing countries, NCDs are emerging as a significant health threat,
even among young people. Rapid urbanization and lifestyle changes, contribute to increasing
rates of obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption (WHO, 2021).
Limited Resources: Healthcare systems in these regions often lack the infrastructure to
effectively manage NCDs. Young people may not have access to essential health services or
information about prevention (UNICEF, 2022).
Education and Advocacy: There is a growing need for educational programs focused on healthy
lifestyles, but resources and support are often limited.

Global Impact:
1. 41 million deaths annually (71% of all deaths)
2. 80% of NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries
3. NCDs account for 75% of global healthcare expenditures

RISK FACTORS OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS)

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a significant global health challenge, and various
factors contribute to their development. Below is a detailed explanation of the key risk factors:
1. Tobacco Use (GATS, 2019): The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) indicates that
tobacco use includes smoking and smokeless tobacco products.
Impact: Tobacco is a leading cause of diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory
conditions.
Statistics: Approximately 1.3 billion people are estimated to use tobacco worldwide.
2. Physical Inactivity (WHO, 2018): Physical inactivity refers to not engaging in regular
physical exercise or movement.
Impact: It contributes to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Statistics: WHO estimates that 23% of adults and 81% of adolescents do not meet the
recommended levels of physical activity.
3. Unhealthy Diet (FAO, 2017): An unhealthy diet is characterized by high intakes of sugars,
fats, and processed foods, and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Impact: Poor diet increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Statistics: FAO highlights that 1 in 5 adults are affected by obesity globally due to unhealthy
eating patterns.
4. Mental Health Issues (WHO, 2019): Mental health issues include conditions like depression,
anxiety, and stress disorders.
Impact: These conditions can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as substance abuse, physical
inactivity, and poor dietary choices, increasing NCD risk.
Statistics: WHO reports that 1 in 4 people will experience a mental health issue at some point in
their lives.
5. Excessive Alcohol Consumption: This refers to consuming alcohol in amounts that exceed
moderate drinking guidelines.
Impact: Excessive drinking is linked to liver disease, certain cancers, and cardiovascular
problems.
Statistics: The WHO estimates that 2.8 million deaths occur each year due to alcohol-related
causes.
6. Air Pollution: Air pollution involves contaminants in the air that can harm health, including
particulate matter and toxic gases.
Impact: It is associated with respiratory diseases, heart disease, and stroke.
Statistics: WHO states that 4.2 million premature deaths occur each year due to outdoor air
pollution.
7. Stress: Stress is the body's response to challenges and demands, which can be acute or
chronic.
Impact: Chronic stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as overeating or alcohol
use, contributing to NCDs.
Statistics: A survey indicated that 77% of people regularly experience stress that affects their
physical health.
8. Genetics: Genetics refers to inherited traits and predispositions that can influence the
likelihood of developing certain diseases.
Impact: Family history can increase the risk of conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and
cancer.
Statistics: Genetic factors can account for 30-60% of the risk of developing NCDs.
9. Obesity: Obesity is defined as excess body fat that negatively affects health, often measured
by Body Mass Index (BMI).
Impact: It is a major risk factor for diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.
Statistics: WHO reports that worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975.

10. Substance Abuse: Substance abuse involves the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive
substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
Impact: It can lead to both mental and physical health issues, increasing the risk of NCDs.
Statistics: The global prevalence of drug use is estimated at about 5% of the population aged 15-
64.

KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. Healthcare Access and Quality
Developed Countries:
Generally have universal healthcare systems or comprehensive insurance coverage.
Higher quality of healthcare services, with advanced medical technologies and facilities.
Better access to preventive care, screenings, and health education.
Developing Countries:
Limited access to healthcare services; many lack health insurance or financial resources to afford
care.
Healthcare quality can be inconsistent, often with limited medical infrastructure.
Preventive care services are often scarce, leading to late diagnoses and higher mortality rates.
2. Socioeconomic Factors (Education, Income)
Developed Countries:
Higher levels of education and income, contributing to better health literacy.
Generally lower poverty rates, which positively affect health outcomes and access to resources.
Health-promoting behaviors are more prevalent due to awareness and resources.
Developing Countries:
Lower education levels and income disparity can hinder awareness of health risks and access to
healthy lifestyle choices.
Higher poverty rates often correlate with increased vulnerability to NCDs due to inadequate
nutrition and healthcare.
Economic constraints can lead to prioritizing immediate survival over long-term health.

3. Environmental Influences (Urbanization, Pollution)

Developed Countries:
Urbanization is typically associated with better infrastructure, leading to improved access to
healthcare and healthier lifestyles.
Generally have stricter regulations on pollution, although urban areas can still face significant air
quality issues.
Access to recreational areas and physical activity options is more widespread.

Developing Countries:
Rapid urbanization can lead to overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and increased pollution,
exacerbating health issues.
Air and water pollution are significant concerns due to lax regulations and industrial activities.
Limited access to clean water and sanitation contributes to a higher burden of disease.

4. Cultural and Social Norms

Developed Countries:
Cultural norms often promote healthy lifestyles, including exercise and balanced diets.
There is a greater emphasis on mental health awareness and seeking help for mental health
issues.
Public health campaigns are more common and effective in promoting healthy behaviors.
Developing Countries:
Cultural beliefs and practices may influence health behaviors, sometimes leading to reliance on
traditional medicine over modern healthcare.
Mental health issues may be stigmatized, leading to underreporting and lack of treatment.
Health education may be less accessible, impacting the population's understanding of NCD risk
factors.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Aspect Developed Countries Developing Countries

Prevalence of NCDs High prevalence due to Increasing prevalence due to

lifestyle factors urbanization and lifestyle
changes
Healthcare Access Advanced healthcare systems Limited healthcare
with better access infrastructure and access
Youth Education More resources for health Limited resources for
education but engagement education and prevention
issues
Mental Health Rising concerns over mental Increasing awareness but
health disorders insufficient support

CONSEQUENCES
1. Reduced Productivity
Impact: Individuals suffering from NCDs often experience limitations in their ability to work
effectively due to health issues.
Consequences:
Increased absenteeism from work, leading to decreased output.
Reduced workforce participation, particularly among those of working age.
Long-term illness can result in permanent disability, reducing overall economic productivity.
2. Increased Healthcare Costs
Impact: The prevalence of NCDs results in higher healthcare expenditures for individuals,
families, and governments.
Consequences:
Increased financial burden on healthcare systems, leading to resource allocation challenges.
Higher out-of-pocket expenses for patients, especially in developing countries with limited
healthcare access.
Increased insurance premiums and healthcare costs for employers, impacting businesses.

3. Decreased Quality of Life

Impact: NCDs can significantly affect an individual's physical, mental, and social well-being.
Consequences:
Chronic pain and disability can limit daily activities and enjoyment of life.
Mental health issues related to living with a chronic condition can lead to depression and anxiety.
Social isolation may occur due to physical limitations or stigma associated with certain
conditions.
4. Increased Risk of Premature Mortality
Impact: NCDs are a leading cause of death globally, contributing to premature mortality rates.
Consequences:
Individuals may face life-threatening complications, leading to early death.
Families may experience emotional and financial distress due to the loss of loved ones.
Increased mortality rates can strain healthcare systems and reduce overall community
productivity.
5. Economic Burden on Families and Communities
Impact: The financial implications of NCDs extend beyond healthcare costs, affecting families
and communities.
Consequences:
Families may face significant economic strain due to medical expenses, leading to poverty or
debt.
Communities experience reduced economic growth as a result of a less healthy workforce.
Increased demand for social services and support systems can overwhelm local resources.

INTERVENTIONS
1. Health education and awareness
2. Policy changes (taxation, regulation)
3. Community-based initiatives
4. School-based programs
5. Workplace wellness programs
6. Healthcare system strengthening
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Implement Comprehensive School Health Programs
Action:
Integrate health education into school curricula, covering topics such as nutrition, physical
activity, and mental health.
Provide access to physical education, sports, and healthy meal options in schools.
Benefits:
Equip children with knowledge and skills for healthy lifestyle choices from a young age.
Foster a culture of health and wellness within educational settings.
2. Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Diets
Action:
Create community initiatives that encourage active living, such as walking or cycling paths,
parks, and recreational facilities.
Launch public awareness campaigns to promote the benefits of healthy eating and regular
physical activity.
Benefits:
Help reduce obesity rates and associated NCD risks by encouraging healthier lifestyle choices.
Improve overall community health and well-being.
3. Strengthen Mental Health Services
Action:
Increase funding and resources for mental health services, making them accessible to all
populations.
Provide training for healthcare professionals to recognize and address mental health issues.
Benefits:
Enhance the ability of individuals to cope with stress and mental health challenges, reducing the
overall burden of NCDs.
Foster supportive environments that prioritize mental well-being.

4. Increase Access to Healthcare

Action:
Implement policies that ensure universal healthcare coverage, particularly in underserved
communities.
Expand telehealth services to reach individuals in remote areas or those with mobility challenges.
Benefits:
Facilitate early detection and treatment of NCDs, improving health outcomes.
Reduce disparities in healthcare access and promote equity.
5. Reduce Substance Abuse and Tobacco Use
Action:
Enforce stricter regulations on tobacco sales and marketing, along with public smoking bans.
Provide education and support programs for substance abuse prevention and recovery.
Benefits:
Decrease the prevalence of smoking and substance misuse, which are major risk factors for
NCDs.
Promote healthier environments for individuals and communities.
6. Encourage Community Engagement
Action:
Foster partnerships between local governments, organizations, and community members to
address health issues collaboratively.
Create forums for community input and involvement in health-related initiatives and policies.
Benefits:
Empower communities to take ownership of their health and well-being.
Build social support networks that can enhance resilience against NCDs.

CONCLUSION
NCDs among young people are a significant concern globally. Developed and developing
countries face different challenges in addressing NCDs. Understanding the prevalence, risk
factors, and consequences of NCDs is crucial for developing effective interventions. While
developed nations have more resources and advanced healthcare systems, they must engage
youth effectively in healthy behaviors. In contrast, developing countries require enhanced
support and infrastructure to combat the rising threat of NCDs in their young populations.
Collaborative global efforts are essential for addressing these disparities and promoting health
equity.
REFERENCES
- American Heart Association (AHA). (2020). Cardiovascular Disease
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2017). The state of food security and nutrition in
the world.
- Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). (2019).
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). (2017). Hypertension prevalence among Indian
youth.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2022). Health at a
Glance: Europe 2022.
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). (2022). The State of the
World’s Children 2022.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Noncommunicable diseases.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Youth and noncommunicable diseases.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Noncommunicable diseases.