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Cheatsheets / Working with Databases
Multiple Tables
Outer Join
An outer join will combine rows from di�erent tables even SELECT column_name(s)
if the join condition is not met. In a LEFT JOIN , every
FROM table1
row in the left table is returned in the result set, and if the
join condition is not met, then NULL values are used to LEFT JOIN table2
�ll in the columns from the right table. ON table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;
WITH Clause
The WITH clause stores the result of a query in a WITH temporary_movies AS (
temporary table ( temporary_movies ) using an alias.
SELECT *
Multiple temporary tables can be de�ned with one
instance of the WITH keyword.
FROM movies
)
SELECT *
FROM temporary_movies
WHERE year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2020;
UNION Clause
The UNION clause is used to combine results that SELECT name
appear from multiple SELECT statements and �lter
FROM first_names
duplicates.
For example, given a first_names table with a column
UNION
name containing rows of data “James” and “Hermione”, SELECT name
and a last_names table with a column name FROM last_names
containing rows of data “James”, “Hermione” and
“Cassidy”, the result of this query would contain three
name s: “Cassidy”, “James”, and “Hermione”.
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CROSS JOIN Clause
The CROSS JOIN clause is used to combine each row SELECT shirts.shirt_color,
from one table with each row from another in the result
pants.pants_color
set. This JOIN is helpful for creating all possible
combinations for the records (rows) in two tables. FROM shirts
The given query will select the shirt_color and CROSS JOIN pants;
pants_color columns from the result set, which will
contain all combinations of combining the rows in the
shirts and pants tables. If there are 3 di�erent shirt
colors in the shirts table and 5 di�erent pants colors in
the pants table then the result set will contain 3 x 5 = 15
rows.
Foreign Key
A foreign key is a reference in one table’s records to the
primary key of another table. To maintain multiple
records for a speci�c row, the use of foreign key plays a
vital role. For instance, to track all the orders of a speci�c
customer, the table order (illustrated at the bottom of
the image) can contain a foreign key.
Primary Key
A primary key column in a SQL table is used to uniquely
identify each record in that table. A primary key cannot
be NULL . In the example, customer_id is the primary
key. The same value cannot re-occur in a primary key
column. Primary keys are often used in JOIN
operations.
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Inner Join
The JOIN clause allows for the return of results from SELECT *
more than one table by joining them together with other
FROM books
results based on common column values speci�ed using
an ON clause. INNER JOIN is the default JOIN JOIN authors
and it will only return results matching the condition ON books.author_id = authors.id;
speci�ed by ON .
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