Dr. Hesham H.
Aly
Lecture 2 1
CONTENT
• Sinusoidal Oscillator
• RC circuit
• Multivibrators
• Opamp Based
Sinusoidal Oscillators
RC OSCILLATOR
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Phase shift Oscillator
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Phase shift Oscillator
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Phase shift Oscillator
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Phase shift Oscillator
Sinusoidal Oscillators
• Phase shift Oscillator
For three (the minimum) stages RC phase shift Oscillator
𝟏
𝒇𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪 𝟔
For general stages RC phase shift Oscillator
𝟏
𝒇𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪 𝟐𝑵
The gain for the RC phase shift Oscillator has to be
𝐴 = 29 Why? (Exercise)
MULTIVIBRATORS
Multivibrators
Multivibrators
Multivibrators
Implementations
Transistors Opamp Timer IC
Multivibrators using OpAmp
Multivibrators
Astable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator
• At the positive feedback, Opamp acts as comparator
VCC or-VCC
i+=0
i-=0
Multivibrators
• Astable Multivibrator
+
𝑅1
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
= 𝑉𝑜 × 𝛽
𝑅1
𝛽= <1
𝑅1 +𝑅2
1ൗ −𝑡
−
𝑣 = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜 × 𝑠𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶 ∞ − 𝑉𝐶 ∞ − 𝑉𝐶 0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
1ൗ + 𝑅
𝑠𝐶
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 … … 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Astable Multivibrator
• 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑜 = +𝑉𝑐𝑐 , and the capacitor is not charged
then v-=0 at t=0
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 × 𝑅 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 × 𝛽
1 +𝑅2
−𝑡
• 𝑣− = 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 [1 −
−𝑡
𝑒 ]
𝑅𝐶
While the capacitor is charging it reaches to value
equal to 𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐 , after this value the , v- > v+, Vo=-
VCC,, this takes Ti sec
Astable Multivibrator
• After Ti,
𝑅1
𝑣+ = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 × = −𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
−𝑡 −𝑡
−
𝑣 = 𝑉𝐶 𝑡 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 1 + 𝛽 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑡
𝑣− = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 [1 − 1 + 𝛽 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ]
The capacitor will charge till it reaches to −𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 and it takes T1
Hence v+>v- then Vo=VCC
At this point v+=+βVCC and then
−𝑡 −𝑡 −𝑡
v-=V +𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑒 = +𝑉𝐶𝐶 − (𝑉𝐶𝐶 ) 1 + 𝛽 𝑒
C(t)=
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = +𝑉𝐶𝐶 [1 − 1 + 𝛽 𝑒 ],
𝑅𝐶
which again reaches to +βVCC and change Vo to be -VCC
And it takes T2 sec. and then it repeats again
Astable Multivibrator
• Calculations of T1 and T2
• For T1
−𝑇1
−𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − [−𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 ]𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇1
−𝛽 = −1 − (−1 − 𝛽)𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇1
1 − 𝛽 = (1 + β) 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇1 1−𝛽
𝑒 𝑅𝐶 =
1+𝛽
−𝑇1 1−𝛽
= ln
𝑅𝐶 1+𝛽
1+𝛽
𝑇1 = 𝑅𝐶 ln
1−𝛽
Astable Multivibrator
• Calculations of T1 and T2
• For T2
−𝑇2
𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − [𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 ]𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇2
𝛽 = 1 − (1 + 𝛽)𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇2
1 − 𝛽 = (1 + β) 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇2 1−𝛽
𝑒 𝑅𝐶 =
1+𝛽
−𝑇2 1−𝛽
= ln
𝑅𝐶 1+𝛽
1+𝛽
𝑇2 = 𝑅𝐶 ln
1−𝛽
Astable Multivibrator
1+𝛽
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 2𝑅𝐶 ln
1−𝛽
1+𝛽
𝑇𝑡 = 2𝜏 ln
1−𝛽
1
𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑐 =
𝑇𝑡
Symmetric… duty cycle =50%
Astable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator
Multivibrators
Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator
• Before triggering
• Vo= VCC
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
= 𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐
• Capacitor C1 forced to have the potential of the
Diode D1 (which is active ON)
• D2 prevent any positive voltage to affect the circuit
• C2R4 act as differentiator (or HPF)
𝑅4 𝑠𝐶2 𝑅4
𝐸= =
𝑅4 + 1ൗ𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝐶2 𝑅4
2
Monostable Multivibrator
• After triggering
• A square pulse apply on the
differentiator circuit.
• At negative trigger D2 will be OFF
• At comparator terminal v+<v- then Vo=-
VCC
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = −𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
= −𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐
• D1 will be off
Monostable Multivibrator
• After triggering
• C1 will charge from the output of the opamp
𝑡
• 𝑉𝐶1 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − [−𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0.7]𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3
• Till the capacitor voltage reaches to −𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐
• v+ > v-
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
= 𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐
• Capacitor will charge till its voltages reaches
to 0.7= D1 ON,
• D2 ON
Monostable Multivibrator
• After triggering
• Time for the pulse
𝑇𝑝
• -𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0.7 𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3
• Because 𝑉𝐶𝐶 ≫ 0.7
𝑇𝑝
• -𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≈ −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3
𝑇𝑝
• 𝛽 ≈ 1 + −1 𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3
1
• 𝑇𝑝 ≅ 𝐶1 𝑅3 ln
1−𝛽
Multivibrators
Bistable Multivibrator
Bistable Multivibrator
• Bistable Multivibrator is called
Schmitt Trigger circuit.
• It is used as memory and sometimes
called flipflops
• It converts any signal (with proper
amplitude) to square wave
Bistable Multivibrator
• Inverting Schmitt trigger
𝑅1
𝑣 + = 𝑉𝑜 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
= 𝑉𝑜 × 𝛽 = 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶
• Input are rise at the inverting terminal till it
reaches to Vth= 𝑣 + . Therefore input signal
need to has amplitude more than 𝑣 +
• After that Vo will change to - 𝑉𝐶𝐶 but the input
still rising
• When the input decreases, the output will not
change till it reaches to -𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶
Bistable Multivibrator
Bistable Multivibrator
• Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
• At the noninverting terminal
• The critical point is when the previous
equation equal to zero (the value of
the inverting terminal
Bistable Multivibrator
• Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
• 0 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑅+𝑅
2
+ 𝑉𝑜 1
𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
1 2 1 2
• 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑅2
1
REFERENCE
• Sedra, Adel S., et al. Microelectronic circuits. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2016.
