University of Global Village (UGV), Barishal
Course Name: Internet working and web design
Course Teacher: Sohag Mollik & Short Tag: SM
Protocol and Standard in Computer Networks:
Protocols and standards are important in computer networks. They are like the rules
and guidelines that allow different devices and systems to communicate and work
together smoothly. Protocols define how data is sent, received, and processed,
while standards ensure that various technologies are compatible with each other.
This coordination is critical for the Internet and other networks to function
constantly and efficiently.
What is Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that determines how data is sent and received over a
network. The protocol is just like a language that computers use to talk to each
other, ensuring they understand and can respond to each other’s messages
correctly. Protocols help make sure that data moves smoothly and securely between
devices on a network.
To make communication successful between devices, some rules and procedures
should be agreed upon at the sending and receiving ends of the system. Such rules
and procedures are called Protocols. Different types of protocols are used for
different types of communication.
Key Elements of Protocol
Syntax: Syntax refers to the structure or the format of the data that gets exchanged
between the devices. Syntax of the message includes the type of data, composition
of the message, and sequencing of the message.
Semantics: Semantics defines data transmitted between devices. It provides rules
and norms for understanding message or data element values and actions.
Timing: Timing refers to the synchronization and coordination between devices
while transferring the data. Timing ensures at what time data should be sent and
how fast data can be sent. For example, If a sender sends 100 Mbps but the receiver
can only handle 1 Mbps, the receiver will overflow and lose data.
Sequence Control: Sequence control ensures the proper ordering of data packets.
Flow Control: Flow control regulates device data delivery. It limits the sender’s
data or asks the receiver if it’s ready for more. Flow control prevents data
congestion and loss.
Error Control: Error control mechanisms detect and fix data transmission faults.
Security: Network security protects data confidentiality, integrity, and
authenticity.
Different types of protocol:
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) − TCP/IP is
the most commonly used protocol and standard in computer networks. It is
responsible for ensuring reliable data transmission over the internet by
breaking down data into smaller packets that can be sent across different
network devices.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) − HTTP is a standard protocol used
for transmitting web pages and other content on the World Wide Web. It
defines how web clients such as browsers communicate with servers to
retrieve information.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) − FTP is another protocol used to transfer files
between devices on a network. It provides a simple way of sending and
receiving files, making it an essential tool for businesses that need to transfer
large amounts of data.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) − SMTP is a standard protocol used
for sending email messages between different email clients and servers on the
internet.
• Domain Name System (DNS) − DNS is a set of protocols that translates
human-readable domain names into IP addresses used by computers to locate
websites and other resources on the internet.
What is Standards?
Standards are the set of rules for data communication that are needed for the
exchange of information among devices. It is important to follow Standards which
are created by various Standard Organizations like IEEE, ISO, ANSI, etc.
Types of Standards
De Facto Standard: The meaning of the work ” De Facto ” is ” By Fact ” or “By
Convention”.These are the standards that have not been approved by any
Organization but have been adopted as Standards because of their widespread use.
Also, sometimes these standards are often established by Manufacturers.
For example : Apple and Google are two companies that established their own
rules for their products which are different. Also, they use some same standard
rules for manufacturing their products.
De Jure Standard: The meaning of the word “De Jure” is “By Law” or
“By Regulations”.Thus, these are the standards that have been approved by
officially recognized bodies like ANSI, ISO, IEEE, etc. These are the standards
that are important to follow if it is required or needed.
For example : All the data communication standard protocols like SMTP, TCP,
IP, UDP etc. are important to follow the same when we need them.
