Normalization Oum Saokosal Master's Degree in Information Systems, South Korea 012-252-752 / 010-878-992 [email protected]Normalization > The biggest problem needed to be solved in database is data redundancy. » Why data redundancy is the problem? Because it causes: » Insert Anomaly » Update Anomaly » Delete Anomaly attend ject Tone Lt Sok San Database Master's 012666777 Van Sokhen Database Bachelor's 017678678 Sok San E-Commerce Master's 012666777Normalization (Cont.) > Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability. » Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked each time a query is issued. » Why normalization? The relation derived from the user view or data store will most likely be unnormalized. The problem usually happens when an existing system uses unstructured file, e.g. in MS Excel.Steps of Normalization > First Normal Form (1NF) » Second Normal Form (2NF) > Third Normal Form (3NF) » Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) > Fourth Normal Form (4NF) » Fifth Normal Form (5NF) In practice, 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF are enough for database.First Normal Form (1NF) The official qualifications for 1NF are: Each attribute name must be unique. Each attribute value must be single. Each row must be unique. There is no repeating groups. » Additional: Choose a primary key. » Reminder: A primary key is unique, not null, unchanged. A primary key can be either an attribute or combined attributes.First Normal Form (1NF) (Cont.) » Example ofa table not in INF : Group Me) o) (ol Student Score Group A Intro MongoDB Sok San 18 marks Sao Ry 17 marks Group B Intro MySQL. Chan Tina 19 marks Tith Sophea 16 marks It violates the 1NF because: » Attribute values are not single. » Repeating groups exists.First Normal Form (1NF) (Cont.) » After eliminating: Group Topic Family Name Given Name A Intro MongoDB Sok San A Intro MongoDB Sao Ry B Intro MySQL Chan Tina B Intro MySQL Tith Sophea > Now it is in 1NF. However, it might still violate 2NF and so on.Functional Dependencies We say an attribute, B, has a functional dependency on another attribute, A, if for any two records, which have the same value for A, then the values for B in these two records must be the same. We illustrate this as: ADB (read as: Adetermines Bor B depends on A) ee Seren Sok San POS Mart Sys [email protected] Sao Ry Univ Mgt Sys [email protected] Sok San Web Redesign [email protected] ‘Chan Sokna POS Mart Sys [email protected] Sao Ry DB Design [email protected] employee name > email addressFunctional Dependencies (cont.) | _EmpNum EmpEmail EmpFname EmpLname 123 [email protected] John Doe 456 | [email protected] Peter Smith 555. [email protected] Alan Lee 633 [email protected] Peter Doe 787 [email protected] Alan Lee If EmpNum is the PK then the FDs: EmpNum > EmpEmail, EmpFname, EmpLname must exist.Functional Dependencies (cont.) EmpNum ~> EmpEmail, EmpFname, EmpLname | 3 different ways | you might see _ EmpEmail EmpNum <———+ EmpFname EmpLname | EmpNum EmpEmail | EmpFname EmpLname es eeDeterminant Functional Dependency EmpNum > EmpEmail Attribute on the left hand side is known as the determinant + EmpNum is a determinant of EmpEmailSecond Normal Form (2NF) The official qualifications for 2NF are: |. A table is already in I NF. 2. All nonkey attributes are fully dependent on the primary key. All partial dependencies are removed to place in another table.Example of a table not in 2NF: CourselD Cee ul 17101 201301 25 Database 17101 201302 25 Database 17102 201301 30 Web Prog 17102 201302 35 Web Prog 17103 201401 20 Networking Primary Key The Course Name depends on only CourselD, a part of the primary key not the whole primary {CourselD, SemesterID}.|t’s called partial dependency. Solution: Remove CourselD and Course Name together to create a new table. > 13CourselD fe aay CourselD SemesterID Num Student ITIOL Database ITIOL 201301 25 ITIOL Database ITIOL 201302 25 IT102 Web Prog IT102 201301 30 IT102 Web Prog IT102 201302 35 IT103 Networking IT103 201401 20 Done? Oh no, it is still not in 1NF yet. Remove the repeating groups too. Finally, connect the (ey ees relationship. ITIOI Database IT102 Web Prog p14 IT103 NetworkingThird Normal Form (3NF) The official qualifications for 3NF are: |. A table is already in 2NF. 2. Nonprimary key attributes do not depend on other nonprimary key attributes (i.e. no transitive dependencies) All transitive dependencies are removed to place in another table.Example of a Table not in 3NF: Course Name Teacher Name Teacher Tel Database Sok Piseth 012 123 456 Database Sao Kanha 0977 322 III Web Prog Chan Veasna 012 412 333 Web Prog Chan Veasna 012 412 333 Networking Pou Sambath 077 545 221 | —__|_ ay Primary Key The Teacher Tel is a nonkey attribute, and the Teacher Name is also a nonkey atttribute. But Teacher Tel depends on Teacher Name. It is called transitive dependency. Solution: Remove Teacher Name and Teacher Tel together to create a new table. > 16Done? Sac cranea ie Mace CCcaicl Oh no, it is still not in 1NF yet. Sok Piseth 012 123 456 Remove Repeating row. Sao Kanha 0977 322 III Chan Veasna 012 412 333 i Database Chan Veasna 012 412 333 a) Database T2 Pou Sambath 077 545 221 3 Web Prog T3 Bichon tn Me CC Web Prog 73 5 Networking Sok Piseth 012 123 456 Sao Kanha 0977 322 III Chan Veasna 012 412 333 Pou Sambath 077 545 221 Note about primary key: en Teacher Name Teacher Tel -In theory, you can choose TI Sok Piseth 012 123 456 Teacher Name to be a primary key. +) sao Kanha 0977 322 III -But in practice, you should add Teacher ID as the primary key. embers eles > 17 T4 Pou Sambath 077 545 221Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - 3.5NF The official qualifications for BCNF are: |. A table is already in 3NF. 2. All determinants must be superkeys. All determinants that are not superkeys are removed to place in another table.Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) (Cont.) > Example of a table not in BCNF: Sok DB John Sao DB William. Chan E-Commerce Todd Sok E-Commerce Todd Chan DB William » Key: {Student, Course} » Functional Dependency: » {Student, Course} Teacher » Teacher > Course Problem: Teacher is not a superkey but determines Course. > 19Solution: Decouple a table contains Teacher and Course Sok DB from from original table (Student, Sao DB Course). Finally, connect the new and old table to third table Chan E-Commerce contains Course. Sok E-Commerce Chan be >—_ DB E-Commerce Course DB John DB William E-Commerce ToddForth Normal Form (4NF) The official qualifications for 4NF are: |. A table is already in BCNF. 2. A table contains no multi-valued dependencies. > Multi-valued dependency: MVDs occur when two or more independent multi valued facts about the same attribute occur within the same table. A7>>B _— (Bmulti-valued depends on A)Forth Normal Form (4NF) (Cont.) > Example of a table not in 4NF: Sok IT Football Sok IT Volleyball Sao IT Football Sao Med Football Chan IT NULL Puth NULL Football Tith NULL NULL » Key: {Student, Major, Hobby} » MVD: Student >> Major, Hobby > 22Solution: Decouple to each Student Major table contains MVD. Finally, Sok IT connect each to a third table contains Student. Sao IT Sao Med Chan IT Se Puth NULL Sao Tith NULL Chan cet Sree Pe ci Sok Football Sok Volleyball Sao Football Chan NULL Puth Football Tith NULL > 23Fifth Normal Form (5NF) The official qualifications for 5NF are: |. A table is already in 4NF. 2. The attributes of multi-valued dependencies are related. 24Fifth Normal Form (5NF) (Cont.) > Example of a table not in 5NF: EGIEg Company Sok. MIAF Trading Sao Coca-Cola Corp Sao Coca-Cola Corp Sao Coca-Cola Corp Chan Angkor Brewery Chan Cambodia Brewery Product Zenya Coke Fanta Sprite Angkor Beer Cambodia Beer > Key: {Seller, Company, Product} » MVD: Seller >> Company, Product » Product is related to Company. > 25BS "isc mar trading 1. MIAF Trading Sok Sis Cem Cole Carp Cosas Cary Sao Chan Angkor Brewery eee Sy ah Gen Cambodia Brewery Sores Brewery M EE Company Serres MIAF Trading Zenya Coca-Cola Corp Coke Coca-Cola Corp Fanta Coca-Cola Corp Sprite Sao Sprite Coke ‘Angkor Brewery Angkor Beer Chan Angkor Beer Fanta Cambodia Cambodia Shani Cambodl Sprite Brewery Beer Beer M ‘Angkor Beer 1 Cambodia Beer