UNIT NO.

VI

ENVIRONMENTAL
TREATIES &
LEGISLATIONS
Introduction
The main attention in the education on environment are,
Over-population and the ways to check its rapid growth.
Afforestation as a preventive to soil erosion and water pollution.
Methods to prevent air pollution, insisting on smokeless cooking.
Discipline in playing radio and television sets and a ban on use of
loudspeaker.
Elementary knowledge of the scientific and philosophical basis of
man and the environment.
Rules regarding disposal of household waste.
General principles of sanitation.
 Need & Purpose for
Environmental laws &
Legislations
• Destroy of resources due to growing population
• Environmental Pollution & degradation
• Rapid Industrialization
• Raising environmental awareness
• Promoting environmental education
• Climate effect
• Reduce GHG emission
• Monitoring Environmental Performance
• Monitoring Health effect
• Monitoring businesses, companies, the public & industries.
 Environment and Constitution
of India
• Articles 48-A and 51-A. Clause (g)- The Constitution was
amended to introduce direct provisions for protection of
environment. This 42nd Amendment added Article 48-A to the
Directive Principles of State Policy.

• Article 49-A- The Article states “The State shall endeavor to

protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests
and wildlife of the country.”
 Environment and Constitution
of India
• Article 51-A, Clause (g)- Article 51-A (g) which deals with
Fundamental Duties of the citizens states “It shall be the duty of
every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to
have compassion for living creatures.”

• Article 253- Article 253 states that ‘Parliament has power to make
any law for the whole or any part of the country for implementing
any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country.
 Environmental laws in
India
1. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)
2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
(Water Act)
3. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (Air
Act)
4. The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (Forest Act)
5. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (Biodiversity Act)
6. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Wildlife Act)
7. The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
8. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
9. The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995, Amendment,
2010
10. The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
11. The Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
12. The Environment (Siting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999
13. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000
14.The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
15. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment)
Rules, 2010
16. The Ozone-Depleting Substances (Regulation And Control)
Rules, 2000
17. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2018
18. The Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
Major International
Environmental
Agreements
Need of Agreements

• Implementation of the Convention and its protocols will, for many

Parties, reduce health and environmental impacts more
cost-effectively than unilateral action.
• Italso creates economic benefits as harmonized legislation and
standards across borders will introduce a level playing field for
industry across countries and prevent Parties from competing with
each other at the expense of the environment and health.
• Factors that harm human health, affect food security, hinder
economic development, contribute to climate change and degrade
the environment upon which our very livelihoods depend.
• The Convention provides a platform to discuss these
interconnections and takes actions to prevent negative impacts.
 Major International Environmental
Agreements
1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the international
legal instrument for "the conservation of biological diversity, the
sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing
of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources" that
has been ratified (agreement) by 196 nations.

• Its overall objective is to encourage actions, which will lead to a

sustainable future.
 2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological
Diversity is an international agreement on biosafety as a supplement to
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) effective since 2003.

• The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the

potential risks posed by genetically modified organisms resulting from
modern biotechnology.

• The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new

technologies must be based on the precautionary principle and allow
developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits.
 3. Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing

• This protocol is a legal framework for the implementation of one of

the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which is
the fair & equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization
of genetic resources.
• The protocol was adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and entered
into force in October 2014.
• The objective of the protocol is the fair and equitable sharing of
benefits coming from the utilization of genetic resources and
helping in the conservation & sustainable usage of biodiversity.
• The protocol creates obligations for members to incorporate
measures in respect of access to genetic resources, sharing of
benefits, and compliance.
 4. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
• CITES is an international agreement between governments with the objective
of the preservation of the planet’s plants and animals by ensuring that the
international trade in their specimens does not threaten their survival.

• The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a vast array of
wildlife products derived from them, including food products, exotic leather
goods, wooden musical instruments, timber, tourist curios and medicines.

• Levels of exploitation of some animal and plant species are high and the trade
in them, together with other factors, such as habitat loss, is capable of heavily
depleting their populations and even bringing some species close to extinction.
5. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
• The Ramsar Convention is the intergovernmental treaty that provides the
framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their
resources.

• The Ramsar Convention works closely with six other organizations

known as international organization partners (IOPs). These are: Bird
Life International, International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Wetlands
International, World Wide Fund for Nature, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
(WWT).

• These organizations support the work of the convention by providing

expert technical advice, helping implement field studies, and providing
financial support.
 6. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
• The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD),
adopted in 1994, is the sole legally binding international agreement
linking environment and development to sustainable land management.

• The Convention addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid, and dry

sub-humid areas, known as the dry lands, where some of the most
vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found.

• The Convention stresses the important role played by women in regions

affected by desertification and/or drought, particularly in rural areas of
developing countries, and the importance of ensuring men’s and
women’s full participation in efforts to combat desertification and
mitigate the effects of drought.
 7. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

• The treaty's provisions include the international sharing of climate and

atmospheric research to promote knowledge of the effects on the
ozone layer.

• In addition, the treaty calls for the adoption of international agencies to

assess the harmful effects of depleted ozone and the promotion of
policies that regulate the production of harmful substances that
influence the ozone layer.

• One of the outcomes of the Vienna Convention was the creation of a

panel of governmental atmospheric experts known as the Meeting of
Ozone Research Managers, which assesses ozone depletion and climate
change research and produces a report for the Conference of Parties
(COP).
 8. Montreal Protocol

• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is

the landmark multilateral environmental agreement that regulates the
production and consumption of nearly 100 man-made chemicals
referred to as ozone depleting substances (ODS).
• The Montreal Protocol phases down the consumption and production
of the different ODS in a step-wise manner, with different timetables
for developed and developing countries
• Under this treaty, all parties have specific responsibilities related to
the phase out of the different groups of ODS, control of ODS trade,
annual reporting of data, national licensing systems to control ODS
imports and exports, and other matters.
• Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated
responsibilities, but most importantly, both groups of countries have
binding, time-targeted and measurable commitments.
 9. Basel Convention
• The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was adopted in 1989 and it came
into force in 1992.
• The Convention aims to protect human health and the environment
against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, transboundary
movements and management of hazardous wastes and other wastes.
• The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes and other wastes and obliges its Parties to ensure that
such wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound
manner.
• The Convention covers toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable,
ecotoxic and infectious wastes. Parties also have an obligation to
minimize the quantities that are transported, to treat and dispose of wastes
as close as possible to their place of generation and to prevent or minimize
the generation of wastes at source.
 10. Rotterdam Convention
• The Rotterdam Convention is an international treaty designed to facilitate
informed decision-making by countries with regard to trade in hazardous
chemicals.
• It
establishes a list of covered chemicals and requires parties seeking to
export a chemical on that list to first establish that the intended importing
country has consented to the import.
• It
also requires that a party seeking to export a chemical that is not listed
under the Convention but that is subject to a ban or severe restriction in its
own territory must provide notice to the importing country of the proposed
export.
• The convention promotes open exchange of information and calls on
exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labeling, include directions
on safe handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans.
 11. Stockholm Convention
• The Stockholm Convention, which currently regulates 29 Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs), requires parties to adopt a range of
control measures to reduce and, where feasible, eliminate the
release of POPs.
• For intentionally produced POPs, parties must prohibit or restrict
their production and use, subject to certain exemptions. POPs such
as Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin etc.
• Convention require each party to prohibit and/or eliminate the
production and use, as well as the import and export, of the
intentionally produced POPs that are listed.
• Restrict
the production and use, as well as the import and export, of
the intentionally produced POPs that are listed also Reduce or
eliminate releases from unintentionally produced POPs that are
listed.
 12. Minamata Convention on Mercury
• The objective of the Minamata Convention is to protect the human
health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and
releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
• Itcontains, in support of this objective, provisions that relate to the
entire life cycle of mercury, including controls and reductions
across a range of products, processes and industries where mercury
is used, released or emitted.
• The treaty also addresses the direct mining of mercury, its export
and import, its safe storage and its disposal once as waste.
• The Minamata Convention provides controls over a myriad of
products containing mercury, the manufacture, import and export of
which will be altogether prohibited by 2020.
 13. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
• The objectives of this treaty is to stabilizing greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de
Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
• Thetreaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings,
negotiations, and future policy agreements designed to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food
production is not threatened and to enable economic development to
proceed in a sustainable manner.
• The treaty established different responsibilities for three categories of
signatory states. These categories are developed countries, developed
countries with special financial responsibilities, and developing
countries.
 14. Kyoto Protocol

• TheKyoto Protocol was an international agreement that aimed to reduce

carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the presence of greenhouse gases
(GHG) in the atmosphere.
• Theessential tenet of the Kyoto Protocol was that industrialized nations
needed to lessen the amount of their CO2 emissions.
• Developed, industrialized countries made a promise under the Kyoto
Protocol to reduce their annual hydrocarbon emissions by an average of
5.2% by the year 2012. This number would represent about 29% of the
world's total greenhouse gas emissions.
• The Kyoto Protocol recognized that developed countries are principally
responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the
atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity.
 15. Paris Agreement
• The goal of Paris Agreement is to hold “the increase in the global
average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels”
and pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above
pre-industrial levels.”
• TheParis Agreement works on a five-year cycle of increasingly
ambitious climate action carried out by countries.
• Since 2020, countries have been submitting their national climate
action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
• Each successive NDC is meant to reflect an increasingly higher
degree of ambition compared to the previous version.
• TheParis Agreement provides a framework for financial, technical
and capacity building support to those countries who need it.
 Major Indian
Environmental
Legislations
 1.The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
• This Act provides for the protection of a listed species of animals,
birds, and plants, and also for the establishment of a network of
ecologically-important protected areas in the country.

• The Act provides for the formation of wildlife advisory boards,

wildlife wardens, specifies their powers and duties, etc.

• It helped India become a party to the Convention on International

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
• The Act provides the salfor licenses for e, transfer, and possession
of some wildlife species. It provides for the establishment of
wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, etc.

• The National Board for Wildlife was constituted as a statutory

organization under the provisions of this Act.

• This is an advisory board that offers advice to the central

government on issues of wildlife conservation in India.

• It is also the apex body to review and approve all matters related to
wildlife, projects of national parks, sanctuaries, etc.
 2.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

• Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a

comprehensive legislation that regulates agencies responsible for
checking on water pollution and the ambit (scope) of pollution
control boards both at the Centre and States.

• The Act provides for maintenance and restoration of quality of

all types of surface and groundwater.

• It provides for the establishment of Central and State Boards for

pollution control.

• The Act assigns powers and functions to these Boards to control

pollution.
• The Act has provisions for funds, budgets, accounts, and audit
of the Central and State Pollution Control Boards.

• The Act prohibits disposal of any poisonous, noxious or

polluting matter to the flow of water in a stream. However,
dumping of any material into a stream for the purpose of
reclamation of land is not considered an offense.
 3.The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
• The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 (FCA, 1980) is an act by
the Parliament of India which ensures conservation of forest
and its resources.

• The aim of the Forest is to preserve the forest ecosystem of

India by fulfilling the objectives: Protect the forest along with its
flora, fauna and other diverse ecological components while
preserving the integrity and territory of the forests, Arrest the loss
of forest biodiversity & Prevent forest lands being converted into
agricultural, grazing or for any other commercial purposes and
intentions.
• The Act restricts and regulates the power of the State
Government and other authoritative organizations from making
decisions on some issues without taking permission from the
Central Government first.

• An advisory committee may be formed to aid the Central

Government and advise them on matters related to forest
preservation.
 4. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
•The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, or
the Air Act, in short, was a law passed by the Parliament of
India to prevent and control the harmful effects of air
pollution in India.
•This act is seen as the first concrete step taken by the
government of India to combat (fight) air pollution.
•Itsmain objectives are 1) To provide for prevention, control
and abatement of the air pollution. 2) To provide for the
establishment of the boards at the central and state levels
with a view to implementing the Act & 3) To confer on the
Boards the powers and duties to implement the provisions of
the act.
• Thestates should prescribe emission standards for industry and
automobiles after consulting the central board and seeing its
ambient air quality standards.
• It states that the sources of air pollution such as Internal
combustion engine, industry, vehicles, power plants, etc., are not
permitted to release particulate matter, lead, carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
or other toxic substances beyond a predetermined limit.
• It
also empowers the State Government to designate air pollution
areas. They have to prescribe the type of fuel to be used in these
designated areas.
 5.The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• The main aims and objectives of the Environment Protection Act, 1986
are

1) Implementing the decisions made at the United Nations Conference on

Human Environment held in Stockholm.

2) Creation of a government authority to regulate industry that can issue

direct orders including closure orders.

3) Coordinating activities of different agencies that are operating under

the existing laws.

4) Enacting regular laws for the protection of the environment.

5) Imposing punishments and penalties on those who endanger the

environment, safety and health.
• Under the law, it can coordinate and execute nationwide
programmes and plans to further environmental protection.

• It can mandate environmental quality standards, particularly those

concerning the emission or discharge of environmental pollutants.

• There is also in place a specific provision for handling hazardous

substances, which is prohibited unless in compliance with
regulatory requirements.

• The Act empowers any person, apart from authorized government

officers, to file a complaint in a court regarding any contravention
of the provisions of the Act.
 6.The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
• The Act’s main objective is to ensure the conservation of
biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair
usage of its resources in order to prevent overuse or eventual
destruction of biodiversity.

• Regulation of access to biological resources of the country

Conservation and sustainability of biological diversity.

• Protecting the knowledge of local communities regarding

biodiversity.
• Secure sharing of benefits with local people as conservers of
biological resources and holders of knowledge and information
relating to the use of biological resources.

• Protection and rehabilitation of threatened species.

• Involvement of institutions of state governments in the broad

scheme of the implementations of the Biological Diversity Act
through the establishment of dedicated committees.
 7. Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
• These rules were formulated in order to curb the menace of excessive noise
pollution from these sources to create an ambient atmosphere for healthy living.

• The noise pollution rules prohibit the use of loudspeakers at night and provide
provisions for penalties in case permission for the use of such devices is not
sought from a competent authority.

•A person cannot play a loud speaker, public address system, sound producing
instrument, musical instrument or a sound amplifier at night time except in
closed premises like auditorium, conference rooms, community halls or banquet
halls.

• The persons using loudspeakers or public address shall maintain the noise level
and restrain it from exceeding 10 dB (A) above the ambient noise standards for
the area specified or 75 dB (A) whichever is lower.

•A person shall not use the horn in silence zones or during night time in
residential areas except during a public emergency.
 8. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
• The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to
wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.

• Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste into three

streams, Wet (Biodegradable), Dry (Plastic, Paper, metal, wood, etc.) and
domestic hazardous wastes (diapers, napkins, empty containers of cleaning agents,
mosquito repellents, etc.) and handover segregated wastes to authorized rag-pickers
or waste collectors or local bodies.

• No person should throw, burn, or bury the solid waste generated by him, on
streets, open public spaces outside his premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.

• The bio-degradable waste should be processed, treated and disposed of through

composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible.

• All industrial units using fuel and located within 100 km from a solid waste based
RDF plant shall make arrangements within six months.
 9. Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
• Waste Management hierarchy in the sequence of priority of prevention,
minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, co-processing; and safe
disposal has been incorporated.

• The approval process for co-processing of hazardous waste to recover

energy has been streamlined and put on emission norms basis rather than
on trial basis.

• The process of import/export of waste under the Rules has been

streamlined by simplifying the document-based procedure and by
revising the list of waste regulated for import/export.

• The import of metal scrap, paper waste and various categories of

electrical and electronic equipment’s for re-use purpose has been
exempted from the need of obtaining Ministry’s permission.
 10. Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
• The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps,
blood donation camps, surgical camps or any other healthcare activity.

• Phase-out the use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags
within two years

• Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood

samples and blood bags through disinfection or sterilisation on-site in the
manner as prescribed by WHO.

• Provide training to all its health care workers and immunize all health
workers regularly

• Establish a Bar-Code System for bags or containers containing

bio-medical waste for disposal.
 11. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
• Manufacturer, dealer, refurbished and Producer Responsibility Organization
(PRO) have been introduced as additional stakeholders in the rules.

• Department of Industry in State or any other government agency authorized

in this regard by the State Government is to ensure earmarking or allocation
of industrial space

• The transportation of e-waste shall be carried out as per the manifest system

• Liability for damages caused to the environment or third party due to

improper management of e-waste including provision for levying financial
penalty for violation of provisions of the Rules has also been introduced.

• Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee/Council/Corporation) has been

assign the duty to collect and channelized the orphan products to authorized
dismantler or recycler.
 12. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
• The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 aim to: Increase minimum
thickness of plastic carry bags from 40 to 50 microns and stipulate minimum
thickness of 50 micron for plastic sheets also to facilitate collection and
recycle of plastic waste
• Tobring in the responsibilities of producers and generators, both in plastic
waste management system and to introduce collect back system of plastic
waste by the producers/brand owners, as per extended producers
responsibility
• To introduce collection of plastic waste management fee through
pre-registration of the producers, importers of plastic carry bags/multilayered
packaging and vendors selling the same for establishing the waste
management system
• To
promote use of plastic waste for road construction as per Indian Road
Congress guidelines or energy recovery, or waste to oil etc.
 13. Coastal Regulation Zone
• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification was first issued in 1991 by
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) under
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 with the mandate to take measures to
protect and conserve our coastal environment.

• In India, the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules govern human and
industrial activity close to the coastline, in order to protect the fragile
ecosystems near the sea.

• They restrict certain kinds of activities like large constructions, setting up

of new industries, storage or disposal of hazardous material, mining,
reclamation and bunding within a certain distance from the coastline.

• Protection of ecologically Sensitive Areas like mangroves, coral reefs

which act as a shield against tsunami and cyclone.
 14. National Green Tribunal
• It
is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle
environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
• The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down under the
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of
natural justice.
• The Tribunal's dedicated jurisdiction in environmental matters shall
provide speedy environmental justice and help reduce the burden of
litigation in the higher courts.
• The Tribunal is mandated to make and endeavors for disposal of
applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing of the same.
• Initially,
the NGT is proposed to be set up at five places of sittings and
will follow circuit procedure for making itself more accessible.
Major International
organizations and
initiatives
 1.United Nations Environnent Programme (UNEP)
• The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the leading
environmental authority in the United Nations system.
• UNEP uses its expertise to strengthen environmental standards and
practices while helping implement environmental obligations at the
country, regional and global levels.
• UNEP’s mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in
caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations
and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of
future generations.
• UNEP re-organised its work programme into six strategic areas as part of
its move to results based management.
• The selection of six areas of concentration was guided by scientific
evidence, the UNEP mandate and priorities emerging from global and
regional forums.
 2. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

• IUCN works to tackle three of the most important challenges facing the world’s
ocean and polar regions: climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.
Working with governments, business organisations and scientific experts,
IUCN unravels the complexities of global threats, and develops innovative
solutions for the conservation of nature and the sustainable use of natural
resources.

• IUCN supports countries and communities in achieving effective and equitable

protected and conserved areas that yield positive outcomes for society.

• IUCN works to develop best practices and approaches that enable effective
conservation and help sites achieve high standards, while also informing
professional capacity development and influencing national and global policy.

• It works in the domain of sustainable development and also recommends

measures to tackle the depletion of resources.
 3. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
• The Brundtland Commission, formerly the World Commission on
Environment and Development, was a sub-organization of the United
Nations (UN) that aimed to unite countries in pursuit of sustainable
development.
• WCED propose long-term environmental strategies for achieving
sustainable development to the year 2000 and beyond.
• WCED consider ways and means by which the international community
can deal more effectively with environmental concerns, in the light of
the other recommendations in its report;
• WCED to help to define shared perceptions of long-term environmental
issues and of the appropriate efforts needed to deal successfully with the
problems of protecting and enhancing the environment.
 4. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)

• UNESCO’s mission is to contribute to the building of a culture of peace, the

eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue
through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.
• UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations,
cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values.
• Itis through this dialogue that the world can achieve global visions of sustainable
development encompassing observance of human rights, mutual respect and the
alleviation of poverty, all of which are at the heart of UNESCO’s mission and
activities.
• UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas: education,
natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and
information.
•• UNESCO supports research in comparative education, provides expertise and
fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity
of countries to offer quality education for all.
 5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading
international body for assessment of climate change.
• It
is a key source of scientific information and technical guidance to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
and Paris Agreement.
• The IPCC provides governments at all levels with scientific
information they can use to develop climate policies.
• The IPCC does not undertake new research but synthesizes published
and peer-reviewed literature to develop a comprehensive assessment of
scientific understanding, published in IPCC assessment reports.
• TheIPCC’s work is guided by a set of principles and procedures that
govern all the main activities of the organization.
 6. Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
• The MAB programme is an intergovernmental scientific programme that
aims to establish a scientific basis for enhancing the relationship between
people and their environments.

• It combines the natural and social sciences with a view to improving

human livelihoods and safeguarding natural and managed ecosystems

• MAB Develop and strengthen models of sustainable development

through the World Network of Biosphere Reserves

• MAB Support evaluation and high-quality management of biosphere

reserves, strategies and policies for sustainable development

• MAB securely protected areas for conserving biological diversity,

monitoring minimally disturbed ecosystems.
Thank You….