PAKISTAN STUDIES

CLASS XII

THE LATEST SLO BASED NOTES IN ACCORDANCE WITH

THE FBISE PRESCRIBD BOOKS AND MATERIAL
 Important points to remember for MCQ’S
1. Collective consciousness of a group in a particular phase of history is (Ideology)
2. Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan was born in (1817)
3. Sir Sayyid’s idea of nationhood developed into (Two-Nation theory)
4. The real originator of Two nation theory was (Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan)
5. Muslim Nationhood is based on (Islam)
6. The sense of love of one’s country is (Nationalism)
7. The pre-requisite of progress in Muslim society is (Ijtihad)
8. Democracy and equality are the bases of (Islamic System)
9. The law of Allah is absolutely (Supreme)
10. Iqbal believed that the only solution of Indian Muslims is (Independence)
11. Allama Iqbal gave his famous address of Allabad in (1930)
12. Iqbal’s letter to Quaid for showing concern over economic condition of Muslim in (1937)
13. Quaid-e-Azam Presided over the All-India Muslim league session in (1940) 15. Islam is the
basis of our (National Unity)
16. (Sovereignty) belongs to Allah.
17. Quaid Addressed with the first constituent Assembly of Pakistan in (August, 11 1947)
18. The source of ultimate guidance is (Quran)
19. Indian National Congress was founded in 1885
20. The founder of Indian National Congress was Allan Octavian Hume.
21. The 1st president of Congress was Ramesh Chandra Banerji.
22. Sir Syed established MAO School Aligarh in 1875
23. MAO School upgraded as college in 1877.
24. Muhammadan Educational Conference was instituted in 1886
25. The partition of Bengal was decided by Lord Curzen
26. The east part of Bengal was demarcated into new provinces in 1905.
27. Partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911.
28. The Muslim member of Simla deputation was thirty-five.
29. Simla deputation met in Oct 1, 1906
30. Government of Indian Act, also known as the Minto-Morley Reforms.
31. All Indian Muslim league was founded in Dhaka on December 30, 1906
32. Government declared annulment as a “Settle matter”
33. Mass killing of Muslim at Cawnpore occurred on August 3, 1913
34. Tripoli was an important part of the Turkish Empire.
35. Italy occupied Tripoli in 1911.
36. Partition of Bangol was annulled in 1911
37. Quaid-e-Azam joined All India Muslim league in 1913.
38. Luck now pact was made in 1916.
39. Quaid resigned from Indian National Congress in 1920.
40. Mrs. Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah the title of “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”
41. Delhi proposal was proposed in 1927
42. Simon commission was sent to India by British government in 1927
43. Nehru Report was outlined in 1928.
44. Jinnah gave the fourteen points in 1929.
45. The round table conference was convened in 1930, 1931 and 1932
46. Communal award was announced in August 16, 1932
47. In subcontinent under the Indian Act 1935 election were held in 1937.
48. Muslim league could only win 109 seats in 1937 elections
49. World War II started on September 3, 1939.
50. “Deliverance Day” was celebrated by AIML on December 22, 1939.
51. 27th Annual session of AIML was held at Lahore in 22nd March 1940
52. Resolution was introduced by A.K Fazal-ul-Haq
53. Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India by British government in 1942.
54. World War II ended in August 1945.
55. A conference of Indian politicians held at Simla in June 1945.
56. Elections of Central and provincial assemblies were held in the winter 1945-46
57. Muslim league won 446 out of 495 seats in election of 1945-46
58. The Cabinet Mission was sent in 1946.
59. Cabinet mission sent three senior cabinet members to India.
60. Lord Pathic, sir Stafford Cripps and A.V Alexander were the Cabinet Member in 1946.
61. British PM Clement Attlee declared India’s independence by June 1948.
62. The last Viceroy of India was Lord Mountbatten.
63. Partition plan was announced on 3rd June 1947.
64. Quaid-e-Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July, 1948.
65. Nawab Siraj UD Dolah martyred in 1757
66. Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu of Mysore martyred in 1799.
67. East India Company ruthlessly suppressed uprising of Indian soldiers in 1857.
68. Last Mughal emperor was Bahadur Shah Zafar.
69. A country ruled by another country stands for Colony.
70. The practice of occupying other countries is called “Colonialism”
71. British colonizer referred Sub-continent as “The golden sparrow”
72. British remained in India nearly for three and a half Century (1600-1947)
73. Highest recorded number of British nationals present in India was 40,000
74. Jinnah entered into active politics in 1897.
75. Quaid resigned from congress in 1920.
76. Cyril Radcliffe appointed the head of boundary commission.
77. Karachi was designated as Pakistan’s capital.
78. India stopped water supplies to vast area in the vicinity of Lahore in 1948.
79. At the time of partition there were 16 ordinance factories in the United India.
80. The Quaid-e-Azam elected first president of the constituent Assembly of Pakistan.
81. Quaid addressed the first session of constitutional assembly on August 11, 1947.
82. The Quaid-e-Azam became the first Governor General of Pakistan.
83. Liaqat Ali was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
84. Quaid said that Urdu would be adopted as National language.
85. The Quaid-e-Azam instituted the “Federal Court”.
86. Liaqat Ali khan Martyred in 1951.
87. Liaqat Ali was appointed Finance Minister in interim government in October 1946.
88. The Objective Resolution was passed by Assembly in 1949.
89. Nizam was the title of Muslim ruler of Hyderabad.
90. Ten Princely States were acceded to Pakistan by April 1948.
91. In 1970 all states were dissolved and amalgamated into the neighbouring provinces.
92. About 1600km Indian territory separated the East Pakistan from the West.
93. Before partition, India was being run under a constitutional statute called “The
Government of India Act 1935.
94. Quaid-e-Azam died on September 11, 1948
95. Sovereignty of the universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone.
96. According to constitution only a Muslim can be elected as President of Pakistan.
97. Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan from 1958-1969.
98. Molvi Tameez ud din was elected the first speaker of constituent Assembly of Pakistan.
99. Pakistan joined SEATO in Sep, 1954.
100. Pakistan Joined CENTO in Feb, 1955.
101. Governor General Ghulam Mohammad imposed emergency in country in 1954.
102. Mohammad Ali Bogra resigned on August 6, 1955.
103. First constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on March 23, 1956.
104. President Iskandar Mirza imposed first Martial law on Oct 7, 1958.
107. Ayub Khan promulgated the Basic Democracies Order in 1959 known as BD system.
105. The second constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on June 8, 1962.
106. Presidential system was adopted under 1962 constitution.
107. Presidential elections under BD system were held in January 1965.
108. Ayub Khan transferred the power to General Yahya Khan on March 25, 1969.
109. India attacked Pakistan from three side on September 6, 1965.
114. On September 20, 1965 the UN Security Council appealed Indo-Pak to ceasefire.
110. General Yahya Khan ruled in (1969-1971)
111. Yahya Khan assumed the power on March 25, 1969.
112. The legal Framework Order (LFO)was issued on March 30, 1970.
113. Election under the LFO was held in December 1970.
114. More than 90 thousand Pakistani soldiers and officers were taken as prisoners.
115. Fall of Dhaka on 6 December, 1971.
123. Bangladesh was officially proclaimed a republic on December 21, 1971.
CHAPTER 1 GENESIS OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Short questions:
Q1. What is meant by the term Ideology?

1. Definition: Ideology refers to a set of ideas upon which the collective ideals of a community,
culture, or political system are based.
2. Historical Context: It reflects the collective consciousness of people across different historical
phases.
3. Significance: Ideology plays a crucial role in the development and governance of a country.
4. Continuous Evolution: It is a dynamic process characterized by continuous growth and evolution,
deeply rooted in a nation's history.

Q2. What is the Islamic theory of nationhood?

1. Basis of Faith: According to the Islamic theory of nationhood, Muslims believe they constitute a
separate and distinct nation based on faith.
2. Fraternity and Unity: This belief fosters feelings of fraternity, love, and care among Muslims.
3. Right to Self-Determination: It instills in Muslims a sense of entitlement to the right of self-
determination.
4. Two Nations Theory: The theory, exemplified by the "Two Nations Theory," underscores the bond
of nationhood among Muslims.

Q3. Explain Pakistan Ideology briefly.

1. Reflection of Islamic Ideology: Pakistan Ideology mirrors Islamic Ideology, forming the basis of
the Muslim freedom struggle in South Asia.
2. Call to Action: Islam urges believers to fight and struggle for freedom, inspiring the Muslim
struggle for Pakistan.
3. Islamic Principles: Muslims are commanded by Allah to lead their lives according to the teachings
of Islam.
4. Vision of Quaid-e-Azam: Quaid-e-Azam envisioned Pakistan not just as a piece of land but as a
place where Muslims could live according to Islamic principles.

Q4. What did Quaid-e-Azam think about minorities, quote a brief statement.

1. Champion of Equality: Quaid-e-Azam believed fervently in human equality and the rights of
individuals.
2. Statement to Constituent Assembly: Addressing the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, he
emphasized religious freedom, stating, "... you may belong to any religion, caste, or creed ... we
are all citizens, and equal citizens, of the state."
3. Emphasis on Citizenship: His words underscored the fundamental principle of equality among all
citizens of the state.
4. Commitment to Minority Rights: Quaid-e-Azam's statement exemplifies his commitment to
protecting the rights of minorities in Pakistan.
 Q5. Write a short note on the Simla Deputation.

1. Historical Context: In October 1906, 35 prominent Muslim leaders met Lord Minto to present
demands for Muslim rights and interests.
2. Main Demands: They advocated for separate electorates, reserved seats in state jobs, and a fixed
quota in executive and judicial councils for Muslims.
3. Representation: The Simla Deputation aimed to secure political representation and safeguard the
interests of Muslims in British India.
4. Significance: It marked an early instance of organized political mobilization among Muslims in
India.

Q6. What do you know about “Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind” (Causes of Indian Mutiny)?

1. Authorship: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan authored "Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind" for British

Parliamentarians.
2. Purpose: He published 500 copies of the book to elucidate the facts behind the mutiny in the
subcontinent to members of Parliament.
3. Perspective: While Sir Syed termed it a "mutiny," Muslims viewed it as a "War of Independence."
4. Interpretation: Sir Syed attributed the upheaval to a few troublemakers, offering a different
perspective from the prevailing nationalist narrative.

Q7. What objectives were set for the Muslim League at the time of its inception?

1. Political Platform: Provide a political platform for Muslims to express their views and
demonstrate loyalty to the British.
2. Protect Rights: Safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims in India.
3. Promote Unity: Foster friendly relations with other Indian communities.
4. Advocate Representation: Advocate for adequate political representation and participation for
Muslims in British India.

Q8. What important change was made in the objectives of the Muslim League and when?

1. Quaid-e-Azam's Leadership: In 1913, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim
League and advocated for significant changes in its objectives.
2. Emphasis on Self-Rule: Quaid believed that the pursuit of self-rule in India was a more suitable
solution to Indian problems.
3. Shift in Strategy: This marked a pivotal moment in Indian politics as Quaid-e-Azam emphasized
Hindu-Muslim unity and a better future for all Indians.
4. Reorientation of Goals: The Muslim League's objectives shifted towards advocating for self-rule
and promoting cooperation among diverse communities in India.

Q9. Write a short note on the Simla Conference.

1. Context: The Simla Conference took place in 1945 during the tenure of Lord Wavell as the second-
to-last Viceroy of India.
2. Purpose: Lord Wavell called for an all-parties conference in Simla to select Muslim members for
the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
3. Controversy: The Muslim League demanded the right to nominate Muslim members, while
Congress sought to nominate on behalf of Muslims.
4. Gandhi's Absence: Mahatma Gandhi refused to attend the conference, reflecting growing
tensions between Congress and the Muslim League.

Q10. What were the salient features of the Indian Independence Act?

1. Grant of Freedom: India would achieve independence on August 15, 1947, marking the end of
British rule.
2. Removal of Titles: The title of "Emperor of India" would no longer be part of the British Crown's
titles.
3. Adoption of Interim Constitution: The Indian Independence Act would adopt the Indian Act of
1935 as an interim constitution for both states, with necessary modifications.
4. Path to Self-Governance: The Act paved the way for India and Pakistan to frame their own
constitutions and govern themselves independently.

EXTRA SHORT QUESTIONS

Q1. How Indian National Congress developed and what was its mission?

1. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, with support from the
British government.
2. Ramesh Chandra Banerji served as its first President.
3. Claimed to represent the entire Indian population, advocating for all communities regardless of
religion, caste, or region.
4. Aimed to look after the interests of all communities in India.

Q2. What was the initial opinion/advice of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for Muslims of India after
British occupation?

1. Advocated for the adoption of modern British education by the Muslim community in India.
2. Established numerous educational institutions to promote modern education.
3. The most notable was the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) School in Aligarh, founded in
1875 and upgraded to MAO College in 1877.
4. Founded the Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 to further educational initiatives.

Q3. What was the effect of educational initiatives of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to the other parts of
India?

1. Inspired the establishment of other educational institutions across India.

2. Prominent examples include Islamia College Lahore, Sindh Madrasa-ul-Islam Karachi, and Islamia
College Peshawar.
3. These institutions contributed significantly to the educational uplift of Muslims in their respective
regions.
4. Helped spread modern education and fostered intellectual growth among Indian Muslims.
 Q4. What was the reason for the Bengal partition?

1. Bengal was a vast province, challenging to manage administratively from Calcutta.

2. Travel across the province could take weeks, complicating governance.
3. Viceroy Lord Curzon decided to partition Bengal to improve administrative efficiency.
4. The partition aimed to facilitate better governance of the region.

Q5. When was Bengal demarcated into new provinces and why was it annulled in 1911?

1. In 1905, Bengal was divided into East Bengal and Assam, with its headquarters at Dacca.
2. The partition was made purely on administrative grounds but benefited Muslims significantly.
3. Hindus opposed the partition and demanded its annulment due to its socio-political
consequences.
4. Faced with increasing violence and terrorist activities from Hindu extremists, the British
government annulled the partition in 1911.

Q6. How was the Khilafat of Turkey defended by the Muslims of the subcontinent?

1. On August 3, 1913, Muslims were killed at Cawnpore while protesting against the demolition of
part of a mosque.
2. Indian Muslims were aggrieved by the British anti-Khilafat policy, fearing the downfall of the
Turkish Empire.
3. They closely monitored these developments, feeling depressed and angry about the plight of
their fellow Muslims.
4. The incidents fueled resentment against British rule among Indian Muslims.

Q7. Why is the event of the Lucknow Pact important in the history of the Muslim League and
Congress?

1. Spearheaded by Quaid-e-Azam, the Muslim League and Congress held joint sessions in Bombay
(1915) and Lucknow (1916).
2. Agreed to submit a jointly agreed scheme of constitutional reform to the government, known as
the "Lucknow Pact 1916."
3. The pact was based on the principle of self-government for India.
4. Marked the first time the Indian National Congress accepted the Muslim demand for separate
electorates.

Q8. Why was the Simon Commission sent to India, and what was the reaction of Congress and
the Muslim League to this session?

1. The British government sent the Simon Commission to India to draft a constitutional formula
acceptable to both Hindus and Muslims.
2. The Congress and Muslim League rejected the commission's proposals.
3. Both parties were dissatisfied with the commission's composition and recommendations.
4. The rejection led to widespread protests and further demand for Indian self-rule.
 Q9. What is the “Communal Award”?

1. Followed the second session of the Round Table Conference attended by key Muslim and Hindu
leaders.
2. British government formulated the findings and recommendations into the "Communal Award."
3. These proposals became the basis for the Government of India Act 1935.
4. Aimed to establish proper rules and regulations for governing the colony.

Q10. What were the results of the 1937 elections?

1. Held in February 1937 under the Government of India Act 1935.

2. The Muslim League won only 109 out of 485 Muslim seats, showing a weak performance.
3. The Congress won an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces.
4. In three other provinces, Congress formed coalition governments with other parties.

Q11. How did Congress govern British India after its win in the 1937 elections?

1. The Congress rule was marked by political corruption and heavy-handed governance.
2. Introduced controversial schemes like Viddya Mandir and Gandhiji’s Wardha, which were
unacceptable to Muslims.
3. Attempted to replace Urdu with Hindi and introduced "Bande Mataram" as the official anthem,
which had anti-Muslim connotations.
4. These actions provoked significant discontent and hatred among the Muslim population.

Q12. When and why did Muslims observe “Deliverance Day”?

1. On December 22, 1939, Muslims observed "Deliverance Day" after Congress resigned.
2. The resignation was in response to the Viceroy's assurance and the Muslim League’s pledge to
support British war efforts.
3. The day marked Muslims' relief from what they viewed as oppressive Congress rule.
4. The Muslim League celebrated the end of Congress governance which they felt marginalized
Muslims.

Q13. Why is the “Lahore Resolution” known as the “Pakistan Resolution”?

1. Initially called the "Lahore Resolution," it later became known as the "Pakistan Resolution."
2. The name was coined by the hostile Hindu press.
3. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah adopted this name.
4. Over the next seven years, the resolution became the defining document of Indian Muslims'
national aspirations for a separate homeland.

Q14. When was the ‘Quit India’ and ‘civil disobedience’ movement called by the Congress?

1. In August 1942, the Congress Working Committee called for the British government to withdraw
immediately from India.
2. The call for "Quit India" came during a period of perceived government weakness.
3. The Congress threatened civil disobedience if their demand was not met.
4. The movement urged people to resist and defy government authority.

Q15. What was the result of the 1945-46 elections?

1. Muslim voters overwhelmingly supported the Muslim League’s demand for a separate homeland.
2. The Muslim League won all the Muslim seats in the central legislature.
3. They secured 446 out of 495 Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies.
4. The results demonstrated strong Muslim backing for the idea of Pakistan.

Q16. Define “Colonialism” and “Imperialism.”

1. Colonialism: The practice of occupying and ruling other countries, turning them into colonies.
2. A colony is a country or area ruled by another country.
3. Imperialism: The policy of extending a country’s rule over other countries.
4. Both involve domination and control over foreign territories.

Long Questions

Q.1 Write a detailed note on the services of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan or Aligarh Movement for the
Muslims of India.
1 Introduction:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded this movement. Muslims of India woke up after the war of
Independence 1857. He started educational, social, political and religious movement for Muslims,
which is called the Aligarh Movement.
2 British attitude toward Muslims and Hindus:
The British were friends of Hindus. The Hindus were not a potential threat to the English because the
British didn’t take the reins of power from the Hindus; rather they took the power from the Muslims.
They knew that if the Muslims were not subjugated in all walks of life, the Muslims would avenge
their defeat and come to power again. The British deprived Muslims of all opportunities in social,
political, economic, cultural and religious spheres. They badly offend the Muslim religion and culture.
3 Role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
Sir Syed thought it necessary for the Muslims to get modern education and for that sole purpose, he
started the Aligarh Movement.
4 EDCATIONAL SERVICES OF SIR SYED AHMED KHAN:
In India from 1857 to 1859, total number of graduate Hindus was 715 while total Muslims graduates
were 20. Sir Syed felt the need that the Muslims had to get modern education to compete with the
Hindus and British. He took following concrete and fruitful steps for the education of Muslims.
5 Madrassah Moradabad:
In 1859, Sir Syed established a Persian School at the city of Muradabad. In that school, along with
religious education, Urdu, Arabic, Persian and English were also taught.
6 Madrassah Ghazipur:
In 1862, Sir Syed was posted to the city of Ghazipur. He also established a school there.
7 Scientific Society:
Sir Syed founded a Scientific Society in the year 1863. Basic purpose of this society was to translate all
science-related books from English language into Urdu for the Indian Muslims in order to persuade
Muslims to obtain education. The Ulema of that time turned against Sir Syed and issued a Fatwa that
any Muslim who studied English language or any other academic discipline initiated by the Britishers
would be infidel (Kafir).
8 Establishment of M.A.O. School:
In 1875, Sir Syed established a school at Aligarh for Muslims by the name of M.A.O.
(Muhammadan Anglo Oriental High School).
9 Establishment of M.A.O. College:
After two years i.e., in 1877, this school was upgraded to M.A.O. College. Along with scientific
education, Islamiyat and oriental history of the sub-continent were also imparted to students in this
college.
10 Asaar-us-Sanadeed:
This book was authored by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Sir Syed made a meticulous study and research on
all the historical buildings and monuments constructed by the Muslim rulers during the period of
Sultans of Delhi (1206-1526) and the Mughal period (1526-1857). This is a great work on the part of
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the benefit of the students of architecture and researchers on history.
11: Establishment of Muhammadan Educational Conference:
Sir Syed founded Muhammadan Educational Conference in the year1886 to promote education
among the Muslims.
POLITICAL SERVICES:
Following political services were rendered by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the Indian Muslims.
12 Two Nation Theory:
Sir Syed at the time of Urdu-Hindi conflict said in the year 1867, “Urdu-Hindi conflict is the starting of
space of separation between Hindus and Muslims which will increase and gradually a day will come
when both the nations will separate after division.”
13 Causes of Indian Mutiny:
After the War of Independence 1857, Sir Syed compiled a magazine named Risala-e- Asbab-e-
Baghawat-e-Hind (causes of Indian Mutiny). In which he explained to the British that only Muslims
were not responsible for this mutiny rather Hindus were equally responsible for it. He didn’t call it the
War of Independence (1857) rather attributed it a mutiny or rebellion. He thought that this mutiny
was sparked by some trouble mongers.
Religious Services: He rendered the following religious services for the Indian Muslims.
14 Khutbat-e-Ahmadiya:
Sir Syed rendered many useful services in religion during his Movement. He gave his series of public
addresses to clarify the objections raised by William Moore against our Holy Prophet (SAWW) in the
latter’s book ‘Life of Muhammad (SAWW)’. Sir Syed series of addresses were later printed in a book
called Khutbat-e-Ahmadiya in reply to the book ‘Life of Muhammad (SAWW’.
15 Tabaiyan-ul-Kalaam: He wrote a commentary on Bible in a philosophical style and explained
similarities between Islam and Christianity with solid arguments to bridge up the gulf between
Muslims and the British.
16 Tafseer-e-Quarn: Sir Syed wrote the Tafseer of Holy Quran in seven volumes but still he was not
able to complete it before his death. At the time of his death, it was more than half done.
Effects of Aligarh Movement: This Movement revolutionized the economic, social and political status
of Muslims, promoted Urdu language and helped a lot in the unification of Muslims religiously and
morally.
a. Partition of Bengal: The partition took place in 1905 and Bengal was divided into two parts
i.e. East and West Bengal. This partition was annulled in 1911 due to Hindu violence and aggression.
b: Economic Development of Muslims: Muslims started to get western education along with religious
education. In this way they got jobs which helped them and made them economically strong.
c: Simla Deputation: In 1906, 35 eminent Muslims leaders met Lord Minto and demanded for the
right of separate electorates for the Muslims in which they succeeded.
d: Formation of All India Muslim League:
It was 20th annual session of Muhammadan Educational Conference at the residence of Nawab
Saleem Ullah Khan at Dhaka on 30th December, 1906 when Muslim League was formed under the
famous leadership. Sir Aga Khan became the first president.
e: Establishment of Aligarh University: It was the desire of Sir Syed to upgrade M.A.O. College into a
university but this cherished dream did not materialize in his life. In 1920, the college was given the
status of a university now called Aligarh Muslim University.
f: Role in Pakistan Movement: Students of Aligarh University, on the demand of the Quaid-e- Azam,
struggled for a separate country. This helped a lot in Pakistan Movement.
g: Negative Effect: Sir Syed himself said, “I am astonished the people who get education become evil
and worst nation instead of good.”
This was because most of the teachers of Aligarh Muslim University were British and students
adopted western civilization.
COMMENTS: Had Sir Syed not started this movement; Muslims would have been the slaves of British
and Hindus. In short, this movement gave a great strength to Muslims of India and hence helped in
the creation of Pakistan.
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*
Q.2 Write a note on the aims and the objectives of establishment of All-India Muslim
League.
1 Sir Syed’s role for awakening Indian Muslims: The Muslims woke up after the War of Independence
1857. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started educational, social, political and religious movement for the
Muslims under his leadership. This movement is called Aligarh movement.
2 Urdu-Hindi controversy (1867): The main reason for the formation of Muslim League was the
Urdu Hindi conflict at Banaras in 1867. The protection of Urdu was vital for the Muslims and it was
not possible without the formation of a political organization like Muslim League.
3 Negative role of Hindu Nationalist movement: The slogan of Hindu nationalism was formed in the
18th century saying, "India is only for Hindus and all other people are foreigners. There are only two
chances for them that they should either accept Hinduism or leave India." To provide a befitting reply
to Hindus, a political platform was needed.
4 Ban on cow slaughter: The Hindu sectarian organization ‘Arya Samaj’ formed ‘Gao Raksha Sabah’
for the protection of cows in 1883. The goal was to stop the Muslims from sacrificing cows. Under
these circumstances, unity among the Muslims was unavoidable and much needed to stop the
Hindus from forcing Muslims to refrain from cow slaughtering.
5 Claim of Indian National Congress to be the sole representative party:
On Dec 28, 1885 at Bombay, the Indian National Congress was formed by Allan Octavian Humes. This
political party claimed that it was the representative party for all Indian groups. To prove that claim is
as false as it was necessary to form a representative party of the Muslims.
6 Success of Simla Deputation:
A delegation comprising 35 renowned Muslim leaders gathered from all around Indian Subcontinent
under the leadership of Sir Aga Khan met the then Viceroy of India Lord Minto at Simla and presented
its demands for the protection of rights and interests of the Muslims. After discussing these
demands, Minto gave a hopeful response to delegates resultantly creating a feeling of confidence,
unity and political awareness among the Muslims.
7 Formation of All India Muslim League:
It was 20th annual session of Muhammadan Educational Conference at the residence of Nawab
Saleem Ullah Khan at Dhaka on 30th December, 1906 when Muslim League was formed under the
leadership of Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. Later during its first session held at Karachi in the year 1907,
Muslim League chose Sir Aga Khan as its first president.
8 Initial aims and objectives:
Initial aims of Muslim League were as follows:
a: To create loyalty towards the British in the hearts of the Muslims and to remove all
misunderstandings between Muslims and the English created due to any action of the government.
b: To protect rights and intrusts of Indian Muslims and to present their demands before the
government in peaceful manner.
c: To foster friendly and cordial relations among the Muslims and other Indian nations.
9 Rules and regulations:
A Constituent Committee comprising 60 members presented its report in the first meeting of Muslim
League held in the year 1907 at Karachi. Later on, the Muslim League Constitution was given a final
shape in the year 1908 at Aligarh and this Constitution was accepted unanimously.
10 Head office:
Aligarh had central position in political, educational and economic progress of the Muslims,
therefore, head office of the Muslim League was also established at Aligarh.
11 First office holders:
In the meeting of March 190, Sir Aga Khan was elected as the first President and Syed Hassan Bilgrami
was elected as first general secretary of the Muslim League whereas Syed Ameer Ali was appointed
as President of London Branch of Muslim league in the year 1908.
12 Initial achievements:
Initial achievements of the Muslim League are as follows:
13 Countering Congress propaganda:
The Indian National Congress started the propaganda that the Muslims didn't have the ability to run a
political party and the Congress started calling itself the sole representative party of all communities
of India. This propaganda proved false after the formation of Muslim League.
14 Separate electorates for Muslim:
The British accepted the demand of separate electorates in the Indian Act of 1909 i.e. Minto Morley
reforms and gave it a legal and constitutional status.
IMPACTS:
1. Quaid e Azam joined Muslim League:
The Quaid-e-Azam was the member of Indian National Congress but he realized that the congress is
working for rights of Hindus and doesn't care for the Muslims then he left congress and became the
member of Muslim league and later on became the leader of Muslim league
2. Achievement in Lukhnow Pact:
The most significant achievement of this pact for the Muslims was that for the first time ever, the
Congress recognized Muslim League as the sole representative body of Muslims and they were
granted separate electorates in the provincial as well as in imperial Legislative Councils.
3. Formation of Aligarh Muslim University:
The demand of formation of a Muslim University was accepted by the government and the
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College Aligarh was upgraded into Aligarh Muslim University in the
year 1920.
4. Political awareness among youth:
The rising awareness about independence was quite evident among the Muslims and the untiring
efforts of the students who graduated from the Aligarh Muslim University.
5. Role in Lahore Resolution:
Muslim League approved a resolution of a separate country and on 23rd March 1940, Muslim League
passed a resolution favouring creation of Pakistan. A committee of scholars was founded for the
advertisement of the importance of Pakistan Resolution.
6. Untiring struggle for the achievement of separate homeland:
The Muslim League worked very hard for the creation of a separate homeland and always gave a
befitting reply to Hindus and Congress propaganda. The Muslim League finally became successful in
achieving a separate homeland named as PAKISTAN.
Comments: Firstly, true representation of rights and interests of the Muslims was furnished by
Muslim League and it provided a platform for Pakistan movement which became successful after
a lot of sacrifices. So, the formation of Muslim League was a golden chapter of the 20th century.
In short, the formation of Muslim League granted the Muslims a new light, a new dawn and a new
destination for the progress and prosperity of Muslims.

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Q.3 Write a detailed note on Khilafat Movement 1919-1924.
1. Background and Context
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant political campaign in British India, led by
Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. The Ottoman Empire,
defeated by the Allied Powers, faced dismemberment, and Muslims worldwide were concerned
about the fate of the Caliph, their spiritual leader.
2. Role of the Ottoman Caliphate
The Ottoman Caliphate held immense religious significance for Muslims globally. The Caliph was
regarded as the symbolic leader of the global Muslim community (Ummah), and any threat to his
authority was perceived as a threat to Islam itself.
3. Formation of the Khilafat Committee
In response to the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which proposed to dismantle the Ottoman Empire,
Indian Muslim leaders formed the Khilafat Committee in 1919. Key figures included Shaukat Ali,
Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Hakim Ajmal Khan.
4. Objectives of the Khilafat Movement
The primary objectives of the Khilafat Movement were:
• To ensure the preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate.
• To protect the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
• To safeguard the holy sites of Islam in the Ottoman-controlled Middle East.
5. Methods of Protest
The Khilafat Movement employed various methods of protest, including mass meetings,
pamphleteering, and petitions to the British government. It aimed to mobilize Muslim public
opinion and exert pressure on British authorities to revise the terms of the peace settlement with
the Ottoman Empire.
6. Alliance with Indian National Congress
The movement sought broader political support and formed an alliance with the Indian National
Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi. This partnership marked a significant moment in the Indian
independence struggle, as it brought Hindus and Muslims together in a united front against
British colonial rule.
7. Non-Cooperation Movement
The Khilafat Movement coincided with Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), which
advocated for non-violent resistance to British rule. Muslims and Hindus jointly boycotted British
goods, institutions, and services, aiming to paralyse the colonial administration.
8. Mass Mobilization
The Khilafat Movement succeeded in mobilizing masses of Muslims across India. It gained
widespread support, particularly in North India and Bengal, and involved various segments of
society, including religious scholars, students, and rural peasants.
9. Repression by British Authorities
The British government viewed the Khilafat Movement as a significant threat and responded with
repression. Leaders were arrested, and protests were often met with violence. Despite this, the
movement maintained its momentum for several years.
10. Decline of the Movement
The movement began to decline after the abolition of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in
1924. The establishment of the Turkish Republic and the secularization policies of Atatürk
rendered the movement's primary objective obsolete.
 11. Impact on Indian Politics
Although it failed to achieve its goals, the Khilafat Movement had a lasting impact on Indian
politics. It demonstrated the potential for Hindu-Muslim unity and mass mobilization against
colonial rule. It also highlighted the political consciousness and activism among Indian Muslims.
12. Legacy of the Movement
The Khilafat Movement left a mixed legacy. It fostered a sense of political identity among Indian
Muslims and contributed to the broader independence struggle. However, its failure also sowed
seeds of communal division, as the partnership between Congress and Muslim leaders fractured
in subsequent years.
Conclusion
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a pivotal chapter in India's struggle against British
colonialism. Driven by a commitment to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, the movement united
Muslims across India and forged a significant alliance with the Indian National Congress. While it
ultimately did not achieve its immediate goals, its influence on the Indian independence
movement and the political awakening of Indian Muslims was profound and enduring. The
movement highlighted both the potential for unity in the anti-colonial struggle and the
complexities of communal politics in India.

Q. 4 Write a note on “The Lahore Resolution”.

Introduction: The Muslim league met for its 27th annual session in Lahore from 22nd to 24th
March 1940. A resolution was introduced by the Bengal premier A.K. Fazal-ul-Haq on 23rd March
and was unanimously and actively approved by the general body of participants on March 24 th.
The participants represented the entire Muslim community of India.
1. Background of Pakistan Resolution: The Muslim wanted to secure them against the
domination of Hinduism. The Hindu parties were making demand for Hindu Raj. Hinduism was
constantly trying to merge Islam into it like other issues. If the united sub-continent had got
freedom, it would have been a permanent form of Hindu authority because modern democratic
system believes in majority government. It was a must to get rid of the dominance of the Hindus
and it was possible only if Sub-Continent was divided.
2. Reasons behind the Resolution
i. Two-Nation theory
Two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. It evolved gradually after the war of
Independence. This theory is the basis of the ideology of Pakistan. It became the cause of the
partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.
ii. Bloodshed of the Muslims
Islam spread in India with the efforts and character of Arab traders and Sufis and devines. Then
the Muslim invaded the sub-continent and ruled over it for centuries. So, the Hindus were against
the Muslim. We also fought war of freedom against the British when their rule established. So,
both the British and the Hindus were against the Muslim. The blood of the Muslim was shed
ruthlessly.
iii. Low social Status of the Muslim
The Hindus always gave low status to the Muslim in society. They could never give equal status to the
Muslim because they believed in caste system, colour and creed. They always looked down upon the
Muslim. So, the Muslim could never lead a graceful and dignified life in the Hindu society. They were
insulted and oppressed by the Hindu.
iv. Danger to the Muslim Culture
The Hindus were constantly trying to wipe out the language, culture and civilization of the Muslims. It
seemed clear that if Indian got freedom as a single country, the culture and civilization of the Muslim
would always be in danger. The Muslim would never be able to live in society according to their
culture. They would not be free to practice the principle of Islam.
v. A setback in 1937 Elections
There were fourteen political parties that were representing the Indian Muslim in these elections. The
votes of the Muslims were divided into so many factions that the Muslim League lost the elections by
a great difference. In 8 out of 11 provinces the Indian National Congress won the election in 1937 and
it established its provincial government in the respective provinces.
3. Presidential address of Quaid-e-Azam
While presiding over the All-India Muslim league session 1940 at Lahore, He said:
1. The Muslims are a separate nation because their customs, traditions, civilization, cultural and
above all religion is different from Hindus. In spite of living together for centuries, both have their
unique identification. If Sub-Continent gets freedom in the form of United Indian, the rights of the
Muslim will not be protected.
2. British India is a Sub-continent. It is not a country or a homeland of a nation. Many nations are
living here and their interests are separate from one another.
4. Text of the Resolution: The most important part of the resolution said, “Geographically contiguous
units be demarcated into regions in which the Muslim are numerically a majority, as in the north-
western and eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the
constituent unites shall be autonomous and sovereign”.
5. Reaction of Hindu Press
The Hindu newspaper i.e. The Hindustan Times, Modern Review and Amrita Bazar Patrika wrote
editorials against the resolution. All India Muslim league named this resolution as Lahore resolution
but the Hindu press ridiculously began to write it as “Pakistan Resolution”.
The Muslim leaders adopted this new term and they also called it as “Pakistan Resolution”.
6. Reaction of the British Press: The British Press called this resolution as “Resolution of Jinnah” or
“Pakistan of Jinnah”.
7. Impact of Resolution: Involvement in the World War-II impelled the British to make an all-out
effort for the solution of the Indian problem. Since the Congress represented the majority
community and was in a better position to dictate her terms on the British rulers and exploit
matters to her benefit. It was only through the Quaid-e-Azam’s leadership, his exceptional
negotiation skills and his wise timely decisions that the Muslims were able to overcome all
obstacles and make their way to independence successfully.
i. Unity of Indian Muslim: After the setting of goals, enthusiasm of the unity of Muslims increased
rapidly. Muslims got united on the platform of the Muslim League. This helped in the unity of Muslim
of India.
ii. Muslim League – as strongest party: After approval of resolution, the Muslim started to unite at
the platform of Muslim League, as a result Muslim league became the only Muslim representative
party.
iii. 1945-46 Elections Victory: As a result, in center Muslim league won all thirty seats reserved for
Muslims in subcontinent. At provincial level, Muslim league won 428 seats out of 492 seats reserved
for the Muslims. It was a splendid victory of Muslim league in elections. Conclusion: Pakistan’s
resolution was the result of Two-Nation Theory. Many Muslim leaders and Muslim league itself were
already working to gain constitutional rights for the Muslim. Allama Iqbal had already given the idea
of a separate country for the Muslims and Chaudhary Rehmat Ali had even proposed the name of the
country as “Pakistan”. So, Pakistan resolution was a practical step to achieve Pakistan.

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Q5. Enlist and explain important events taking place form Third June Plan to the creation of
Pakistan.
Introduction: The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee Made a statement in the Parliament on 20 th
February 1948, declaring that India will be given independence by June 1948. Viceroy Wavell was
replaced by Lord Mountbatten. He was entrusted with a mission to make a peaceful transfer of power
from the British to the Indian hands.
1. Historical Context
The 3rd June Plan, also known as the Mountbatten Plan, was announced on June 3, 1947, by the last
Viceroy of India, Lord Louis Mountbatten. This plan was a pivotal step towards the end of British
colonial rule in India and the subsequent partition of the subcontinent into two independent nations:
India and Pakistan.
2. Background and Preceding Events
By 1947, India was engulfed in communal violence, particularly between Hindus and Muslims. The
failure of previous constitutional plans, such as the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, to address the
communal demands further exacerbated tensions. The British government, weakened by World War
II and facing growing unrest in India, sought a quick exit strategy.
3. Role of Lord Mountbatten
Lord Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy of India in February 1947 with a mandate to oversee the
transition of power. His mission was to negotiate with Indian leaders and devise a plan to transfer
power from the British government to Indian hands, while addressing the communal strife.
4. Consultations with Indian Leaders
Mountbatten held extensive consultations with key Indian leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru,
Mahatma Gandhi, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The discussions revolved around the modalities of
partition and the future political structure of India.
5. Key Provisions of the Plan
The 3rd June Plan proposed the following:
• Partition of India: The British Indian Empire would be divided into two dominions, India and
Pakistan.
• Provincial Option: The provinces of Bengal and Punjab, with significant Muslim and non-Muslim
populations, would be partitioned.
• Referendum: The North-West Frontier Province and Sylhet district of Assam would hold
referendums to decide whether to join India or Pakistan.
• Princely States: The princely states were given the option to join either dominion or remain
independent.
6. Acceptance by Political Parties
The plan received acceptance from the major political parties. The Indian National Congress, the
All-India Muslim League, and the Sikh representatives agreed to the plan, recognizing it as a
practical solution to the communal impasse.
7. Boundary Commissions
To delineate the borders of the new dominions, Boundary Commissions were established for
Punjab and Bengal. Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer, was appointed to head these commissions.
The task was to demarcate boundaries based on religious majorities.
8. Implementation Timeline
The plan outlined a rapid timeline for the transfer of power. The British government announced
that independence would be granted no later than August 1947, allowing for a swift transition
and minimizing the period of uncertainty.
9. Communal Violence and Migration
The announcement of the plan led to widespread communal violence, especially in Punjab and
Bengal. Massive migrations ensued as millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs moved across the
newly drawn borders to join their chosen dominions.
10. Declaration of Independence
India and Pakistan were declared independent on August 15 and August 14, 1947, respectively.
Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India, while Muhammad Ali Jinnah assumed
the role of Governor-General of Pakistan.
11. Aftermath and Immediate Challenges
The partition left deep scars, with an estimated one to two million people dying in the violence
and up to 15 million displaced. Both nations faced immense challenges, including refugee
resettlement, economic disruption, and establishing new governmental structures.
12. Long-term Implications
The 3rd June Plan fundamentally reshaped the political landscape of South Asia. It set the stage
for the enduring India-Pakistan rivalry, issues of communal identity, and regional stability. The
legacies of partition continue to influence the geopolitics of the region.
Conclusion
The 3rd June Plan was a decisive and controversial solution to the communal and political turmoil
in British India. By proposing the partition of India into two separate dominions, the plan
facilitated the end of British colonial rule but also triggered unprecedented violence and mass
migrations. Despite the immediate challenges and long-term consequences, the plan achieved its
primary objective: the peaceful transfer of power and the establishment of independent India
and Pakistan. This historical event remains a defining moment in the subcontinent's history,
shaping the identities and destinies of the two nations.
CHAPTER 2 INITIAL PROBLEMS OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Short Questions
Q 1. How did the Injustice done in carrying out partition caused to create Kashmir issue?
1. Mountbatten was the last viceroy of India who announced the partition plan on 3 rd June 1947
which was publishes on 17th August 1947.
2. He was bribed by Hindu Maharaja’s to influence Radcliffe to award certain Muslim majority
areas to India such as Gurdaspur, Pathankot, Amratsar, Batala and Ferozpur.
3. His role was thoroughly against the wishes of the Muslims of India.
4. Kashmir issue was one of the examples of such injustices done by Mountbatten. Ferozpure,
Gurdasspure and Tehsil Pathan kot was unjustly given to India to provide road access to
Kashmir which was revealed in the later years that Indian troops entered Kashmir.
Q 2. Write a note on the issue of settlement of refugees.
1. At the time of partition 6.5 million people migrated from India to Pakistan.
2. 5.5 million People migrated from Pakistan to India and 4.7 million were non-Muslims.
3. Most of the emigrants from India settled in Punjab and Sindh.
4. 81% refugees settled in Punjab 18% settled in Sindh and 1% settled in N.W.F.P and
Baluchistan.
Q.3 Quote one statement of Quaid-e-Azam’s regarding national integrity.
Regarding national integrity and national solidarity, the Quaid said:
“I assure you, divide you fall, unite you stand.” In a
speech on August 9,1947, he declared:
“Let us trust each other………. let us work in double shift if necessary to make
our country really happy, really united and really powerful.”
Q4. Enlist Quaid-e-Azam’s important step for the rehabilitation of refugee.
1. Quaid-e-Azam organized “Refugee Camp” and “Refugee Relief Fund” to entertain the refugees
coming from India.
2. He also organized “Pakistan Fund” for meeting the financial problem of the country.
3. He also established the ministry for Rehabilitation of Refugees.
4. He also toured every nook and corner of the country and persuaded people to donate whole-
heartedly in his Refugees Relief Fund.
5. He made an appeal to the people in such word;
“………. save all you can and give toward the relief of the victims of bestiality and
vandalism who had suffered all this for the sole reason that they are Muslims.”
Q5. What attitude, the Quaid-e-Azam thought, public servants should adopt.
While guiding the public servant the Quaid said: “You do not belong to the ruling class; you
belong to the servants. Make the people feel that you are their servant and friends, maintain
the highest standard for honour, integrity, justice and fair play.”
Q6. What piece of advice the Quaid-e-Azam gave to the students.
While addressing the student at Dhaka the Quaid said:
“My young fellows! I forward to you as the real makers of Pakistan, do not be exploited and
do not be misled. Create among yourself an example of what youth can be, in fairness to
yourself, in fairness to your parent and in fairness to the state to devote your attention to
your studies.”
Q7. The Quaid-e-Azam rendered his message in four words, quote.
1. Unity: The Pakistanis should not divide on the bases of caste, creed, religion or parochialism.
2. Faith: Firm faith in Allah Almighty will give us strength.
3. Discipline: Islam teaches us to lead a disciplined life.
4. Hard Work: It is only key that leads to success.
Q8. State briefly the Quaid’s idea regarding economy.
At the occasion of inauguration of the State Bank of Pakistan, the Quaid said:
“The economic system of the West has created almost insoluble problems for humanity, and to
many of us it appears that only a miracle can save it from disaster that is now facing the
world………We must work our destiny in our own way and present it to the world an economic
system based on the true Islamic concepts of equality of manhood and justice.”
Q9. What confidence building measures did the Quaid-e-Azam take immediately after
partition?
1. Common people were feeling great distressed and hopeless due to sufferings of migration.
2. The anti-Pakistan propaganda from India also spreads chaos.
3. To deal with such issues the Quaid made tours throughout Pakistan, even the remotest
places, for confidence building of common people.
4. He assured people that Pakistan was born to live, it will last forever and the conspiracies
of the enemies of Pakistan will soon die out.
Q10. What were the causes that gave rise to the issue of the accession of states after
Partition?
1. There were almost 580 princely states in British India.
2. These states were given free will to join either Pakistan or India before 15 th of August
1947.
3. There were some states which failed to decide their fate till 15th of August 1947.
4. Some important states were Jonagarh, Manawadar, Mangrol, Hyderabad and Kashmir.

Long Questions
Q.1 Write a note on the Initial problems of Pakistan.
Since 1857 till 15th August 1947 the sub-continent remained under the British control and known
as British India. When the British Parliament decided to award freedom to India, it passed Indian
Independence Act, 1947. The Quaid-e-Azam, the first Governor General of Pakistan, despite of his
failing health worked day and night to strengthen the very basis of the country. According to the
Indian Independence Act, all assets present in British India will be divided between Pakistan and
India in a way that 20% of each asset will be given to Pakistan. Initial Problems:
A: Administrative Problem:
There were so many administrative problems at the very inception of Pakistan;
1. Lack of officers: The newly born state suffered lack of trained officers to run the
administration. Most of the administrative staff was either British or Hindu so after the
partition the staff left Pakistan which resulted in lack of trained officers.
2. Lack of Trained staff: There was lack of trained staff to implement the administrative
infrastructure in the country. Due to this situation the lower staff was promoted on higher
designations which resulted poor and unsatisfactory performance on their part.
3. Lack of technical staff: Inexperienced or untrained staff was also a big issue to handle the
administrative affairs of the country. There was also no institution for the training of the
technical staff so it took so long for the development of the technical staff.
4. Lack of offices and stationery: In the beginning, the federal and provincial secretariats were
lacking offices and stationery items. Paper, pen, ink and all other stationery items were
lacking in the offices. The whole infrastructure to run the administration through offices was
ineffective. The government servants were forced to use berry thorns instead of common
pins or staples in the offices.
5. Lack of furniture: There were no chairs, tables and other furniture available in the offices.
The sincere and loyal people in administration worked day and night by placing files on the
floors and windows.
6. Lack of energy and power resources: The newly born state was lacking energy and power
resources as there were no dams to produce hydro-electricity or any project of thermal-
electricity etc. Financial constraints restrained Pakistan to spend on establishing energy
producing projects.
7. Secretariat building were non-functional: The condition of secretariat buildings was in bad
shape and also not sufficient enough to run the administration properly. The offices of federal
secretariat were working in the buildings of Sindh Secretariat.
8. Settlement of Refugees: As a result of the partition 6.5 million people migrated from India to
Pakistan and 5.5 million people migrated from Pakistan to India. The 5.5 million people who migrated
from Pakistan to India included 4.7 million people who were nonMuslims. To deal with such a large
influx of immigrants, the Quaid-e-Azam organized ‘Refugee Fund’, ‘Refugee Camp’ and ‘Pakistan
Fund’.
9. Bad condition of means of transportation and communication: The infrastructure of the
newly born state was worst in its form. Print media was very badly affected by the initial days of
partition. Before partition, the administration was mainly done by the British or Hindus so under a
very well-thought-out nefarious designs, they deliberately corrupted the whole infrastructure.
10. Financial Issues: Initially, Pakistan was to receive one-fourth of the total amount of Rs: 4
billion, equating to Rs: 0.75 billion. However, the Indian government deducted Rs: 0.25
billion from the initial payment of Rs: 1 billion, citing the burden of foreign debt left by the
British government to be shared. Only Rs: 0.20 billion was initially provided to Pakistan, with
the rest deliberately delayed. Gandhi's intervention led to the release of Rs: 0.50 billion by
Nehru's administration, leaving Rs: 0.05 billion outstanding.
11. Unjust division of Military Assets: Field Marshall Auchinelck, the British high-command army
officer, was detailed out to look after the division of military assets judiciously between India and
Pakistan. When he observed ill intentions, unjust attitude and mala fide actions of the Nehru
Government, he wrote a letter to the British Government complaining that the Indian government is
all determined to damage the interests of Pakistan and never wanted to see Pakistan on firm
grounds.
12. Unjust division Armed of Forces: The share of armed forces which came to Pakistan was
very less in number as most of the army was serving in the remotest parts of the country or
in other Muslim countries. This unjust division resulted in weak defence of Pakistan.
13. Lack of Constitution: At the time of independence, Indian Act 1935 was taken as interim
constitution of Pakistan. It was advised by the Quaid-e-Azam to formulate Pakistan’s own
constitution as soon as possible. But this process was delayed due to one reason after the
other. The first constitution of Pakistan was formulated in 1956.
14. Lack and backwardness in industrial sector: There were 921 industrial units in United India and
Pakistan was given only 34 units. Only 9 sugar mills and 16 armaments factories came in the share of
Pakistan. These units were not sufficient to fulfill the needs of the country.
15. Lack of Foreign Policy: Foreign policy is one of the main issues of a country to survive peacefully in
the world. At the time of independence Pakistan had no foreign policy. To maintain international
relations, the Quaid-e-Azam gave great stress over this issue.
16. Canal Water dispute: Pakistan’s economy was basically depending upon agriculture and especially
the land of Punjab was the most fertile one as it received the waters of five rivers for irrigation. On 1st
April, 1948, India cut the water supply of the two eastern rivers without any intimation which
resulted in great setback to our economy. This dispute was resolved in 1960 under the Indus Water
Treaty.
17. Issue of merging of states: There were 580 princely states in Pakistan and India altogether. It was
decided in Indian Independence Act that these states would decide their destiny by themselves to
join either country before 15th August, 1947. There were many states which failed to declare their
decision before the deadline. Resultantly, these states were forcefully occupied by the Indian army
like Hyderabad, Mangrol, Manawadar, and Kashmir etc.
18. Geographical problem: As there was a distance of 1,000 miles between East and West wings
of Pakistan so it became very difficult to move and control good hold on defence of both
parts. There was Indian Territory in between East and West Pakistan which ultimately
resulted in the dismemberment of Pakistan in 1971.
19. Pro-Indian provincial governments: The provincial government of NWFP headed by Dr.
Khan Sahib was dismissed on 22nd August 1947 right after one week of Independence of Pakistan.
The provincial government of Sindh headed by Ayub Khuoro was dismissed on 24th April, 1948.
20. Insufficient health facilities: The number of hospitals was very less and not sufficient to deal with
the huge number of patients. Due to cold and sufferings of migration from India to Pakistan, a large
number of people were badly wounded or seriously ill.
21. Scarcity of food and other eatables: The result of migration of huge number of people caused a
great setback to food making units. The crops of serials and grains were totally destroyed. The raw
material for the industries was also not available which caused a great problem for the people for
unavailability of eatables.
22. Scarcity of courts and justice: Many issues aroused in the early days of Pakistan’s history.
There was a lack of planning concerning courts and judiciary to deal with any sort of criminal act.
23. Early death of father of the nation: Quaid died on 11th September 1948; the newly born state got
orphaned. The later period of history revealed that it was the most devastating reality that crumbled the
already weak structure of the nation. Had Quaid lived for few more years, the very fate of our motherland
would have been differently written.
Quaid’s efforts to consolidate the newly born state as Governor General:
The Quaid-e-Azam worked day and night to strengthen the country.
1. Flying of National Flag: To create a sense of love and affection for the nation, the Quaid ordered
for the flying of national flag on the buildings in East and West Pakistan. The flying of the flag would
remind the people about the sacrifices given by their loved ones.
2. Formation of Cabinet:
On 15th August 1947, the Quaid formulated first cabinet of Pakistan. Initially the
members were 7 but later they were increased to 12. This cabinet worked very hard to
strengthen Pakistan.
3. Membership in United Nations: on September 30, 1947, Pakistan got the membership of
the United Nations. It was the Quaid’s vision that Pakistan should stand with the developing
nations in the world.
4. Making of Foreign Policy:
Quaid stressed on establishing friendly relations with other countries of the world and also
was fond of democracy in the country so, he tried his level best to introduce and establish his
will for better future of Pakistan.
5. Advice to the public servants:
The Quaid advised the public servants to make a proper use of their authority. He told them
that they do not belong to a ruling class; they are actually the servants of the people. The
Quaid asked them to create a sense of friendliness and higher standards of honour and
integrity.
6. Making appointment of civil services:
The Indian Civil Service was replaced with the Pakistan Civil Service and the junior officers
were promoted to higher ranks.
7. Steps for the immigrants:
The Quaid gave priority to deal with the problems of immigrants. He not only organizes
refugees fund and refugees’ camps but also monitored the working and efficiency of the
concerned ministry. He urged the people here in West Pakistan to help the refugee as they
suffered for being Muslim.
 8. Established Pakistan Fund:
The Quaid established Pakistan Fund to deal with the economic issues of the country.
Stronger Pakistan was his dream for that did not even care about his failing health and worked
very hard till the last moment of his life.
9. Confidence building measures:
To answer the Indian propaganda, the Quaid toured even the remotest area of Pakistan for
the confidence building of the people. He made speeches and told the people that Pakistan
came into being to live forever on the map of the world.
10. Advice to the students:
The Quaid regarded students as the makers and architects of Pakistan. He urged them to be
sincere to themselves, with their parents and above all with their nation.
Comments: The dead body of Quaid was just weighing 28 kg. But that thin, weak, frail body kept
in itself the most gigantic, profound and super human spirit. He was the greatest personality of
20th century who planned, struggled and achieved what he thought for the future of Muslims of
India. He was a man of great conviction, bravery and intelligence.
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CHAPTER 3 GEOGRAPHY OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

Short questions
Q1. Give Pakistan’ exact area in square km and its location on the globe with reference to
latitude and longitude?
1. Pakistan covers an area of 796096 km square.
2. It is situated at 61”-75.5” East longitude and 24.5”-36.5” North Latitude.
3. It occupies 18.78% of total area of South Asia.
 4. The land stretch of Pakistan from East to West is 850 km and from North to South is 1600
Km.
Q2. Describe Pakistan’s position with reference to her neighbouring countries? (Give the
length of the common boundaries shared with neighbours).
Country Length of border Direction w.r.t Pakistan
Afghanistan 2612 km North west
India 2110 km East
Iran 909 km West & South West
China 600 km North & North East
Arabian Sea 1059 km South
Wakhan 20 km North West

Q3. What are three main classifications of the land of Pakistan with reference to physical
features?
1. Mountains:
There are three categories of mountains in Pakistan;
I. Himalayas range ii) Karakoram range iii) Hindukush range
2. Plateaus:
There are two plateaus in Pakistan;
I. Pothohar plateau
II.Baluchistan plateau
3. Plains:
There is one plain in Pakistan; Indus Plain which is further divided into two parts;
I. Upper Indus plain
II. Lower Indus plain
Q4. Write the names of the mountains (as well as mountainous ranges) lying to the North
West and West of Pakistan.
North Western Mountains Hindukush
Range
Waziristan Hills
Koh Sufaid
Swat and Chitral Hills

Western Mountains Suleman

Hills
Kirthar Muntains

Q5. Enlist the mountains forming the Himalayas Range.

Himalayas are divided into three categories;
Greater Himalayas (ranges above 6000 m of height)
Lesser Himalayas (ranges between 4000 m to 6000 m of height)
Shiwalik Range (ranges below 4000m of height)
Greater Himalayas are also called Central Himalayas.
Q6. Write a note on the climates of Pakistan.
Pakistan is situated in Monsoon region as the land of Pakistan is divided into four different
categories similarly its climate varies with the change in altitude and position;
Sub-tropical highland region Extremely cold
Sub-tropical lowland region More or less warm and cold
Baluchistan Type of plateau Rocky terrain, extremely hot at day time
and cold at night
Coastal areas Moderate temperature, neither very cold
nor very hot
Q7. Write a note on the weather of the mountainous regions of continental climates.
1. North and North Western Mountainous region receive rainfall during summer (93 mm per
year).
2. Western Mountainous region receives more rainfall during summer (250 mm per year).
3. Southern Mountainous region receives more rainfall in summer (125 mm per year).
4. Shiwalik Mountains receives more rainfall in summer and less in winter (155 mm per year).
Average rainfall in Pakistan is 175 mm per year.
Q8. Indicate the difference of population between different regions of Pakistan.
1. Population of Pakistan is divided into four provinces
Punjab (26% of total area of Pakis) 7.6 crore (66% of total population of Pakistan)
Sindh 3.41 crore
KPK 1.77 crore
Baluchistan 65 lac (5% of total population of Pakistan)
These statistics show the uneven distribution of population in Pakistan.

Q9. Write a note on the imbalance of the economic growth between different regions of
Pakistan.
Allah Almighty has blessed Pakistan with innumerable natural resources. It is observed that
people settle at places where there is more economic activity, business and job opportunity.
Sind has the highest per capita income which is one and a half times higher than Punjab,
three times higher than KPK and four times higher than Baluchistan. So, there are lots of
imbalances of economic growth in Pakistan.
Q10.Bring about the central position Pakistan enjoys as a significant state of the Muslim
world.
1. Pakistan is situated in the middle of the Muslim world. To the North and North West
lies Afghanistan and to the North Central Asian States, to the South West lies Iran and
other Middle Eastern countries and to the East lies Bangladesh and Eastern Countries
(Indonesia and Malaysia).
 2. Pakistan is called “The Heart of the Muslim World”. Being an active member of ECO and
atomic power, Pakistan is a significant state of the Muslim World.
Q11. Enlist three main objectives of tourism.
The main objectives of tourism are:
1. Research and fact findings.
2. Attainment of knowledge and information.
3. Recreation.
Pakistan is bestowed with enormous natural tourists cites like Kaghan, Naran, Kalam,
Sawat and Saif ul malook in Northern areas and Ziarat in Baluchistan etc.
There are so many others in different regions of Pakistan for tourists’ attraction.
Q12. Under what major heads, important sites of tourist attraction can be studied.
Tourist attraction in Pakistan can be studied under the following headings:
1. Archaeological treasure.
2. Historical buildings.
3. Health and recreation resorts.
Moenjodaro, Harappa and excavations at different places in Pakistan are precious
archiological treasures. Badshahi mosque, Shahi Qala, Jahangir’s Tomb, Rohtas Fort and
Balahasar Fort are some important historical buildings. Nathia Gali, Ayyubia, Murree,
Patriata, Ziarat are some important health and recreation resorts.
Q13. Enlist important hill resorts of the Punjab and the KPK.
The important hill resorts of the Punjab and the KPK are:
1. Patriata which is about 25 km away from Murree. (Punjab) 2.
Murree which is about 85 km from Rawalpindi. (Punjab)
3. Pir Sohawa in Margalla Hills.
4. Nathiya Gali which is 33 km away from Murree. (KPK)
5. Ayyubia is 27 km from Murree. (KPK)
Q14. Bring about Peshawar’s tourist importance.
1. Peshawar is a historical city of Pakistan.
2. It is the provincial capital of the province KPK.
3. From tourist point of view there are some worth seeing places like Balahasar Fort, a
great source of information and archaeological treasure. Qissa Khani Bazar and Namak
Mandi are two famous places for roasted meat. Noshera and Rashakai are two
important places for variety of woven and embroidered cloth.
4. Chapli kabab are mouth- watering delicacies of Peshawar.
5. Peshawari Chappals, copper engraved utensils, waistcoats and sandals with
embroidery and glasswork.
Q15 What is a map? What are different categories of maps?
A map is a picture of any part of the world drawn to depict some of its characteristics.
It represents both land and water bodies.it is not a drawing but an outline drawing
which explains certain things with the help of lines and symbols. There are three
categories of maps:
i. Political or Administrative map ii) Physical map iii) Relief map
 EXTRA SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. Write about the total area & population of Pakistan?
Pakistan is one of the large countries of South Asia region. It has an area of 796096 square km and
a population of 207,774,520according to 2017 census.
Q2. Identify the Pakistan location of Pakistan with reference to latitude & longitude? Pakistan
lies between the latitudes of 23.45 degree north to 37.05 degree north and between the
longitudes of 60.50 degree to 77.50 east. The land of Pakistan stretches over 1600km north to
south and it is about 850km wide from east to west.
Q3. Identify location of Pakistan with reference to neighboring state and what area separates
Pakistan from Central Asia?
Only Pakistan is in a position to provide transit trade to Afghanistan and the Central Asia States, as
these countries are either landlocked or have no warm water seaports. Pakistan commands the
sea lanes from oil rich gulf states including Saudi Arabia to the Arabian Sea and most of the air
traffic between east and west.
Q4. What is the difference between weather & climate?
Weather: Weather is the daily state of atmosphere is a particular area with regard to
temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological conditions.
Climate: Climate is the average weather or the regular variation in weather in particular area
(normally determined by the meteorologist after a study extended over 30years).
Q5. Which factors are responsible for climates changes?
There are many factors responsible for determining the climate of an area and brining about
climatic changes i.e. location, Altitude, Air, density of the population, Industrial establishments,
town planning and energy consumption behaviour of the people living in the area.

Q6. in to how many zones Pakistan has been divided on the basis of temperature?
Pakistan is divided into four major zones on the basis of temperature variation:
• Highlands (Northern and North-Western Mountains Region
• Plains (Upper and lower Indus Plains)
• Baluchistan Plateaus and thar Desert:
• Coastal Areas
Q7. In how many regions of Pakistan have been divided on the basis of climate?
On the basis of climatic conditions, the land of Pakistan is divided into four major regions:
1. Sub-tropical continental highland type
2. Sub-tropical continental plateau type
3. Sub-tropical continental plain/low-land type
4. Sub-tropical coastal type
Q8. How many types of drainage system exists in Pakistan?
Pakistan’s drainage system is divided into three parts:
i. River Indus and its tributaries.
ii Internal irrigation system
iii. Irrigation system of the Southern Baluchistan
Q9. What is inland Drainage System?
The drainage system covering the northern parts of the south-western Baluchistan, including
Chaghi and koh Ras mountains in the north and Siahan Mountain in the south, is called the inland
drainage system.
Q10. Write name of major natural regions of Pakistan?
The land of Pakistan is divided into five main physical regions, these are: i.
Plains ii. Deserts iii. Coastal Regions iv. Humid and semi-humid mountain
regions v. Arid and semi- Arid Mountain Regions
Q11. Write names of desert in Pakistan?
i. Thal Deset (Punjab)
ii. Cholistan Desert (Punjab)
iii. Thar (Nara and Thar parker) Desert (Sindh)
iv. Kharan Desert (Baluchistan)
Q12. Into how many categories the northern mountains are divided into different categories?
i. The Northern Mountains
ii. Balochistan Mountain Ranges
ii. The potwar Plateau
iv. The Salt Range
v. Arid and semi-Arid Mountainous regions
Q13. In how many ranges the northern mountain ranges are divided? Ans:
The ranges are further divided into four sub-ranges
i. The Shiwalik range
ii. The Pir Panjal Range
iii. The Central Himalayas
iv. The Karakoram Range
Q14. Which is the famous peak in the Greater Himalayan range?
Ans: Nanga Parbat is the highest and most famous peak of the central Himalayan range. The
beautiful Kashmir valley is located between Pir Panjal range and Greater Himalaya range.
Q15. Define Plateau. : Plateau is the large stretch of relatively level land that is higher than the
land around it, having at least one side a steep slope falling abruptly to the lower land. A vast area
of Pakistan is covered with plateaus i.e. The Potwar, Baluchistan and Salt ranges
Q16. What is water logging?
Ans: When the sub-soil water table rises so high that it comes very close to the surface level, the
condition is called water-logging. This is dangerous disease of the soil as it makes agriculture
almost impossible.
Q17. Define salinity and its effects?
Ans: A disease directly related to water-logging is salinity; salts present in the lower layers of the
earth get dissolved in the water and water brings these salts to the surface of the earth, the water
evaporates due to sun, leaving behind the salt deposits on the surface of the soil. The layers keep
thickening and takes away all the fertility of the land.
Q18. Write any five causes of Deforestation.
Ans: There are several causes of deforestation. Some important reasons are given below:
1. Excessive cutting of trees.
2. Increase in salinity and water logging
3. Breaking out of fires in forests
4. Environmental pollution
5. Increase in soil erosion
Q19. What is the significance of forests?
Ans: Forests plays a vital role in the economy of a country; they contribute in a variety of
ways. It prevents land erosion, produce timber and firewood, wood is used in the
manufacturing of furniture. Wood pulp is the basic raw material for all paper industry.
Apart from it, forests are the single largest source of Oxygen production.
Q20. What are the major reasons for the scarcity of forests in our country?
Ans: Following are the major reasons that count for the scarcity of forests in our country:
1. A large part of our landform consists of dry, hilly areas; these conditions make forestations
impossible or extremely difficult.
2. Water supply is insufficient
3. Majority of the population is illiterate and do not understand the importance of forests.
4. Due to fast increasing population more, land is required; forests are being cut for reclaiming
more land for human settlement and more agriculture.
5. Trees are cut to meet wood and timber demand.
Q21. How to prevent deforestation?
Ans: Tree plantation is the best way to prevent deforestation, prevent land erosion, improve
atmosphere and increase rainfall. Tube-wells gradually bring the underground salts to the
surface of the soil, these salts prevent plant growth.
Q23. Name some major air pollutants.
Ans: some major air pollutants are:
1. Oil and fuel
2. Coal
3. Atomic devices
4. Dangerous chemicals.
5. Radiations emitted from high-tension electric wires
6. Pollen grains.
Q24. Define Water pollutant.
Ans: Water is the second largest source of pollution. Water pollutes due to micro-organisms
for example the germs which cause diseases like Hepatitis etc. organic pollution for example
sewerage in the urban localities, pesticides, fertilizers and animals refuse. Similarly,
sedimented pollution provides favorable environment of sub-water plants which is difficult to
filter and damages the kidneys.
Q25. What is Land/Soil pollution?
 Ans: Land or soil is polluted in a number of ways, e.g. indecent town planning, Cutting of
forests, Absorption of poisonous chemicals, herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides into the
soil through water. The Overgrazing of pastures and unnecessary burning and cutting of plants
causes Land or Soil pollution.
Q26. What are the measures to control environmental pollution?
Ans: We should adopt the following measures to prevent environmental pollutions. Following are
some of the measure
1. Creation of general awareness
2. Population planning
3. Prevention of Urbanization
4. Plantation
5. Conservation of Resources.
Q27. Point out the environmental hazards for Human life.
Ans: Following are some of the hazards caused for human life due to environmental pollution:
1. Deformities of the newborn children
2. Kidney disorders.
3. Disorder of digestive and nervous system
4. Deforestation and desertification
5. Loss of marine life
6. Reductions of the agriculture produce.
Long Questions
Q.1 What do you know about the location and geographical importance of Pakistan?
1. Location in South Asia:
• Pakistan is situated in the South Asian region, bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan
and Iran to the west, China to the north, and the Arabian Sea to the south.
2. Strategic Position:
• Its strategic location provides access to major sea routes, making it a significant player in
regional and international trade.
3. Bordering Countries:
• Shares borders with diverse countries, contributing to its geopolitical significance and
cultural exchange with neighboring nations.
4. Access to Central Asia:
• Serves as a gateway to Central Asia, providing land access and trade routes to landlocked
countries such as Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics.
5. Arabian Sea Coastline:
• Possesses a lengthy coastline along the Arabian Sea, facilitating maritime trade and
fishing activities, contributing to its economic development.
6. Himalayan and Karakoram Ranges:
• Encompasses parts of the Himalayan and Karakoram Mountain ranges, offering
breathtaking landscapes and serving as a hub for adventure tourism.
7. Indus River Basin:
• The Indus River basin dominates its landscape, providing fertile plains for agriculture and
sustaining the livelihoods of millions of people.
 8. Diverse Terrain:
• Features diverse terrain, including mountains, plains, deserts, and coastal areas, offering
a range of ecosystems and natural resources.
9. Crossroads of Civilizations:
• Historically, Pakistan has been a crossroads of civilizations, with influences from the Indus
Valley Civilization, Persian Empire, Mughal Empire, and British colonial rule shaping its
cultural heritage.
10. Geopolitical Significance: Its geopolitical significance is underscored by its proximity to
conflict zones, such as Afghanistan, and its role in regional stability and security.
11. Nuclear Power:
• As a nuclear-armed nation, Pakistan's strategic importance extends beyond its
geographical boundaries, influencing global politics and security dynamics.
12. Economic Potential:
• With its diverse geography and strategic location, Pakistan possesses significant economic
potential, attracting investment in sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and
services.
Conclusion: Pakistan's location and geographical features have endowed it with immense
strategic, economic, and cultural importance in the South Asian region and beyond. Its position
as a crossroads of civilizations, access to key trade routes, and diverse terrain contribute to its
multifaceted significance on the global stage.
********************************************************************

CHAPTER 4 STEPS TOWARDS ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

Short questions
Q1. Define Muslim according to 1973 constitution.
First time in the history of Pakistan the definition of a Muslim was given in 1973 constitution.
According to the constitution, a Muslim is one who believes in the oneness of Allah Almighty
and believes in the finality of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). This definition was given in
connection with the issue of Qadiyanis and Lahori group (sects of Mizais) who believe in Mirza
Ghulam Mohammad (false prophet) to be their latest prophet.
Q2. What measures taken after 1977 for Islamization of the financial matters.
Measures taken after 1977 for Islamization of the financial matters are;
1. Interest free banking from 1st January 1981.
2. Nizam-e-Zakat was introduced from 20th June 1980.
3. System of Ushr was introduced on barren and cultivable lands.
4. Collection and distribution of Usher started from the Rabi crop in 1983.
Q.3 What steps were taken for Islamization of judiciary and laws after 1977.
1. A federal Shari’at Court was established at federal level, its level was equivalent to the
High Courts. Ulmas and Islamic religious scholars were appointed as judges.
2. Islamic Penalties were imposed on the crimes like drinking, stealing, adultery and false
allegation of adultery.
3. Un- Islamic practices in the courts were abolished.
4. Objectives Resolution was made as a preamble of 1973 constitution.
5. Establishment of Qazi Courts and an Islamic University were established.
 Q.4 Compare and contrast Hijjat-ul- Wida and UN Declaration of Human Rights.
1. Hijjat-ul- Wida and UN Declaration of Human Rights are comprehensive charters to
protect the human rights.
2. UN Declaration of Human Rights only protects the rights of the people of member
countries whereas Hijjat-ul- Wida protects the rights of even the last person who will
take birth till the Day of Judgment.
3. UN Declaration of Human Rights is not supported by moral, legal or executive
authority to enforce its decisions whereas Hijjat-ul- Wida binds the Islamic states, their
rulers and masses to perform their role accordingly.
4. UN declaration of Human Rights is copy of Hajjatul Wida where last sermon of Holy
Prophet (PBUM) is the original document.
Q.5 Give two important characteristics of rights.
1. Rights are the basic conditions of civilized life.
2. Rights can only be preserved and enforced with the power of the state.
3. Rights are uniform in nature; all citizens have equal rights.
4. Rights and duties are organic; one person’s rights are other person’s duty.
Q6 What steps were taken to build Islamic National Spirit?
1. Pakistan Studies was introduced as a compulsory subject.
2. Wearing of the national dress was encouraged and, in some cases, made compulsory
in the courts and other government institutions.
3. Urdu language was encouraged and President Zia ul Haq established the tradition of
delivering formal addresses in national language.
Q7 What are some important Civil Rights?
1. Right to life. 7. Right to education.
2. Right to ownership and inheritance. 8. Right to faith and belief.
3. Right to family life. 9. Right to free movement.
4. Right to make contracts. 10. Right to correspondence and secrecy.
5. Right to freedom of opinion and expression 11. Right of equality before the law.
6. Right of forming association. 12. Right to gender equality. etc
Long Questions
Q.1 Write a detailed note on the Objectives Resolution of Pakistan.
1. Background
After the creation of Pakistan, Pakistan was in dire need of a constitution. For this purpose,
Liaqut Ali Khan, the first Premier of Pakistan, presented a resolution in the first Constituent
Assembly which worked for constitutional objectives. This resolution is known as the Objectives
Resolution. The 1935 Government of India Act was adopted as the interim Constitution till the
First Constituent Assembly drafts, passes and promulgates the new constitution.
2. First session of constituent assembly: First Session of the first Constituent Assembly was held on
11th August 1947.
3. Basic principles committee : The Basic Principles Committee (BPC) was a specialized
committee set up in March 1949 by Khawaja Nazimuddin on the advice of Prime Minister Liaquat
Ali Khan. The committee’s sole purpose was to determine the basic underlying principles that
would determine future constitutions and legislature.
Provisions of the Objectives Resolution:
4. Sovereignty of Allah: Allah is the supreme ruler of the universe and His powers will be
exercised by the people of Pakistan as a sacred trust through their chosen representatives
within the limits prescribed by Him.
5. Tenets of Objectives Resolution: Islamic principles such as democracy, freedom, equality and
social justice would be implemented in the country.
6. Federal system of government: Pakistan will be a federation in which the provinces will be
given legal internal autonomy in the limits of the constitution.
7. Preaching of Islamic ways of life: Opportunities will be provided to the people of Pakistan so
that they can spend their lives according to Islam.
8. Democratic way of government: The government will be answerable to the people because it
will be a democratic government. The state authorities will remain in the hands of elected
public representatives.
9. Implementations of Islamic principles: The administration of the country would be run
according to Quran and Sunnah.
10. Safety of rights and interests of minorities: The legal political and social rights of minorities
will be protected in the constitution.
11. Protection of religious and cultural freedom of Muslims: The non-Muslims would have full
freedom and protection to practice their religious beliefs and promote their traditions.
12. Safety of basic human rights: In the constitution, assurance will be given for the protection of
basic human rights of every citizen of Pakistan.
13. Explanation of basic human rights: Under the constitution, all citizens were given the freedom
of thought, speech, writing, employment, etc.
14. Defence of Pakistan: The state shall defend its naval, air and land territories.
15. Formation of independent judiciary: The judiciary of Pakistan would be superior to any kind of
influence.
Impact: The Objectives Resolution is the spirit of legislature of Pakistan. If the Objectives
Resolution is removed from the constitution; important Islamic clauses will be done away with.
It will not be wrong to say that history of constitution making is because of the Objectives
Resolution. The British Hindu conspiracies created many problems for the newly created Pakistan.
The important problem was lack of constitution needed to run the government. The Objective
resolution somehow controlled this problem.
**********************************************************
Q.2 WHAT ARE IMPORTANT ISLAMIC CLAUSES OF THE 1973 CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN
1) Background: Constitution or law is method or regulation of a state on which system of
government is formed. After creation of Pakistan, the Government of India Act 1935 was
implemented as temporary Constitution of Pakistan by making certain amendments in it.
Important Islamic Clauses Of The 1973 Constitution
1) Sovereignty Of Allah: Allah is the supreme ruler of the universe and His powers will be
exercised by the people of Pakistan as a sacred trust through their chosen representatives
within the limits prescribed by Him.
2) Name Of The State: The newly born state was given the name of “ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
PAKISTAN”.
3) President And Prime Minister To Be A Muslim: It was declared that President and Prime
Minister of country must be a Muslim.
4) Following Collective Islamic Principles: Islamic principles like democracy, freedom,
equality, tolerance and social justice should be implemented.
5) Promotion Of Islamic Ways Of Life: The people will be given such opportunities that they
can spend their lives according to the Islamic principles.
6) Steps For Unity Of Muslim World: The state will be responsible for promoting Islamic
spirit of unity and brotherhood with other countries by having friendly relationship.
7) Protection Of Islamic Values: The Government of Pakistan will protect Islamic traditions.
Drinking, adultery, prostitution, gambling and other immoral acts etc will be banned.
8) Cultural And Religious Freedom Of Minorities: Rights of minorities will be protected and
they will be given full religious and cultural freedom.
9) Protection Of Islimic Institutions: Government of Pakistan will give protection to Islamic
institutes e.g. Auqaf, Masajid, and Zakat, Ushr etc
10) Formation Of Council Of Islamic Ideology: A council should be formed consisting of some
experts of Islamic law to frame constitution in the light of Islam.
11) State Religion: It was declared that the official religion of Pakistan will be Islam.
14) Definition Of A Muslim: Any person believing in one Allah and the finality of Prophet-
hood of Hazrat Muhammad (SAWW), day of judgement, angels and holy books is a Muslim.
According to this definition, the Mirzais, Qadyanis and Lahori Sect of Qadyanis have been
declared non-Muslims because they don’t believe in the finality of Prophet-hood.
15) Promotion Of Islamic Teaching: Government of Pakistan would take steps for promotion
of Islam and would make teachings of Quran compulsory.
16) Publication Of Holy Quran: It is binding upon the government to publish error free
printing of the Holy Quran.
17) Promotion Of Arabic Language: Government will give every sort of assistance to promote
Arabic language.
18) Removal Of Usury (Riba): It is the duty of the government to take concrete steps to
gradually go for interest free economy of the country.
IMPACTS:
The impacts of the Islamic Provisions of 1973 constitution are as follows:
i. Establishing Of Islamic Courts And Punishments: As a result of this constitution, Islamic
courts were established and punishments were made according to Shariat.
ii. Promulgation Of Islamic Economic System: General Zia-Ul-Haq practically tried to
promulgate the Islamic economic system of Zakat, Ushr etc.
**************************************************************
 Q.2 Last Sarmon by the Holly Prophet is the comprehensive charter of Human Rights.
Ans: 1. Introduction to the Last Sermon: The Last Sermon of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH),
delivered during the Hajj of 632 AD on Mount Arafat, is a fundamental document in Islamic
history. It outlines comprehensive guidelines for ethical conduct, social justice, and human
rights, serving as a cornerstone for Muslim jurisprudence and human relations.
2. Equality of Mankind: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized the equality of all human
beings regardless of race, color, or nationality. He declared, "All mankind is from Adam and Eve.
An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an
Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white;
none have superiority over another except by piety and good action."
3. Sanctity of Life and Property: The sermon underscores the sanctity of life and property.
Muhammad (PBUH) proclaimed that the lives and properties of others are inviolable and must be
respected, saying, "Your lives and properties are forbidden to one another till you meet your Lord
on the Day of Resurrection."
4. Rights of Women: The sermon addressed the rights of women, urging men to treat them with
kindness and respect. He stated, "O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to
your women, but they also have rights over you."
5. Condemnation of Racism and Tribalism: Muhammad (PBUH) condemned racism and tribalism,
urging the community to abandon such divisive practices. He emphasized that superiority lies in
righteousness and piety, not in tribal or racial affiliation.
6. Economic Justice: The Last Sermon addressed economic justice by condemning exploitation
and interest (usury). He stated, "All usury (riba) is abolished. You will neither inflict nor suffer
any inequity."
7. Abolition of Blood Feuds: The sermon called for the abolition of ancient blood feuds and tribal
revenge, promoting forgiveness and reconciliation. Muhammad (PBUH) declared, "All blood feuds
of the Days of Ignorance are to be abolished."
8. Rights of Workers: The sermon included guidelines on the rights of workers, insisting on fair
treatment and fair wages. He stressed that laborers should be paid promptly and justly.
9. Freedom of Conscience: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) highlighted the importance of freedom
of conscience and religious practice. He said, "O People, just as you regard this month, this day,
this city as Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust."
10. Universal Brotherhood: The sermon reinforced the concept of universal brotherhood among
Muslims, urging them to regard one another as brothers and sisters in faith. This principle was
meant to foster a sense of unity and mutual respect.
11. Adherence to Islamic Principles: Muhammad (PBUH) reminded the faithful to adhere to the
Quran and his teachings as the guiding principles for a righteous life. He said, "I leave behind me
two things, the Quran and my Sunnah, and if you follow these you will never go astray."
12. Responsibility and Accountability: The sermon emphasized personal responsibility and
accountability before God. Muhammad (PBUH) reminded the believers of the final judgment and
the importance of righteous deeds.
Conclusion
The Last Sermon of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is a profound declaration of human rights,
addressing issues of equality, justice, and morality. It advocates for the sanctity of life, respect for
women, economic fairness, and universal brotherhood, setting a comprehensive framework for
ethical conduct and social justice. This sermon remains a timeless and universal charter, guiding
Muslims in their personal and communal lives towards righteousness, equity, and compassion.
************************************************************************
CHAPTER 5 ADMINISTRATIVE TRUCTURE OF PAKITAN AND THE CONCEPT
OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Short questions
Q.1 Enlist the areas of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan as per constitutional division.
As per constitutional division Pakistan is a federal state comprising over four categories:
1. Four provinces; the Punjab, Sind, KPK and Baluchistan.
2. Federal capital (Islamabad) and areas adjoining it.
3. FATA and the Northern areas.
4. Tribal areas of KPK and Baluchistan.
Q.2 Enumerate the subjects enlisted in the Federal List.
The subjects for which only the Federal Parliament can legislate are included in the Federal
List;
1. Armed Forces 7. Citizenship
2. Covenants 8. Foreign Affairs
3. Banking 9. Communications
4. Currency 10. Postal services
5. Foreign Exchange 11. Customs
6. Nuclear Energy 12. Income tax
13. Railways

Q.3 Enumerate the subjects enlisted in the Concurrent List.

The subjects for which both National Parliament and concerned Provincial Assembly can
legislate are included in Concurrent List:
1. Health 6. Newspaper
2. Education 7. Zakat
3. Criminal and Civil Laws 8. Tourism
4. Family Planning 9. Archives
5. Irrigation 10. Highways

Q.4 Write a note on Federal Judiciary (The Supreme Court).

1. It is the highest level of justice in the country.
2. It was established under the 1973 constitution.
3. All individuals and institutions fall under the jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
4. It is composed of a Chief Justice and a number of other judges.
 5. Chief Justice is appointed by the President and other judge are appointed b the
President with the consultation of the Chief Justice.
6. Only Supreme Judicial Council can make recommendations about the removal of a
judge on the basis of serious disability.
Q.5 When and why was the Devolution Plan introduced?
1. Devolution plan was introduced by Gen. Pervaiz Musharaf in the year 2000.
2. This plan was introduced to involve common citizens in the affairs of the government.
3. This plan emphasizes the transfer of powers and responsibilities to the grass root
level.
Q.6 Enlist five significant obstacles in the way of good governance.
1. Poverty
2. Illiteracy
3. Bad citizenship
4. Culture based on war and terrorism
5. Oppressive political system
6. Social system based on corruption and dishonest practices
Q.7 Give an account of the system of accountability adopted in Hazrat Omer (RA)’s
government.
1. Hazrat Omer (RA) kept a watch over his governors like a hawk and he was vigilant to
take decision whenever there was any lapse on their part.
2. A governor, before assuming the office, had to declare his all-legitimate assets in
writing which were kept in record. That list was compared with the list of assets at the
time of disposition from the office of the governor. The difference in assets was
investigated and had to be justified.
3. He inferred a principle that if the Ameer of the Muslims or any member of his
household commits a crime, he or she would be given a double punishment as he
inflicted double punishment on drinking wine on his own son.
4. Every governor will not:
a) ride a Turkish horse
b) wear thin and delicate cloth
c) use refined flour
d) set a gate keeper at the door
Q.8 What measure were taken by Hazrat Omer (RA) to ensure social security.
The concept of social security was given prime importance in the time of Hazrat Omer. The
said that if a dog dies of hunger on the bank of the river Dajla he would be held answerable
for his death in front of Allah. He established stipends for widows, orphans and the needy
from the “Bait-tu-lmaal.” An amount for the purchase of milk was fixed right at the time baby
was born in the state.
Q.9 Enlist the four tiers of the District Government.
The four tiers of the District Government are:
1. Union Council
2. Tehsil Council
 3. Cit District
4. District Council
Q.10 What is Citizen Community Board?
1. Citizen Community Board was established to involve citizens in government affairs to
the grass-root-level.
2. Members of Citizen Community Board are selected from the society who are educated
and are involved in public dealing.
3. They are given the responsibility to advice the government about managing hospitals,
schools and parks for common public in their respective community.
Q.10 What is District Ombudsman?
The typical duties of an ombudsman are to investigate complaints against public or
private individuals and offices and attempt to resolve them, usually through
recommendations Ombudsmen sometimes also aim to identify systemic issues leading
to poor service or breaches of people's rights. The ombudsman is usually appointed by
the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence.

Long Questions
Q.1 What is good governance? Write a detailed note on the obstacles interposed in the way
of good governance.
Good governance refers to the effective, efficient, and ethical management of a country,
organization, or institution, characterized by transparency, accountability, rule of law,
responsiveness, equity, inclusiveness, effectiveness, and participation. It ensures that the voices
of the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making processes and that resources are managed
sustainably.
1. Transparency
Transparency involves openness in government actions, decisions, and processes. It means that
information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such
decisions and their enforcement.
2. Accountability
Accountability ensures that government officials, public servants, and institutions are held
responsible for their actions and decisions. It involves mechanisms that allow citizens to hold
their leaders accountable for their conduct and performance.
3. Rule of Law
The rule of law guarantees that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable
under the law. It ensures legal frameworks are fair, enforced impartially, and that justice is
accessible to all.
4. Responsiveness
Responsiveness refers to institutions and processes attempting to serve all stakeholders within a
reasonable timeframe. It emphasizes the importance of meeting the needs and expectations of
the public efficiently.
 5. Equity and Inclusiveness
Equity and inclusiveness ensure that all members of society, especially the most vulnerable, have
opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. It aims for fairness in treatment and the
involvement of all groups in governance processes.
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency
Effectiveness and efficiency in good governance mean that processes and institutions produce
results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal.
7. Participation
Participation by both men and women is a cornerstone of good governance. It can be either
direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It emphasizes the
involvement of citizens in decision-making processes.
In the following, some hindrances or obstacles in the way of good governance are discussed in
detail:
1. Bad citizenship: Bad citizenship is the most pertinent feature in the way of good governance.
The bad citizenship deprives a nation of the qualities of rational approach, wisdom, positive
attitude, patience and perseverance.
2. Ignorance and illiteracy: In a world like this where the whole humanity has turned out to be a
global community and a universal village, illiteracy and ignorance pose a great challenge to all
of us. These two nuisances are the mother-root of all evils. They impede national progress
and prosperity by planting the seeds of hatred, discrimination and exploitation.
3. Poverty: Poverty is the biggest curse to our national development, cohesion, unison and
integration. It retards the spirit of nationalism and patriotism. People become corrupt and
evil-doers.
4. A culture based on violence and terrorism: Violence damages the socio-political fibre of a
nation. It provokes sectarian confrontations, linguistic rifts, provincial hatred and parochial
bias. People resort to violence and terrorism in order to dictate their own term. During the
last three decades, Pakistan passed a crucial phase of her history, a heavy loss of life, property
and colossal damage.
5. A political system based on cruelty: When a political system is erected on the edifice of
persecution, unfair means, mal practices and zero tolerance, it is sure to arouse a faulty
political environment. This creates a big obstruction in the path of good governance.
6. Nepotism and favouritism: The biggest corruption of today’s world is the spread of nepotism
and favourtism. People at the helm of affairs do great injustice when they are indulged in
these two evil practices. Merit is quashed and its ultimate fallout is political unrest and chaos.
7. Religious intolerance: The pseudo intellectuals and selfish priests profess their own brand of
religion to the masses thus creating an unfriendly environment among different sects
resulting in intolerance, lawlessness and emotional black-mailing. These religious extremists
play with the lives of the people and satisfy their own vicious designs covertly.
8. Rising rate of crimes: The crimes committed by humans against other humans for the sake of
wealth and other worldly gains becomes more distasteful whenever rising rate of theft,
murder, kidnapping for ransom, rape and adultery deteriorate the face of the society.
 9. Money laundering and smuggling: These two factors further split the human society into
haves and have-nots, thus further broadening the gulf between the poor and the rich.
10. Negative role of media: Media promotes immoral, unethical and obnoxious facets of life to
the viewers. The youth on the wrong track of violence, aggression, mistrust and lawlessness.
The social media is also second to none in this regard.
11. Dream to be a millionaire over-night: The dream of the middle class to become millionaire
over-night has further opened the avenues of corruption of all sorts. The people have more
lust for money and power than ever before.
12. Indifference to Islam: The more people become indifferent to and aloof from Islam, the more
anarchy; instability and confusion prevail in the society. This becomes a great hurdle in the
way of good governance.
13. Lack of nationalism: Lack of nationalism and patriotism help build a environment of
lawlessness, unrest and political confusion. This results in ethnic and linguistic division. The
example of fall of Dhaka is quite evident in our history.
*********************************************************************
Q2. Give an estimate of Hazrat Omer’s system of government.
1. Introduction to Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab
Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam (634-644 AD), is renowned for his
effective and visionary governance. His administrative reforms and policies laid the foundation
for the Islamic state, ensuring justice, equality, and prosperity.
2. Centralized Administration
Hazrat Umar established a highly centralized administrative system. He divided the empire into
provinces, each governed by an appointed governor (Wali) responsible for maintaining law and
order, collecting taxes, and implementing state policies.
3. Judicial Reforms
He significantly reformed the judicial system by appointing Qadis (judges) in all major cities.
These judges were selected for their knowledge and integrity, ensuring fair and impartial
administration of justice.
4. Public Treasury (Bait al-Mal)
Hazrat Umar established the Bait al-Mal, the public treasury, to manage state finances. Revenue
was generated through taxes, including Zakat (charity tax) and Jizya (tax on non-Muslims), and
was used for public welfare, including supporting the poor, orphans, and widows.
5. Military Organization
Umar's military reforms were pivotal in expanding and securing the Islamic state. He organized
the army into a professional force, provided regular salaries to soldiers, and established military
camps (Amsar) across the empire for strategic defense.
6. Infrastructure Development
Under Hazrat Umar's rule, extensive infrastructure projects were undertaken, including the
construction of roads, bridges, canals, and rest houses for travellers. These projects facilitated
trade, travel, and communication across the vast empire.
 7. Agricultural Reforms
Recognizing the importance of agriculture, Umar implemented policies to increase agricultural
productivity. He distributed uncultivated lands to those who could farm them, improved
irrigation systems, and provided loans to farmers.
8. Social Welfare Programs
Hazrat Umar introduced comprehensive social welfare programs. He established pensions for the
elderly, disabled, and poor, and ensured that basic necessities were available to all citizens,
regardless of their background.
9. Census and Record Keeping
To manage the growing empire efficiently, Umar ordered the first systematic census and
introduced record-keeping practices. This data collection helped in effective governance, tax
collection, and resource allocation.
10. Religious Tolerance and Rights of Non-Muslims
Umar's administration was marked by religious tolerance. He granted non-Muslims the freedom
to practice their religion and protected their places of worship. The Jizya tax ensured their
exemption from military service while guaranteeing state protection.
11. Education and Knowledge
Hazrat Umar promoted education and the dissemination of knowledge. He established schools
and libraries, encouraged scholarly activities, and supported scholars financially, contributing to
the intellectual growth of the Islamic world.
12. Consultative Governance (Shura)
Umar emphasized consultative governance, often seeking advice from a council (Shura)
composed of prominent companions and experts. This practice ensured that decisions were
made through collective wisdom and consensus.
Conclusion
Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab's system of government was a pioneering model of efficient and just
administration. His reforms in administration, justice, military, infrastructure, agriculture, social
welfare, and education laid the foundation for a prosperous and stable Islamic state. His emphasis on
transparency, accountability, and consultation ensured that governance remained responsive to the
needs of the people. Hazrat Umar's legacy of effective governance continues to inspire leaders and
administrators worldwide, showcasing the enduring principles of justice, equity, and good
governance.
***************************************************************

CHAPTER 6 CULTURE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

Short questions
Q.1 Give brief Historical background of Pakistani culture.
1. Geographically the culture of Pakistan is linked with the Middle Eastern culture.
2. The people of Pakistan have ethnic affinity with the people of Middle East. Many
civilizations happen to be the residents of this land in the past.
 3. The cultural values were transmitted from generation to generation in the fields of
language, dress, ornaments, utensils, food, customs and traditions, art and
architecture and professions etc.
Q.2 What do you know about Kot Diji?
1. This city was unearthed in 1955. This city was full of colours about 2600 years BC,
about 4600 years from today.
2. Kot Diji is located in the province of Sindh at a distance of 24 km from Khairpur on the
Haiderabad- Karachi highway.
3. This is the most ancient civilization recorded in the region.
4. Its culture was marked with well- furnished and well- made pottery and houses.
Q.3 What is the significance of Harappa in the cultural heritage of Pakistan?
1. Harappa is located at a distance of about 20 km from Sahiwal and is about 180 km
from Lahore.
2. The remains of the city provided very interesting information about the modern life
style of the people of that civilization.
3. This defunct civilization is about 4000 years old.
4. Houses made of baked bricks and proper sewerage system is a marked characteristic
of Harappians.
5. A wide range of ornaments and embedded beads and stones in metal show the
aesthetics of the Harappians.
Q.4 What do you know about the ancient city of Mansura?
1. This city was excavated in 1920-22.
2. Mansura means ‘sucesses’ or ‘Victory’. It is believed that city of ‘Mansura’ was
founded by Muhammad bin Qasim’s son, Omer.
3. This city had a strong fortification around with four gates. There was a beautiful
mosque in the centre of the city.
4. The ruins of this city are at a distance of 13 km from Shahdadpur Railway Station.
It turned into ruins for unknown reasons.
Q.5 Enlist salient characteristic features of the Muslim architecture. The Muslim
architecture has certain characteristic features:
1. Use of vertical lines instead of horizontal lines which gives an impression of
loftiness, height and glory.
2. Openness symbolizes Muslim broadmindedness, tolerance and enlightenment.
3. Use of arch, minarets and domes gives the aesthetics of Muslims.
4. Balance and coherence in construction are also great characteristics of Muslims
way of life.
Q.6 What do you know about Bhirmound?
This city was a part of Iranian Achaeminian Empire. The city was live and vibrant under
Gandhara Civilization. Mauryans ruled the city for three centuries. Temple of Jandyal
and the Budhist Monastery at Julian near Texila are the sites of great interest for
tourists around the world.
Q.7 What do you mean by ‘Be Pakistani, Buy Pakistani?
 ‘Be Pakistani’ means that we must feel proud to a Pakistani national. The reputation of
Pakistanis has gone worst around the world because of the character and the actions that
Pakistani people depict where ever they are. All bad actions are attributed to Pakistanis. This
image has to be addressed by Pakistanis themselves. We must inculcate among the people
the true image of Muslim and pride to be called Pakistani, ‘Buy Pakistani’ means we must
shun the trend of buying imported things and mold our attitudes to use Pakistani products.
Only then we can strengthen our economy and made our country stand in the row of
developed countries of the world.

Long Questions
Q.1 What are the common characteristics of Pakistani culture? Explain.
Ans: The Pakistani culture is very diversified, unique and discreet in its nature and composition.
Fortunately, Pakistan is situated in such a region which is already deepened with traits of
civilization, language, beliefs, ceremonials and mores, ethics and morals. An ethic is a value-
added moral. When we see the neighbourhood surrounding us, we find Iran, Afghanistan, India
and China whose borders are directly adjacent to Pakistan. If we go into a little larger stretch of an
area beyond our next-door neighbour, we are in very close proximity of Arab peninsula, Turkey,
Central Asian states.
Following are some of the common characteristics of Pakistani culture.
1. Religious Harmony:
Pakistanis (whether we are Punjabi, Pathan, Sindhi or Baluchi; whether we eat different
cuisines; whether we wear different outfits; whether we speak different languages; or if we
do all other things differently), we will all make one nation together. So, it makes no
difference to us. It suffices to ensure that we are Muslims. So, our common characteristic
feature of culture is Islam which is the backbone of our Two-Nation Theory and it is, in fact,
the cardinal rationale behind the formation of Pakistan.
2. Joint Family System: Mostly joint family system prevails in Pakistan and the youngsters pay
due respect to their elders.
3. Patriarchal System: The head of family in our culture is mostly an elderly male.
4. Simple living and primitive patterns:
We mostly, as Pakistani people, lead simple way of living and practice primitive patterns of
our civilization.
5. Women’s eligible share in inheritance: Women are eligible to have their own share of
inheritance from father and husband’s inheritance.
6. Women’s chastity: Majority of women in Pakistan is chaste and observe veil (Pardah).
Therefore, our houses are designed in such a way that suits not only our social needs Pardah
but also safety and security of our womenfolk.
7. Honour and Vanity: Honour and vanity are two basic social values for which all Pakistanis
love to live and die for.
8. Simple yet graceful attire: Though western dress is also used in offices and educational
institutions yet Pakistani people like to wear simple but graceful outfits. Mostly both men and
 women wear Shalwar and Qameez but ladies are dressed with Dupatta and Chaadar on
their heads.
9. Simple Diet: Pakistani people eat simple routine diet, however, on special occasions people
prepare festive food.
10. Marriages: Our typical Pakistani marriages now involve many un-Islamic, burdensome and
wasteful ceremonials like dowery, mehndi, firework, lightening, expensive dressing for such
occasions.
11. Birth Rituals: Azaan is called in the ears of the newly born babies. Sweets are distributed
amongst friends, neighbours and other relatives. People give gifts to the newborn.
12. Mourning rituals: Neighbours, relatives and friends of the bereaved family gather together at
the home of the departed soul and console the family members. They pacify the family
members of the dead. All-out help is furnished in fitting out of the corpse (Tajheez-o-
Takfeen), carrying of the dead body to the graveyard (Jazaza) and interment (Tadfeen or
burial). The bereaved family is given food by the relatives, friends and neighbours for three
days.
*********************************************************************
Q.2 Write a note on the Culture of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Ans: Collective behaviour of the society is called culture
Main Features of Culture of Pakistan:
1. Diverse Ethnic Composition
Pakistani culture is characterized by its rich ethnic diversity, comprising various groups such as
Punjabis, Sindhis, Baloch, Pashtuns, and Mohajirs, each with its own unique traditions, languages,
and customs. This diversity contributes to a mosaic of cultural expressions.
2. Religious Influence
Islam is the predominant religion in Pakistan, significantly shaping its cultural and social norms.
Islamic practices, holidays, and moral values are deeply integrated into daily life, influencing
everything from law to personal behavior.
3. Language Diversity
Pakistan is linguistically diverse, with Urdu as the national language and English as the official
language. Additionally, regional languages like Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi are widely
spoken and play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage.
4. Family Structure
Family is the cornerstone of Pakistani society, typically organized around extended family
structures. Respect for elders, strong family bonds, and intergenerational support systems are
fundamental aspects of Pakistani culture.
5. Culinary Traditions
Pakistani cuisine is known for its rich and flavourful dishes, heavily influenced by regional and
historical factors. Common elements include the use of spices, herbs, rice, wheat, and meat, with
popular dishes like biryani, kebabs, and nihari.
6. Festivals and Celebrations
Cultural festivals and religious celebrations such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha, Ramadan, and
Independence Day are central to Pakistani life. These events bring communities together,
fostering a sense of unity and cultural continuity.
7. Music and Dance
Traditional music and dance forms, such as Qawwali, Ghazal, and folk dances like Bhangra and
Luddi, play a significant role in Pakistani culture. These art forms are expressions of the country's
diverse heritage and are celebrated in both rural and urban areas.
8. Art and Craft: Pakistani culture boasts a rich tradition of arts and crafts, including pottery,
embroidery, carpet weaving, and truck art. These crafts reflect the historical and regional
influences that shape the country's artistic heritage.
9. Literature and Poetry: Literature, particularly poetry, holds a special place in Pakistani culture.
Renowned poets like Allama Iqbal and Faiz Ahmed Faiz have left an indelible mark, with their
works often reflecting social, political, and philosophical themes.
10. Clothing and Attire: Traditional clothing varies by region but generally includes Shalwar
Kameez for both men and women. These garments are often adorned with intricate embroidery
and are worn on special occasions and daily life.
11. Hospitality: Hospitality is a hallmark of Pakistani culture. Guests are treated with utmost
respect and generosity, with elaborate meals and warm welcomes being a common feature of
Pakistani hospitality.
12. Sports and Recreation: Sports, especially cricket, are a significant part of Pakistani culture.
Cricket serves as a unifying force and a source of national pride. Other popular sports include
hockey, squash, and traditional games like kabaddi.
Conclusion
Pakistani culture is a rich tapestry woven from its diverse ethnicities, religious practices, and
historical influences. The common characteristics of Pakistani culture, such as its emphasis on
family, respect for tradition, and vibrant arts and festivals, create a unique and dynamic society.
This cultural richness not only defines the national identity but also fosters a sense of community
and continuity among its people. As Pakistan continues to evolve, its cultural heritage remains a
vital and cherished aspect of its national character.
*************************************************************************
CHAPTER 7 LANGUAGES OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Short questions
Q.1 What was Quaid-e-Azam’s point of view regarding Pakistan’s national language?
Since Urdu has emerged as the symbol of Muslim nationhood in the sub- continent,
Quai-e-Azam decided that Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan. He said,
“… but let me make it clear to you that the state language of Pakistan is going to be
Urdu and no other language. Anyone who tries to mislead you is really the enemy of
Pakistan. Without one state language, no nation can remain tied up solidly together and
function.”
Q.2 When and where Urdu came into being?
1. According to Syed Suleman Nadvi Urdu originated from Sindhi, Muhammad Hussain
Azad linked its origin from Persian and Hafiz Muhammad Sherani traced its origin from
Punjabi.
 2. The exact origin of Urdu is unknown; probably it was Delhi as it was made the capital
of Muslim conquerors in different phases of history where it originated from Brij
Bhasha
3. The Muslim conquerors attacked from different destinations like, Arab, Iran,
Afghanistan and Turkey, so by the mixing of the armies of these conquerors over a long
period of time gave birth to Urdu.
Q.3 Give the names of some of the most important 20th century Urdu poets and prose
writers.
The most important 20th century Urdu poets and prose writers are:
Urdu poets Urdu Prose writers
Dr. Allama Iqbal Intazar Hussain
Altaf Hussain Hali Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Muneer Niazi Ibn-e-Insha
Ahmad Fraz and Habib Jalib Jameel-ud-Din Aali
Q.4 What are the main literary forms used in Punjabi poetry?
The main literary forms used in Punjabi poetry:
1. Dhola 5. Ghori
2. Tappa 6. War
3. Ghazal Ghori
4. War
Q.5 Give the names of five important Punjabi poets.
The names of five important Punjabi poets are:
1. Baba Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar
2. Waris Shah
3. Bullhay Shah
4. Fazal Shah
5. Mian Muhammad Bakhsh
Q.6 Enlist important Sindhi dialects.
The standard Sindhi dialect is “Sahti” and other important Sindhi dialects are:
1. Vicholi
2. Thari
3. Lari
4. Kachhi
5. Kathiawari
6. Lasi
Q.7 What do you know about the golden period of Baluchi literature?
1. Nineteenth century is called the golden age in the history of Baluchi literature.
2. Kalhora rulers were great patrons of Baluchi literature.
3. Mirza Ghulam Muhammed Natiq Makrani was a most eminent poet of this age: he
was a contemporary of Ghalib.
 4. During this period some European writers collected, compiled and published Baluch
ballads and other literary forms such as Leich, Longworth Dames etc.

Long Questions
Q.1 Why Urdu can be the only national language of Pakistan? Enlist salient characteristic
features of Urdu language. OR why is Urdu called the national language of communication in
Pakistan?
Ans: Introduction:
Urdu possesses all the requisite features that a typical national language ought to have.
Allama Iqbal has rightly called history the memory of a nation, obviously the memory cannot
be recorded without the use of language.
The Quaid-e-Azam (RA) made it clear days after independence.
“But let me make it very clear to you that the state language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and
no other language.” Following some characteristic features of Urdu are listed which manifest that
only Urdu can be the national language of Pakistan and no other language deserves this status.
1. Product of centuries-old interaction
Urdu has the honour to be a historical language for the Muslims of the subcontinent.
Urdu is the product of the centuries-old cultural interaction between the Hindu and the
Muslim communities of India. Firstly, Urdu was identified to be the symbol of Hindu-Muslim
unity but, unfortunately on a particular turn of history, the Hindus totally disowned
themselves from this language.
2. History making language
This happened when Urdu-Hindi controversy started in the year1867 at Banaras. While talking
to the Commissioner of Banaras, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan remarked:
“It seemed as if these two nations will never agree on anything as they have not
accommodated each other over the issue of Urdu and Hindi. I am seeing that sooner or
later these two nations will part away from each other.”
That’s why Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is rightly called the ‘Champion of the Two-Nation Theory’
because he forecasted the separation of Hindus and Muslims 80 years before the real
establishment of Pakistan.
3. Academically rich language: Physical and social sciences affect the character of a language
and the language, in turn, affects the academic life of the society at large. Urdu is a vibrant
language and is very rich in academic traditions.
4. Language of civilized society: Urdu is the flag bearer of civility, sophistication and decency. It
reflects in it the seeds of civilized society.
5. Close resemblance with regional languages: Urdu has a very close resemblance with all the
regional languages of Pakistan. Many words used in these languages are common and all
these languages are written in the same script, of course with minor differences.
6. Rich grammar and vocabulary: Words reflecting various real-life situations, syntax, idioms,
phrasal verbs and other important instruments of speech are existent in Urdu. This makes
Urdu a rich language covering all pre-requisites of a typical language.
 7. Lingua Franca: Urdu is a lingua franca which means that it is widely spoken and understood by
people living in all areas of Pakistan.
8. Symbol of national unity: Urdu is not the language of any particular region or a specific group
of people. It represents whole of Pakistan and is, therefore, a common national heritage.
9. Vast language: Urdu is a vast and beautiful language. It has assimilated many beautiful words
from other languages.
10. Close affinity with Muslim world languages: With the adoption of the Arabic, Persian and
Turkish words, Urdu has developed a close affinity with other languages of the
Muslim world. As Urdu is written in ‘Nastaliq’ script it is known as the language of Muslims in
the sub-continent. This reason was the main cause of Urdu-Hindi controversy in 1867.
11. Absorbing quality: Urdu has developed a great deal of vocabulary because it can absorb and
adopt new words and phrases not only from regional languages but also from foreign
languages, particularly English language.
12. Language of science and technology: Urdu has all the potential to its merit to develop into a
perfect language of science and technology.
13. Treasure of Islamic literature: Urdu has the unique quality to possess a rich treasure of
Islamic literature. Urdu is one of those few languages of the world in which all Islamic
knowledge (such as translation and exegesis of both the Holy Quran and Hadith books,
Seerut-un-Nabi, Islamic jurisprudence, other related religious commentaries etc) has been
written and printed.
14. Language of preaching: Urdu has been an instrument to preach Islam in various parts of the
subcontinent. Many preachers have made use of Urdu to communicate with the common
men regarding the spread of Islam.
15. National songs: Many poets have made use of Urdu poetry to arouse the feelings of
patriotism, nationalism, zeal and fervour among the members of the Ummah. Many national
songs have been written, printed and sung in order to create love for our beloved country
Pakistan.
16. Medium of instruction: Urdu is a medium of instruction in almost all public schools where all
science, social and religious education is being imparted in Urdu.
17. Legal Language: In many courts of the country Urdu is also being used as a legal language
where court proceedings, court documents, affidavits, certificates, birth and death certificates
and other legal papers are being prepared in Urdu.
18. Harbinger of cultural affinity: Urdu has played its vital role in bringing different people across
the country come closer together. Thus, Urdu has been very successful to create feelings of
harmony, unison, fraternity and integration among the people of Pakistan.
19. Comments: Urdu has been very instrumental in bringing knowledge, morals, integration,
ethics, peace, conformity to Islamic values, nationalism and above all the stability to our
motherland.
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Q.2 What are formative stages of Urdu language?
Ans: 1. Early Development
The formative stages of Urdu language can be traced back to the 13th century in the Indian
subcontinent. It emerged as a result of the interaction between various linguistic influences,
including Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and local Indian languages.
2. Persian Influence
During the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, Persian served as the court language, influencing
the vocabulary, grammar, and literary style of Urdu. Many Persian words were assimilated into
Urdu, enriching its lexicon.
3. Arabic Influence
Arabic, as the language of Islam, also left a significant imprint on Urdu. Arabic words and
expressions related to religion, spirituality, and law became part of Urdu vocabulary, contributing
to its development.
4. Turkish Influence
The Turkish rulers of Central Asia and North India introduced Turkish elements into Urdu,
particularly in military and administrative terminology. Turkish loanwords further diversified the
linguistic landscape of Urdu.
5. Local Indian Languages
Urdu also absorbed elements from local Indian languages, such as Sanskrit, Prakrit, and
Apabhramsa. The influence of these languages contributed to Urdu's phonology, morphology,
and syntax.
6. Khari Boli Influence
Khari Boli, a dialect spoken in the Delhi region, provided the grammatical framework and
structure for Urdu. It served as the foundation upon which Urdu grammar and syntax were built.
7. Development of Script
Urdu initially used the Nastaliq script, a modified form of the Persian script, for writing. Over
time, Nastaliq evolved to suit the phonetic needs of Urdu, becoming the primary script for Urdu
literature and communication.
8. Literary Patronage: The patronage of Mughal emperors and nobility played a crucial role in the
development of Urdu literature. Poets and writers flourished under royal patronage, contributing
to the growth and refinement of Urdu language and literature.
9. Emergence of Urdu Poetry: Urdu poetry emerged as a prominent literary form during the
formative stages of the language. Poets like Amir Khusro and Mir Taqi Mir laid the foundation for
Urdu poetry, shaping its themes, styles, and meters.
10. Standardization and Codification: The standardization and codification of Urdu grammar and
vocabulary occurred during the Mughal period. Scholars like Shah Waliullah and Siraj-ud-Din Ali
Khan Arzu played significant roles in defining and formalizing Urdu language norms.
11. Spread and Popularization: Urdu gained widespread popularity as a lingua franca among
diverse communities in the Indian subcontinent. It became the language of culture, literature,
administration, and communication, transcending regional and linguistic barriers.
12. Recognition as National Language: With the emergence of Pakistan in 1947, Urdu was
officially recognized as the national language of the new country. This formal recognition further
solidified Urdu's status and importance in the region.
Conclusion
The formative stages of Urdu language reflect a complex interplay of linguistic, cultural, and
historical influences. From its origins as a hybrid language to its evolution into a sophisticated
 literary medium, Urdu has undergone significant development over the centuries. The
contributions of various languages, patronage of rulers, literary endeavors, and societal
acceptance have collectively shaped Urdu into the vibrant and expressive language it is today. As
a symbol of cultural identity and heritage, Urdu continues to hold a special place in the hearts
and minds of millions, both within the Indian subcontinent and beyond.

CHAPTER 8 NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND PROSPERITY

Short questions
Q.1 Give Laski’s definition about nationality.
1. Laski defined the term ‘Nationality’ in terms. According to him it is the feeling of
nationhood “marks of those who share it from the rest of mankind.” 2. Laski thought that
nationality is an abstract feeling of the people of a country.
3. It creates a feeling of possessiveness and loyalty among the countrymen.
4. The very spirit of nationality differentiates them from rest of the people living in the
world.
Q.2 Solution of the problems of national integration, mine, yours and our role.
1. Integration literary means to unite, national integration means to unite the country by all
means.
2. In tiresome efforts of uniting and consolidating the country the role of mine, yours and
ours is very important.
3. It means that as an individual I should look into my actions and modify for national
interest similarly we should provoke others too for their doings to promote national
integration. As a whole nation everybody should contribute in strengthen and integrating
the country.
4. i) Educational and opinion forming (my role) ii) Administrative (your role)
iii) Political (our role)
Q.3 What is the importance of educating our people about Pakistan Ideology?
1. Ideology of Islam is the Ideology of Pakistan.
 2. It is very important to teach the people about the Ideology of Pakistan because the
people of today’s age do not know about the sacrifices given by the old, men, women
and children for the freedom.
3. How much innocent lives were sacrificed for giving life to the ideology of Pakistan. This
young generation should be shaken by educating true facts and circumstances
prevailing in India before partition.
4. The spirit of nationalism should be aroused in the people for national integration
which is the only solution of our national problems.
Q.4 Signify the role of Urdu with reference to national solidarity.
1. Urdu is a symbol of unity and national solidarity in Pakistan.
2. It is the ‘Lingua Franca’ of Pakistan. In most of the areas of Pakistan it is used as a
medium of communication and medium of instruction as well.
3. In Pakistan movement, Urdu emerged as a language of Muslims. In Quaid-e-Azam’s
point of view, “Urdu and only Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan”, was full
of wisdom.
4. National language has precedence over other languages spoken in the country.

Q.5 Why democratic system of government is essential for the promotion of N. integration?
1. As Abraham Lincoln said, “Democracy is the government of the people, for the
people and by the people”
2. This is the form of the government that inculcates a sense of contribution in national
integration when one goes through the process of casting one’s vote.
3. In democratic form of government people could have their say and opinion in selecting
the public representatives of their own choice.
4. It is a process of continuous growth and evolution.
Long Questions
Q.1 What is national integration? What measures can be adopted in promoting national
integration? What are the obstacles interposed in the way of national integration?
National Integration
National integration refers to the process of bringing together diverse groups and communities
within a country to foster a sense of unity, belonging, and shared national identity. It aims to
build a cohesive society where individuals, despite their differences in ethnicity, religion,
language, or culture, work together towards common goals and maintain harmony and solidarity.

Measures to Promote National Integration

1. Education System Reform
o Implementing a curriculum that emphasizes national history, shared values, and the
importance of unity.
o Promoting multicultural education that celebrates diversity and teaches respect for all
cultures.
2. Inclusive Policies
o Ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens regardless of their background.
o Implementing affirmative action to uplift marginalized communities.
3. Language Policy
o Encouraging the learning of multiple languages, including the national language, to bridge
communication gaps.
o Promoting regional languages to preserve cultural heritage while fostering national unity.
4. Civic Engagement
o Encouraging citizen participation in democratic processes and community activities.
o Promoting volunteerism and community service to build a sense of collective
responsibility.
5. Interfaith Dialogue
o Facilitating discussions and interactions between different religious groups to foster
mutual understanding and respect.
o Celebrating religious festivals of different communities to promote interfaith harmony.
6. Cultural Exchange Programs
o Organizing cultural exchange programs and festivals to highlight the richness of diverse
cultures within the country.
o Promoting arts, music, and literature that reflect the country's multiculturalism.
7. Media and Communication
o Encouraging responsible media that promotes positive narratives about national unity and
integration.
o Combating hate speech and divisive content through strict regulations and promoting
inclusive content.
8. Economic Equality
o Implementing policies that address economic disparities and ensure equitable distribution
of resources.
o Promoting inclusive growth and development that benefits all sections of society.
9. Political Will and Governance
o Demonstrating strong political commitment to national integration through policies and
leadership.
o Ensuring transparent and accountable governance that builds trust among all
communities.
10. Youth Engagement
o Engaging young people in national integration activities and promoting their role as
ambassadors of unity.
o Providing platforms for youth from different backgrounds to collaborate and build
friendships.
11. National Symbols and Celebrations
o Promoting national symbols like the flag, anthem, and other emblems that evoke a sense
of pride and unity.
o Celebrating national holidays and events that bring people together in a spirit of
patriotism.
12. Addressing Regional Disparities
o Investing in the development of underdeveloped regions to reduce regional imbalances.
o Promoting regional representation in national decision-making processes.
Conclusion
National integration is vital for the stability, progress, and unity of a country. By adopting a multi-
faceted approach that includes education reform, inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, cultural
 exchange, and economic equality, nations can build a cohesive society where diversity is
celebrated, and unity is strengthened.
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Q2. What are main obstacles in the way of Good Governance?
Ans: Obstacles in the way of National Integration
1. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity
o Deep-rooted ethnic and cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings, prejudices,
and conflicts.
o Lack of inter-community interactions often reinforces stereotypes and mistrust.
2. Religious Differences
o Religious extremism and intolerance can foster divisions and hostility among different
religious groups.
o Lack of interfaith dialogue and cooperation can exacerbate tensions.
3. Linguistic Barriers
o Multiple languages spoken within a country can create communication barriers and
regionalism.
o Language policies that favor one language over others can lead to feelings of exclusion and
resentment.
4. Economic Disparities
o Significant economic inequalities between regions and communities can lead to feelings of
marginalization and injustice.
o Unequal access to resources and opportunities can fuel social unrest and division.
5. Political Manipulation
o Politicians and leaders may exploit ethnic, religious, or regional differences for electoral
gain.
o Populist rhetoric and divisive policies can deepen societal fractures.
6. Historical Grievances
o Past conflicts and injustices between different groups can leave lingering resentments and
distrust.
o Failure to address historical wrongs can hinder reconciliation and integration efforts.
7. Social Segregation
o Physical segregation in terms of living areas, schools, and workplaces can limit interactions
between different communities.
o Lack of integration in social institutions perpetuates divisions.
8. Education Inequality
o Disparities in educational access and quality can reinforce social stratification and limit
upward mobility for marginalized groups.
o Education systems that do not promote inclusive values can perpetuate division.
9. Media Influence
o Media can perpetuate stereotypes, bias, and misinformation, exacerbating divisions.
o Sensationalist reporting and hate speech in media can inflame tensions.
10. Legal and Institutional Barriers
o Discriminatory laws and practices can institutionalize inequality and exclusion.
o Lack of representation of minorities in governance and decision-making bodies.
11. Regionalism and Local Loyalties
o Strong regional identities and loyalties can sometimes overshadow national identity.
 o Movements for regional autonomy or separatism can challenge national unity.
12. Globalization and External Influences
o External influences and global trends can sometimes clash with N. integration efforts.
o Migration and the influence of global communities can create challenges to society.
Conclusion
National integration faces numerous obstacles ranging from religious and linguistic differences to
economic disparities and political manipulation. By promoting inter-community dialogue,
equitable development, and inclusive policies, nations can work towards overcoming these
barriers and achieving a cohesive and harmonious society. It is crucial for governments, civil
society, and individuals to actively participate in the process of building a unified nation where
diversity is celebrated and collective progress is prioritized.
******************************************************************
CHAPTER 9 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ISLAMIC
REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Short questions
Q.1 Give Prof. Lewis’s definition of the fiscal planning.
According to Prof. Lewis, “Economic planning is a scheme of an economic organization…… for
the purpose of utilizing all available resources to achieve maximum satisfaction of people’s
needs within a given time.”
Q.2 What was Pakistan’s condition at the time of partition in respect of industrial
development?
1. At the time of partition there were 921 factories in the united India.
2. 34 industries came in the share of Pakistan.
3. Though it was decided that 20% share of all assets will be given to Pakistan. The
condition of the mechanical units was also very poor.
4. Raw material for production was also not available.
5. There was no iron or steel industry in Pakistan and only 9 sugar mills were operating to
deal with the whole population of the country.
Q.3 Define ‘Trade’ and ‘Commerce’.
1. Buying and selling of goods is called trade.
2. Trade can be within the country as well as with other countries (Imports & exports).
3. It is very important to enhance GDP.
4. Whereas buying and selling of goods and services is called commerce.
5. Increase in exports results inflow of foreign exchange in the country which eventually
strengthens the economy.
6. It is very important to increase GNP.
Q.4 Write a short note on E-Commerce.
1. It is a new term and innovation in the field of trade and commerce.
2. Buying and selling of goods and services through internet is called E-Commerce.
3. It is the most reliable, time saving and safe mean of trading.
 4. Plastic currency has replaced the currency notes as all the trade takes place by paying
through credit cards (plastic currency).
5. Cross border trade with less effort was made possible by E-Commerce.
Q.5 Define IT.
1. IT stands for information Technology.
2. It is the most powerful tool of dispersing information.
3. IT has turned the whole world into a ‘global village.’
4. It is a powerful medium for accessing, processing, manipulating, projection and
broadcasting data and information.
5. It can be of great help if we provide internet access to maximum areas of our country.

Q.6 Enumerate the kinds of natural resources.

There are four main categories of natural resources in our country:
1. Energy
i. Petroleum
ii. Electricity
iii. Coal
iv. Natural gas v. Solar energy
2. Minerals
i. Metallic ii Non-Metallic
3. Land
i. Irrigation ii Forests iii Agricultural land iv. Earth
4. Live stock
Q.7 What is meant by HDI? What is Pakistan’s status according to HDI?
1. HDI stands for Human Development Index.
2. HDI covers 189 countries of the world and Pakistan’s position is 144th.
3. This rating is based on;
i. Level of health and average life expectancy.
ii. Level of literacy.
iii. Standards of living.
4. To improve our position in HDI rating, we need to explore and exploit our natural
resources.
Q.8 What impact the policy of nationalization had on our national economy? The term
nationalization means, taking in the possession of private entities by hook or by crook on
the part of the government. This policy caused devastating effects on the national
economy.
During the nationalization policy (1970-80), 32 big industrial units were nationalized.
1. Industrialists and investors were terrified and foreign investments came to an end.
2. Industrial production decreased.
3. Dependence on foreign aids got promoted.
4. Poverty prevailed among the commoners.
5. The laborers took to protest.
 6. Trade Unions culture got promoted and productivity decreased.
Q.9 What is HRD and what is its importance?
1. HRD stands for Human Resource Development.
2. It is a guiding principle of the fiscal policy.
3. Human resource can only be developed by the promotion of educational sector.
4. 2.3% of the total budget is not sufficient for the promotion of HRD.
5. Pakistan is rich enough in the field of human resource so policy makers should look into
the ways to exploit this resource for the development of the country.
Q.10 Signify the importance of the conservation of resources by quoting an example of the
Holy Prophet (PBUH).
1. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) once said that one should not waste water if he is making
ablution from a canal full of water.
2. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) actually wanted to say that the natural resources are no one’s
personal property and no one has the right to misuse them.
3. One should only use the least possible share for his or her personal use and leave the rest
for the rest of the mankind.

Long Questions
Q.1 Write a detailed note on the Industries in Pakistan and its role in the economic
development of the country.
INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN
Introduction: Development of any country is related to its industry. It is necessary for the
industries to have raw material in abundance; agricultural sector can provide most of it. So
Pakistan’s development bases on the progress of agriculture and industry.
Important industries of Pakistan: Industries are very important for any developing country.
This sector paves the way for development. That is way many industries have been established in
Pakistan. Along with that new industries are established. Following are the important industries of
Pakistan.
1. Vanaspati Ghee: There are more than 5 ghee factories in Pakistan. These factories fulfill
the needs of the country. Edible oil is used in ghee. Due to the rise in prices of that oil in
international market, now-a-days, it is extracted from sun-flower.
2. Cement: Cement production in Pakistan is not enough. That is why it is important from
other countries. At present its production is 5 million tons. All the cement plant work under the
supervision of State Cement Corporation.
3. Chemical Fertilizer: The annual production of nitrogen fertilizer is almost 1.25
million tons. This production is enough for the country. But production of phosphate fertilizer is
not enough. To fill this deficiency government has permitted private sector to erect fertilizer
factories.
Reasons of Industrial Backwardness
From its creation, Pakistan has not been also to get the stage of self-reliance in industries.
There are many reasons of that. Government of Pakistan took man steps from time in this
respect. Following is a list of reasons of industrial backwardness.
Reasons:
1. Lack of Industries: There were only 921 industrial units before the creation of
Pakistan in India. Out of this only 34 factories were given to Pakistan. Even these units were
not so important. In short, Pakistan came into being on that land which was backwardness
industrially form the beginnings.
2. Lack of investment: At the creation of Pakistan, lack of financial institution was a great
hurdle in the way of investment, so it was not easy to establish new industries. Although
investment increased gradually, yet fast growth of population made it hard to invest
enough amounts. Along with that a huge amount was spent on defense which was again a
great reason for industrial backwardness.
a Lack of Industrial Experts: In the united India, Muslims were attached with agriculture
while Hindu were with industries. That is why a few numbers of industrial experts were
Muslims. Even that small amount could not migrate to Pakistan. In contrast, all the Hindu
industrial experts moved to India. Due to that Pakistan remained backward.
5. Lack of Raw Material and Minerals: From the very beginning, Pakistan faced the problem of
not having enough oil, minerals and raw material for its industries. This deficiency has not been
overcome till now.
6. Shortage of Foreign: Because of law production in agricultural and industries, imports
exceed export. So, the government faces shortage of foreign reserves. Hence new
industries cannot be established.
7. Bad Means of Transportation: Most of the industries are established in cities. Condition
of roads and transportation is very bad to bring the raw material form villages.
8. Industrial Prejudices’: In the industrial field some families rule on country level and some
countries rule on would level local industrialists quite often raise the prices of their goods
and lower the standard. While in international market, ruling countries hamper with good
standard.
9. Faulty Industrial Planning: Because of the monopolies of feudal lords in politics, faulty
poli9cies are made for industries. These feudal throw the interests of industrialists away
for their own interests. That is why; they try to develop industries with wrong and faulty
policies.
10. Shortage Of Loans: The industrialists have to spend huge amounts to establish their
industries. Small industrialists are not given lands on easy terms. As a result, those
industrialists are discouraged.
11. Discouragement Of Industrial Production: New industrial markets are not made just to
discourage the industrial production, neither new market is searched for the selling of that
production.
 12. Political instability: Politically, Pakistan has been very unstable from the very beginning.
That is the reason that foreign investors are always hesitant to come and invest here.
13. Increase In The Prices Of Industrial Goods: Most of the machinery and expert come from
foreign. This increases the expenses. To earn profit, industrialists increase the prices of
their production. So, they are discouraged in the international markets because of high
prices.
**************************************************************************
Q.2 Write a detailed note on the agriculture system, its types and role in economic growth of the
country.
Agriculture of Pakistan
1. INTRODUCTION: Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base, covering various ecological
and climatic zones; hence the country has great potential for producing all types of food
commodities. Agriculture plays direct and indirect role in generating economic growth 2.
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM: Agriculture plays the role of a backbone in the economy of a country.
Pakistan is basically an agricultural country. It not only provides raw material but also provides food
for a large portion of population.
3. TYPES OF CROPS: There are four types of crops in Pakistan which are as follows
i. Rabi crops: The Rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over,
and harvesting begins in April/May. Their main source of water is rainwater that has percolated
into the ground; they require irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils Rabi crops. Major Rabi crops
include wheat, barley, pulses etc.
ii. Kharif crops: Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the
south-west monsoon season starts on 16 April and lasts until 15 October. These crops are
dependent on the quantity of rain water as well its timing. Too much, too little or at wrong time
may waste the whole year's efforts. These crops include rice, cotton, maize etc.
iii. Cash crops: The crops which are grown in Pakistan in abundance and earn foreign exchange for a
country is called cash crop. Cash crops include cotton, sugarcane, tobacco etc.
iv. Food crops: In food crops wheat, maize and rice are included.
4. IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAK:
Agriculture plays a key role in economic development of the country. Pakistan mostly relies on its
agriculture. Agriculture acts as the backbone of our country. Importance of agriculture is as follows;
i. Source of food: Agricultural sector provides fodder for domestic animals. Cow provides people
with milk which is a form of protective food. Moreover, livestock also meets people’s food
requirements.
ii. Source of raw material: The main source of raw materials to major industries such as cotton and
jute fabric, sugar, tobacco, edible as well as non-edible oils is agriculture. Moreover, many other
industries such as processing of fruits as well as vegetables and rice husking get their raw
material mainly from agriculture.
iii. Source of foreign exchange: The nation’s export trade depends largely on agricultural sector. For
example, agricultural commodities such as jute, tobacco, spices, oilseeds, raw cotton, tea as well
as coffee accounts for approximately 18 % of the entire value of exports of a country.
 iv. Source of employment: Construction of irrigation schemes, drainage system as well as other
such activities in the agricultural sector is important as it provides larger employment
opportunities. Agriculture sector provides more employment opportunities to the labor force
that reduce the high rate of unemployment in developing countries caused by the fastgrowing
population
v. Role in balance of trade: If we increase our Agri-products, we can export excess of crops to the
other countries and import modern scientific machinery. So, we can have an ideal balance
between export and import.
vi. Economic revolution: Agricultural development is really the first step towards economic
revolution. With the help of it we can form new industries and can have trade relations with
other countries.
5. REASON OF AGRICULTURAL BACKWARDNESS:
Reasons for agricultural backwardness are as follows
i. Old method of cultivation: One of the main reasons is old method of cultivation. As financial
position of farmers is not very good, so it’s impossible for them to use latest machinery. They are
bound to use old methods, which results in less per acre production
ii. Lack of good seeds and fertilizers: Due to illiteracy and due to being uneducated about the
modern development, farmers use substandard seeds and fertilizers.
iii. Lack of feudalism: In Pakistan feudal system is in power. This feudal divide land among small
farmers. They rest while farmers’ work. This is reasons for less Agro production.
iv. Water logging and salinity: Thousands of acres of Pakistan waste every year due to water
logging and salinity. And lack the resources, hampers the way to overcome this problem
v. Problems of irrigation: Canals in Pakistan irrigate small area; most areas are not properly irrigated
and some areas depend on rain. Tube well system is also available but costly
vi. Laws of land division: In Pakistan the land, division per division, has been converted into small
patches. It is very difficult to use heavy machinery on these patches.
vii. Faulty Agro-planning: Farmers take no interest in increasing their Agro-production because they
do not find planned market to sell their crop. They get lesser amount in exchange so they not
bother to take production seriously.
viii. Diseases of crops and plants: A large part of crops is wasted by insects and different diseases
which decrease the agricultural growth.
Economic exploitation of farmers: Farmers work hard whole year and market does not give
them suitable amount while buying their crops. In this way farmers are exploited
economically.
ix. Lack of means of transportation: Lack of transport and poor roads make it difficult for farmers
to bring their crops into the market. He has to pay for transport and is less paid In market hence
result in its loss
6. SUGGESTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS:
Suggestions for better agricultural progress are follows:
i. Use of modern methods of agriculture: Farmers should be freed from old methods of cultivation
and harvesting. They should be given modern machinery in this respect.
ii. Arrangement for Agro-Education: On scientific pattern farmers should be given agro-education.
 iii. Stoppage of land division: Land should be protected against division and large areas for
cultivation are made so that heavy machinery can be used.
Controlling population: By controlling population economic problems of the farmers can be
overcome.
iv. Improving irrigation system: Irrigation system should be improved. New canals should be dug
and new barrages should be made.
v. Making standard Agro-planning: Farmers should be trained to plan from cultivation to harvesting
so that with the help of better planning in short proper time better production can be
harvested.
7. GOVERNMENT EFFORTS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
i. Finishing feudal system: According to Agro-reforms all big estates of feudal lords were
confiscated by the government.
ii. Division of land among farmers: After the cancellation of land holder system farmers were given
that land on which they cultivated the crops.
iii. Arrangement of loans for farmers: To get seeds, fertilizers and machinery, government
should give loans to farmers.
iv. Confiscating of illegal lands: Government confiscated all illegal estates and lands.
v. Protection of land holders: To control the agricultural instability government protected the land
holders by bounding the land lords that they could not take the land back without the will of
land holders. vi. Cancellation of extra taxes: Government cancelled all the illegal taxes
imposed on farmers by the land holders. vii. Fixing the price of crops: There should be fixed
price of crops for the farmers, for the economic growth of the farmers
**********************************************************************
CHAPTER 10 FOREIGN POLICY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Short questions
Q.1 Define “foreign policy”.
1. Napoleon Bonaparte says, “Foreign Policy of a country starts from the frontiers.”
2. A set of terms and conditions that a country formulates for establishing her relations
with other countries of the world is called foreign policy.
3. It can be defined as a general plan of one country concerning its relations with other
countries.
4. There are certain principles, objectives and factors of foreign policy which a country
tries to achieve with the course of time.
Q.2 Enlist five guiding principles of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
Pakistan’s foreign policy is based on following five guiding principles:
1. Non-Alignment.
2. Regional cooperation.
3. Fraternal relations with the Muslim countries.
4. Friendly relations with all countries of the world.
5. Cooperating with the United Nations and other international agencies in maintaining
the world peace.
Q.3 How can Hudaibia Peace Pact guide us in framing in our foreign policy?
Hudaibia Pact is, no doubt, a significant example in framing our foreign policy as:
1. It gives us a lesson that great victories can be achieved through peace and restraint.
2. War and emotional frenzy are not the solution to achieve the goals.
3. Strong conviction and deep political insight is essential while framing foreign policy.
4. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) taught us the lesson of love, fraternity and compliance with
the laws of the state. This thought was very much there in Hudaibia pact so; our
relations with Muslim countries should be based on these golden principles.
Q.4 In what respect Pakistan was helpful to the People’s Republic of China?
1. Pakistan has always been among very good friend and well-wisher of China.
2. China was established on Oct. 1, 1949 and Pakistan recognized it in Jan. 1950.
3. In 1950 Pakistan strongly supported China’s representation in United Nations
Organization and later vehemently supported China for a veto-power state in the
Security Council.
4. Pakistan always stood shoulder to shoulder with China on the Issue of Tibet.
5. Pakistan always condemns Indian terrorism over some areas of China.
6. Pakistan negated Two- Chinas policy and never recognized Taiwan as real
China. Pakistan accepted Mao Stung and Chun Enlai’s China as real China.
Q.5 Write few lines on the state of Pak- India relations.
The two countries are completely unfriendly since the partition in 1947. Since then
they have undergone four major wars. The main bone of contention between the two
countries is the Kashmir Issue. Both the countries are spending millions of dollars
every year to show their possession over the territory. Extremist Hindu leadership is
 not ready to mold their thinking to accommodate Muslims in India and Kashmir. The
political, military and intellectual leadership of both the countries are somehow or the
other agreed that war is no more a solution of the disputes. Efforts are still in progress
to reduce tensions between the two countries. Pakistan has offered a No-War Pact to
India but India declined it. Due to India’s hegemony, Pakistan is forced to keep a
balance of power in the region.

Long Questions
Q.1 Write the objectives, factors and determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy of Pakistan.
Objectives of Pakistan's Foreign Policy

1. National Security
o Ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Pakistan.
o Addressing internal and external security threats through strategic alliances and
defense capabilities.
2. Economic Development
o Promoting trade and economic cooperation with other countries.
o Attracting foreign investment and securing economic aid and assistance.
3. Regional Stability
o Maintaining peace and stability in South Asia.
o Resolving conflicts, particularly with neighboring countries like India and Afghanistan.
4. Islamic Solidarity
o Strengthening ties with Muslim countries and supporting the Organization of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC).
o Promoting solidarity and cooperation on issues affecting the Muslim world.
5. Global Cooperation
o Participating actively in international organizations like the United Nations.
o Contributing to global peacekeeping and addressing global challenges such as climate
change.
6. Sustainable Development
o Pursuing sustainable development goals (SDGs) in line with global commitments.
o Integrating environmental protection and sustainable practices in economic planning.
7. Soft Power Promotion
o Enhancing Pakistan’s cultural, educational, and diplomatic outreach.
o Promoting Pakistan’s image and narrative internationally.
8. Diplomatic Balance
o Maintaining balanced relations with major global powers such as the USA, China, and
Russia.
o Navigating geopolitical dynamics to Pakistan’s advantage.
9. Defense and Strategic Alliances
o Strengthening defense capabilities through alliances and partnerships.
o Acquiring advanced technology and military cooperation.
10. Diaspora Engagement
o Leveraging the Pakistani diaspora for economic and political support.
o Facilitating their contribution to national development.
11. Human Rights and Democracy
o Promoting human rights and democratic values in alignment with international
norms.
o Addressing issues related to human rights in foreign policy discourse.
12. Conflict Resolution
o Engaging in dialogue and diplomacy to resolve conflicts, particularly the Kashmir
issue.
o Supporting international mediation and conflict resolution mechanisms.

Fundamental Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

There are FIVE fundamental principles of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
a) Cooperation with the United Nations and other international organizations in
maintaining peace and order
b) Brotherly relations with all other nations of the world
c) Non-Alignment
d) Fraternal relations with the Islamic World
e) Regional Cooperation
Factors Influencing Pakistan's Foreign Policy

1. Geopolitical Location
o Strategic location at the crossroads of South Asia, Cen. Asia, and the Mid. East.
o Proximity to major powers like China, India, and the Persian Gulf.
2. Historical Context
o Legacy of partition and the Kashmir conflict with India.
o Historical ties and conflicts shaping current relations.
3. Security Environment
o Persistent security concerns from terrorism, regional conflicts, and nuclear
deterrence.
o Military balance with neighboring countries, particularly India.
4. Economic Needs
o Economic dependence on trade, investment, and aid.
o Need for economic partnerships to support development and growth.
5. Domestic Politics
o Influence of domestic political dynamics on foreign policy decisions.
o Role of military and civilian leadership in shaping foreign policy.
6. Cultural and Religious Factors
o Islamic identity influencing relations with Muslim-majority countries.
o Cultural diplomacy as a tool for international relations.
7. Global Trends
o Influence of globalization, technological advancements, and global economic
trends.
o Adaptation to shifting global power dynamics and international norms.
8. Regional Alliances
o Strategic alliances with China (CPEC) and relationships with the Gulf States.
o Balancing relations with regional powers like Iran and Saudi Arabia.
 9. International Law and Norms
o Adherence to international law and participation in global governance.
o Commitment to UN charters and international treaties.
10. Diaspora Influence
o Role of the Pakistani diaspora in shaping bilateral relations.
o Economic remittances and political lobbying by overseas Pakistanis.
11. Humanitarian Concerns
o Response to global humanitarian issues and crises.
o Participation in international aid and relief efforts.
12. Technological and Scientific Cooperation
o Collaboration in science, technology, and innovation.
o Participation in global technological initiatives and knowledge sharing.

Conclusion

Pakistan’s foreign policy is shaped by a complex interplay of objectives, factors, and

determinants. The primary goals include ensuring national security, promoting economic
development, and maintaining regional stability. These objectives are influenced by
Pakistan’s geopolitical location, historical context, and security environment. Domestic
politics, cultural and religious factors, and economic needs also play crucial roles. By
balancing relations with major global powers, fostering regional alliances, and engaging in
international cooperation, Pakistan aims to navigate the challenges of a dynamic global
landscape.

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Q.2 Write in detail about the Pak-US relations.

Pak-US Relations

1. Historical Context
o Early Relations: Pakistan and the United States established diplomatic relations in
1947. Early interactions were shaped by Cold War dynamics, with Pakistan joining US-
led alliances like SEATO and CENTO.
o Strategic Partnership: During the 1950s and 60s, Pakistan received military and
economic aid from the US, becoming a key ally in South Asia.
2. Cold War Era
o Military Alliances: Pakistan's alignment with the US during the Cold War was driven by
mutual interests in countering Soviet influence.
o Support during Afghan Jihad: The 1980s saw a significant collaboration between the
US and Pakistan during the Soviet-Afghan War, with the US providing military and
financial support to Pakistan to aid Afghan mujahideen.
3. Post-Cold War Relations
o Sanctions and Strains: The end of the Cold War and Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998
led to strained relations, resulting in US sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.
o Economic Aid Reduction: US aid to Pakistan was significantly reduced during this
period, impacting bilateral relations.
4. Post-9/11 Alliance
o War on Terror: Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Pakistan became a frontline
ally in the US-led War on Terror, receiving substantial military and economic aid.
o Operational Support: Pakistan provided logistical support and intelligence to the US
for operations in Afghanistan, significantly influencing bilateral relations.
5. Security and Military Cooperation
o Counterterrorism Efforts: Joint efforts in counterterrorism have been a cornerstone of
Pak-US relations, with the US providing military equipment, training, and financial aid.
o Drone Strikes Controversy: US drone strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas have been a
contentious issue, leading to public and political backlash in Pakistan.
6. Economic and Development Assistance
o Economic Aid: The US has been a significant source of economic aid for Pakistan,
aimed at supporting development projects and stabilizing the economy.
o Trade Relations: Bilateral trade has grown over the years, with the US being one of
Pakistan's largest export markets.
7. Strategic Dialogues
o High-Level Dialogues: Regular strategic dialogues have been held to discuss issues of
mutual interest, including security, economic cooperation, and regional stability.
o Bilateral Commissions: Various bilateral commissions and working groups have been
established to enhance cooperation in specific areas.
8. Educational and Cultural Exchange
o Exchange Programs: The US has facilitated numerous educational exchange programs,
including Fulbright scholarships, enhancing people-to-people ties.
o Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural initiatives and exchange programs have helped promote
mutual understanding and goodwill.
9. Challenges and Divergences
o Trust Deficit: Despite cooperation, a trust deficit often plagues relations, particularly
on issues of counterterrorism and regional security.
o Policy Differences: Divergences over Pakistan's relations with militant groups and its
strategic priorities in the region have been sources of friction.
10. Influence of Regional Dynamics
o India-Pakistan Tensions: US relations with India and its stance on India-Pakistan issues,
especially Kashmir, impact Pak-US relations.
o Afghanistan Factor: The situation in Afghanistan remains a critical factor influencing
bilateral ties, with both countries seeking stability in the region.
11. Impact of Domestic Politics
o Political Changes: Changes in government and political dynamics in both countries
affect the tenor and priorities of bilateral relations.
o Public Opinion: Public perception and political discourse in Pakistan regarding the US
influence the policy direction and diplomatic engagements.
12. Future Prospects
o Evolving Strategic Interests: The future of Pak-US relations will depend on evolving
strategic interests, particularly in counterterrorism, economic cooperation, and
regional stability.
o Need for Mutual Trust: Building mutual trust and addressing core issues of divergence
will be crucial for a stable and productive relationship.
 Conclusion

Pak-US relations have been marked by phases of cooperation and contention, shaped by
global geopolitical dynamics, regional security concerns, and bilateral interests. From the
Cold War era alliances to the post-9/11 strategic partnership, the relationship has evolved
through various challenges and opportunities. Key areas of collaboration include security
and counterterrorism, economic assistance, and educational exchanges. However, issues
such as trust deficit, policy divergences, and regional dynamics continue to pose
challenges. Moving forward, fostering mutual trust and aligning strategic interests will be
essential for strengthening this critical bilateral relationship, contributing to regional and
global stability.

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Q.3 Discuss in detail Pakistan’s relations with India.
1 Kashmir – a bone of contention
Since the birth of Pakistan, Kashmir has been a major area of conflict between the two
countries. Kashmir issue has soured the relations between India and Pakistan that’s why these
two countries could never develop good friendly relations with each other.
2 Liaquat-Nehru Pact: In the year 1950 the two Prime Ministers Liaquat Ali Khan and Pandit
Jawahar Lal Nehru signed a pact which provided for the rights of minorities in both the
countries. The minorities were given the freedom to migrate as well as the right of life,
property and honour in the respective countries.
2) No War Pact: In the year 1949-50, India proposed a no war pact to Pakistan. This pact
proposed that the two neighbouring countries will not attack each other in future.
3) Joint Defence Proposal: In return Pakistan proposed to India for a joint defence but made it
conditional with the solution of Kashmir issue. India, for obvious reasons, didn’t accept
Pakistan’s offer for joint defence so this proposal was withdrawn in the year 1963.
4) India’s concerns over SEATO and CENTO: Pakistan joined two US-sponsored pacts i.e. SEATO
in 1954 and CENTO in 1955. These pacts aimed at using Pakistan as a front-line state to help
USA and her allies check the expansion of Soviet influence in South and South East Asia. India
took Pakistan’s membership of these two pacts as a direct threat against her. This strained the
Indo-Pakistan relations.
5) Sino-Indian Pact: India became hopeless and felt insecure. She looked towards China for help
as she felt herself isolated in the world power politics. She made a treaty of friendship in 1954
with China but that couldn’t endure long due to India’s bad intentions.
6) 1962 Sino-Indian War: A time came when border clashes and rifts between China and India
intensified over the issue of Aksai Chin, an area of Tibet in Chinese territory. This gave birth to
a full-fledged war between China and India over the border of Laddakh. In this war, India had
to face a humiliating defeat at the Chinese hands.
7) 1965 Indo-Pak War: After having defeated badly at the hands of the Chinese, India went on
another war adventure against Pakistan to ventilate her anger and frustration. India knew it
very well that Pakistan always sided with China through thick and thin. She couldn’t digest
Pak-China friendship any longer.
India attacked Pakistan on September 06, 1965. This war continued for 17 days but both countries
had to pay a heavy price for this war. Pakistan, however, made a good defence of her frontiers. It
was due to the courage, bravery and steadfastness of Pakistan’s armed forces that they fought
this war over to victory.
8) 1971 Indo-Pak war: India took a full advantage of Pakistan’s internal political trouble when
elections were held in December 1970 in both wings of Pakistan. Awami League of Sheikh
Mujib-ur-Rehman turned out to be the majority party in East Pakistan and People’s Party of
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto got a majority in West Pakistan. This complex political matter should have
been tackled with great care and concern but, unfortunately, our East Pakistan situation
slipped out of our hands due to lack of political wisdom and prudence on the part of our
leadership. India exploited this situation in her own favour by sending into East Pakistan the
Mukti Bahinis who worsened the law-and-order situation in the eastern wing.
9) 1972 Simla Agreement: After a series of meetings between India’s Prime Minister
Mrs. Indira Gandhi (daughter of India’s first Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru) and
Pakistan’s Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, India agreed to release more than 90,000
Pakistanis taken as prisoners of war in East Pakistan when Dhaka fell into Indian hands. This Simla
Agreement between the two countries provided for the solution of all outstanding issues,
including the Kashmir dispute, through negotiations and peaceful means.
10) India goes nuclear: India, in her war frenzy, went nuclear in the year 1974. She exploded her
first nuclear device in the desert of Rajasthan. India wanted to show to the world that she was
a super power in the region and that she could dominate over other countries. This Indian
move was not more than a war fantasy.
11) Khalistan Movement: Pakistan was accused of provoking Sikh militants in the Indian Punjab
and supporting the Khalistan Movement which was supposed to aim at attaining a separate
buffer Sikh state between Pakistan and India. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered to
arrest and murder many Sikh militants after having attacked the Golden Temple of Sikhs at
Amritsar where they were allegedly hiding.
12) Indira Gandhi’s Murder: Taking this Indian army’s move as an insulting and encroaching to
their place of worship, the Sikhs got angry over the Indira’s government. In 1984 the two Sikh
security guards, posted at the Indian Prime Minister’s official residence at New Delhi, shot
dead their own Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at a point-blank range.
13) Rajiv Gandhi blames Pakistan: Rajiv Gandhi succeeded her mother, Indira Gandhi, as the new
prime minister of India. He directly blamed Pakistan for the murder of his mother. This further
worsened the Indo-Pak relations.
14) Zia’s cricket diplomacy: In the year 1987, Pakistan’s President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
flew to India, apparently for watching a cricket match being played between Pakistan and
India. He had a meeting with the Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi and finally succeeded in
dispelling the danger of war between the two countries.
15) Slight improved relations: When Benazir Bhutto came to power in the year 1988, the
relations between the two countries somewhat improved. The two countries agreed to
 withdraw their forces from Siachen and to abstain from attacking each other’s nuclear
positions.
16) Deployment of more Indian troops in Kashmir Valley: After a tough resistance waged by the
Kashmiri freedom fighters in Kashmir in 1990, India deployed more troops
in the valley and the relations between the two countries got strained once again for the next
seven years.
17) Gujral’s visit to Pakistan: India’s Prime Minister, Inder Kumar Gujral visited Pakistan in
1997 and he negotiated with Pakistan’s Prime Minister, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. An era of
understanding and conciliation soon ended after the governments in both the countries were
overthrown one after the other.
18) Vajpayee’s Bus Yatra (Journey): In 1999 India’s Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee came to
Lahore by bus. His visit could not produce good results due to strong protests launched by the
opposition parties in Pakistan.
19) Cargill Issue: The Kashmiri freedom fighters occupied Dras Sector in May 1999. India labelled
these freedom fighters as Pakistani infiltrators. India also claimed that these infiltrators
wanted to capture important Laddakh-Siachen Highway. India drove them out and captured
some area in Pakistan’s territory. After this incident India beefed up more troops in the valley.
every time.
20) Agra Summit
On July 12, 2001, President General Pervez Musharraf went to India for a four-day official visit
to India on the invitation of India’s Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. A summit meeting was
held at Agra on July 14, 2001.
a SAARC Summit: When the Indian Premier Atal Bihari Vajpayee came to
Pakistan to attend the SAARC Summit Conference in the year 2004, he held talks with the
then Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf. Matters of mutual concern were discussed and
an atmosphere of doubts and tension decreased to a large extent. Since then, Indo-Pak
relations experienced many ups and downs.
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Q.4 Give a detailed account of the relations between Pakistan and the P R China.
Ans: Location with w.r.t Pakistan
The border between Pakistan and China is nearly 592 kilo meters long and is situated to the
north east of Pakistan.
2) Pak-Sino Border Pacts A number of agreements took place between 1961 and 1965 in which the
borderline was determined between the two countries. The famous agreement called the Sino-
Pakistan Agreement or the Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement was concluded in 1963 between
Pakistan and China, according to which both countries agreed on the border between them.
3) Pakistan recognizes People’s Republic of China (PRC) Pakistan became the first Muslim one, to
recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) in January 1950 after the latter’s establishment on
1st October 1949. The two Chinese radical leaders, Mao Tsung and Chou Enlai got rid of Chiang Kai
Sheik’s nationalist government in China through a Red Revolution conducted by the Red People’s
Army. Both these leaders established a communist government in China on 1 st October 1949.
4) Pakistan ends relations with Republic of China on Taiwan (RCT)
Chiang Kai Sheik fled to Taiwan (Formosa) and established a state over there as the Republic of China
on Taiwan (RCT). He took this step on the support lent to him by the United States.
Pakistan was among the first countries to end her official diplomatic relations with the Chiang Kai
Sheik’s Republic of China on Taiwan (RCT) and recognized the Mao’s communist People’s Republic of
China (PRC) instead.
5) Two-Chinas Policy
The emergence of the Communist and Nationalist Chinas on the map started a new controversy
throughout the world by the name of the Two-China Policy i.e. PRC and RCT respectively, splitting the
world’s opinion further into two distinct political poles.
6) Pakistan declares PRC as real China
The western countries and their other allies, on the US influence, supported the Chiang Kai Sheik’s
Republic of China on Taiwan (RCT) while some other countries including Pakistan, supporting Mao’s
China, acknowledged the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the one and only China which
represented the majority of the Chinese people.
7) Era of mutual supportive relationship
Since then, both the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Pakistan have placed considerable
importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and mutual supportive relationship between
the two countries.
8) RCT retains UN seat: The menace went to this extent that the Nationalist China {Republic of
China on Taiwan (RCT) under Chiang Kai Sheik} was allowed to retain a seat in the United
Nations for the Chinese people till long after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China
(PRC), despite that the RCT represented only a meagre number of the Chinese population. So, the
real China, under Mao Tsung and Chou Enlai (PRC), was deprived of the UN membership.
9) Pakistan backs PRC: In 1950, Pakistan took a staunch plea in the United Nations that the People’s
Republic of China (PRC) had the international prerogative and legal sanction to represent the
Chinese People in the United Nations.
10) Pakistan remains neutral on Tibet: Pakistan remained neutral on the issue of Tibet in the United
Nations. The Tibetan sovereignty issue refers to two political debates. The first is whether the various
territories within the People's Republic of China (PRC) that are claimed as
political Tibet should separate and become a new sovereign state. Many of the points in the first debate rest
on a second debate, about Tibet to be independent or subordinate to China in certain parts of its recent
history.
11) Vote against China’s UN membership: Pakistan’s foreign policy turned a strange turn in the year
1954 when Pakistan, for the first time, voted against China’s membership of the United Nations,
obviously on American pressure.
12) China observes restraint: On this unfriendly gesture on the part of Pakistan, China observed
complete restraint and patience and didn’t even make a comment or respond negatively to this
sudden move. The Chinese leadership was well aware of this ground reality that Pakistan {being
an active member of the US-sponsored alliances of SEATO (1954) and CENTO (1955)} was not in
the position to take a bold step to go against the US whims.
13) Bandung Conference (1955): In the 1955 Non-Aligned Conference held at Bandung
(Indonesia) Pakistan’s Premier Muhammad Ali Bogra eliminated China’s apprehensions about
Pakistan’s membership of the US-sponsored military pacts of SEATO and CENTO by explaining it to the
then Chinese Prime Minister, Chou Enlai that these alliances were in no way directed against the
People’s Republic of China (PRC). This eased the Pak-China’s escalating tensions and removed all
doubts about Pakistan in the hearts of the Chinese.
14) The 1962 Sino-Indian War: The cause of the war was a dispute over the sovereignty of the widely
separated Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh border regions. Aksai Chin, claimed by India to
belong to Kashmir and by China to be part of Xinjiang, contains an important road link that
connects the Chinese regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. China's construction of this road was one of
the triggers of the conflict. India was badly defeated by the Chinese over the Laddakh border in
1962. Pakistan supported China over the Tibetan issue. Pakistan recognizes the China’s claim over
Tibet and Xinjiang.
15) Pak-Sino air Agreement: First air transport agreement was concluded between Pakistan and
China in the year 1963.
16) Sino diplomatic support on Kashmir: China extended her unconditional diplomatic support to
Pakistan on the Kashmir issue. This Sino stand for Pakistan has never seen any ups and downs.
This China’s unflinching support over the Kashmir issue has won her a friend in the shape of
Pakistan.
17) Pakistan backs China’s UN membership: In response to China’s support on the Kashmir issue,
Pakistan has also lent China a hand of friendship by helping her secure a UN seat in 1972. This
Pakistan’s overture bridged the diplomatic gulf between the two countries which was once
widened in the year 1954 when Pakistan voted against China’s membership of the United
Nations.
18) Sino stance over Indo-Pak wars (1965 &1971): Pakistan gave Pakistan full moral, political,
diplomatic and military support during the 1965 Indo-Pak war. Unfortunately, China could not
continue her support for Pakistan during the 1971 Indo-Pak war because of the mounting political
pressure exerted by the Soviet Union upon China. Soviet Union’s direct support for India in the
1971 Indo-Pak war was no more a secret. Soviet Union prevented China from helping Pakistan.
19) Sino support to war-ravaged Pakistan: China was on her toes to extend her military and
economic help to Pakistan and endeavoured her level best to make up for the massive damages
incurred upon Pakistan by the war.
20) Washington-Islamabad-Beijing Axis: On July 15, 1971, the US President Richard Nixon announced
that he would visit the PRC the following year. This visit was later materialized between 21 and 28
February 1972, winning China a UN seat after 23 years. The United States officially recognized
the People’s Republic of China (PRC), ending a tug-of-war between the two political rivals. This
was how the Washington-Islamabad-Beijing axis was established opening the avenues of
international diplomacy, trade, commerce, industry and agriculture.
Good Luck
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