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Module 11: Expository Writing
Synthesis Writing in Expository Writing
1. Introduction
Synthesis writing is a critical component of expository writing, which focuses on
explaining, clarifying, or informing readers about a topic. Synthesis involves integrating
ideas from multiple sources to construct a coherent narrative or argument (Bean, 2011).
Unlike mere summarization, synthesis requires analyzing relationships between sources,
identifying themes, and presenting a unified perspective (Graff & Birkenstein, 2014).
This essay explores the role of synthesis in expository writing, its processes, challenges,
and applications.
2. The Role of Synthesis in Expository Writing
In expository writing, synthesis enables writers to present complex information
systematically. By combining insights from diverse sources, writers provide readers with
a comprehensive understanding of a topic. For example, a paper on climate change might
synthesize data from scientific studies, policy reports, and economic analyses to explain
its multifaceted impacts (Purdue Online Writing Lab, n.d.). This approach not only
informs but also establishes credibility by demonstrating thorough research (Bean, 2011).
3. Steps to Effective Synthesis Writing
1. Source Evaluation: Critically assess the relevance and reliability of sources (Purdue
Online Writing Lab, n.d.).
2. Theme Identification: Recognize common ideas, contradictions, or gaps across sources
(Graff & Birkenstein, 2014).
3. Integration: Weave sources into a logical structure, using transitions to highlight
connections (Bean, 2011).
4. Analysis: Interpret how sources interact, rather than listing them sequentially (Graff &
Birkenstein, 2014).
5. Challenges and Solutions
A key challenge is maintaining originality while integrating external ideas. Writers may
inadvertently plagiarize or produce disjointed text if sources are poorly synthesized. To
mitigate this, proper paraphrasing and citation are essential (American Psychological
Association [APA], 2010). Additionally, using frameworks like Graff and Birkenstein’s
(2014) “They Say/I Say” model helps balance source material with the writer’s voice.
6. Examples in Academic Contexts
In academia, synthesis is evident in literature reviews, where researchers analyze existing
studies to identify trends or debates. For instance, a student reviewing articles on
renewable energy might synthesize findings to highlight technological advancements and
policy barriers, thereby framing their research question (Bean, 2011).
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Conclusion
Synthesis writing enhances expository writing by fostering depth and clarity. Through careful
source integration and analysis, writers transform fragmented information into meaningful
discourse. Mastering synthesis requires practice in critical thinking and organization, but it
ultimately empowers writers to contribute thoughtfully to their fields.
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Bean, J. C. (2011). Engaging ideas: The professor’s guide to integrating writing, critical
thinking, and active learning in the classroom (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2014). They say/I say: The moves that matter in academic
writing (3rd ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Synthesis. Retrieved
from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_research/research_overview/
synthesizing_sources.html
