IOT

INTERNET OF THINGS
 Introduction

• The modern-day advent of network-connected devices, has given rise to the paradigm of the IoT.

• Each second, the present-day Internet allows massive traffic through it.

• This network traffic consists of images, videos, music, speech, text, numbers, binary codes,

machine status, banking messages, data from sensors and actuators, healthcare data, data from

vehicles, home automation system status and control messages, military communications etc.

• This huge variety of data is generated from a massive no. of connected devices, which may be

directly connected to the Internet or connected through gateway devices.

• According to statistics from the Information Handling Services the total number of connected

devices globally is estimated to be around 25 billion.

 Introduction

• The miniaturization of electronics and the cheap affordability of technology is resulting in a surge of

connected devices, which in turn is leading to an explosion of traffic flowing through the Internet.

Year No. of connected devices

1990 0.3 million
1999 90 million
2010 5 billion
2013 9 billion
2025 1 trillion

Source: HP
 Introduction

• The three characteristic features anytime,

anywhere, and anything highlight the

robustness and dynamic nature of IoT.

• IoT is an anytime, anywhere, and anything

network of Internet-connected physical

devices systems capable of sensing an

environment and affecting the sensed

environment intelligently.
 The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the IoT market

Source: International Data Corporation

The IoT market share across various industries

Source: International Data Corporation

 Evolution of IoT

Image Source: Nokia Insight

 Evolution of IoT

Image Source: Nokia Insight

 Evolution of IoT

Smart dust is a system of many tiny microelectromechanical systems such as sensors,

robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration,
1991

1974
The sequence of technological developments leading to the shaping of the modern- day IoT

• ATM: Financial transactions

• Web: Global information sharing and communication platform
• Smart Meters: communicating remotely with the power grid, Remote monitoring of power usage
• Digital Locks: locking and unlocking doors, changing key codes
• Connected Healthcare: devices connect to hospitals, doctors, and relatives
•

magnetism, or chemicals
Connected Vehicles: self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system failures
• Smart Cities: implementation of smart sensing, monitoring, and actuation systems
• Smart Dust: microscopic computers
• Smart Factories: monitor plant processes, assembly lines, distribution lines, etc., all on their own
• UAV: Agriculture, surveys, surveillance, deliveries, stock maintenance, asset management
 Technological interdependencies of IoT with other domains

• M2M: System of connected machines and devices, which

can talk amongst themselves without human intervention.
• E.g: Stocks, health, power status

• CPS: Cyber physical system implies a closed loop control,

from sensing, processing, and actuation using a feedback
mechanism, Humans have a simple supervisory role in
CPS-based systems

• IoE: Internet of Environment concerned with minimizing and

reversing the ill-effects of Internet-based technologies on the
environment.
E.g. Smart and sustainable farming, sustainable and energy-efficient
habitats, enhancing the energy efficiency of systems and processes
 Technological interdependencies of IoT with other domains

• Industry 4.0: 4th industrial revolution: digitization in the

manufacturing industry

• E.g: Smart factories: M2M

• Better resource and workforce management, optimization of

production time and resources, and better upkeep and lifetimes

of industrial systems.

• IoP: Decentralization of online social interactions, payments, transactions, and

other tasks while maintaining confidentiality and privacy of its user’s data.

• E.g: Bitcoin
 IoT versus M2M
M2M IoT

M2M is about direct communication between IOT is about Sensors, Automation & Internet
Machines Platform

Supports Point to Point communication Supports cloud communication

Devices do not necessarily rely on internet

Devices rely on Internet connection
connection

Device can be connected through mobile / other

Data delivery depends on the IP network
network

More scalable / Capable of connecting billions of

Limited Scalability / Scope
devices.

E.g. Smart wearables, smart cities, smart cars,

E.g. Sensors and data information
smart homes
 IoT versus CPS
CPS IoT

CPS consists of a collection of computing devices

that communicate with each other and interact with IoT is a networked world of interconnected
the physical world via sensors and actuators in a devices, objects, and people.
feedback loop.

Focus on how these physical objects can be

Focus on how physical systems can be controlled
connected to the internet to do something
and monitored using the cyber space.
meaningful.

CPS are smart embedded systems that integrate

IoT is purely automation (without no Human
sensor networks with embedded computing to
Intervention)
monitor the physical environment.

CPS integrate actuators & sensors with networking Scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting
technologies, work in the feedback loop using things; it allows things to communicate and
human intervention, their behaviour could be exchange data, which can be analysed and
changed based on user’s requirements. processes further into meaningful information.
 IoT versus WoT
WoT IoT

Enables access and control over IoT resources IoT is a networked world of interconnected
and applications devices, objects, and people

It is a software layer to connect everything to the It is a hardware layer to connect everything to the
web using standard web protocols internet

Deals with sensors, actuators computation &

Deals with protocols and web servers
communication interfaces.

WoT makes it easy by using single protocol for

Different protocol for each & every IoT devices
multiple IoT devices

WoT Programming is easier Hard to program due to multiple protocols

IoT standards and protocol are not public.

Can be accessed anywhere, anytime
Privately funded & are not publicly accessible.
Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of
Technologies

IoT is a paradigm built upon complex interdependencies of

technologies (both legacy and modern)

the IoT paradigm is divided into four planes:

1. Services
2. Local connectivity
3. Global connectivity
4. Processing

1. Service Plane the services offered fall under the control and
purview of service providers. The service plane is composed of two
parts:
1) Things or Devices
2) Low-power connectivity.
Example:
• Any IoT application requires the basic setup of sensing, processing
and a low-power, low-range network,(devices in these networks have
low energy consumption and covers short distance) built upon the
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol(standard aims to provide a wireless personal
area network (WPAN) for data transmission over relatively short
distances.)

• Things: Wearables, computers, smartphones, household appliances,

smart glasses, factory, machinery, vending machines, vehicles,
UAVs, robots etc.

• LPC: Responsible for connecting the things in local implementation,

may be legacy protocols such as WiFi, Ethernet, or cellular.

• Modern Day Technologies: are mainly wireless and programmable

E.g. Zigbee, RFID, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, LoRA, DASH, Insteon, and
others
Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies

• They are responsible for the connectivity between the

things of the IoT and the nearest hub or gateway to
access the Internet.
Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies

2. Local Connectivity: is responsible for distributing

Internet access to multiple local IoT deployments.

• Distribution may be on the basis of;

• Physical placement of the things,
• Application domains
• Service providers.

• Services such as address management, device

management, security, sleep scheduling, etc, fall
within the scope of this plane.
The Local Connectivity Plane is responsible for:
1. Distributing Internet access to multiple local IoT deployments
2. Managing devices and networks based on:
- Physical placement (e.g., location, floor, room)
- Application domains (e.g., smart home, industrial automation)
- Service providers (e.g., different providers for different devices or applications)
3. Providing various services, including:
- Address management (e.g., assigning IP addresses)
- Device management (e.g., configuration, monitoring)
- Security (e.g., authentication, encryption)
- Sleep scheduling (e.g., managing device power consumption)
 Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies
2. Local Connectivity

E.g.: Smart Home Environment

• Smart home environment have local IoT

implementations, which have various things
connected to the network via low-power, low-range
connectivity technologies.
• The traffic from these devices merges into a single
router or a gateway.
• The total traffic from these devices leaves through a
single gateway or router, which may be assigned a
single global IP address (for the whole house).
• This helps in the significant conservation of already
limited global IP addresses. ( IoT Mgmt.)

The modern-day “edge computing” paradigm is deployed in conjunction with these first two
planes: services and local connectivity
Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies

3. Global Connectivity

• Enables IoT in the real sense by allowing for worldwide

implementations and connectivity between things, users,

controllers and applications.

• It decides how and when to store data, when to process it,

when to forward it, and in which form to forward it.

• The Web, data-centers, remote servers, Cloud, etc, make

up this plane.

• The paradigm of “fog computing” lies between the planes

of local connectivity and global connectivity.

Fog computing is a decentralized computing infrastructure in which data, compute,
storage and applications are located somewhere between the data source and the
cloud.
Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies

4. Processing

• Basic IoT networking framework.

• The continuous rise in the use of IoT in various application

areas such as industries, transportation, healthcare, etc., is

the result of this plane.

• This plane is termed as IoT tools, as they wring-out useful

and human-readable information from all the raw data that

various IoT devices.

Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies

4. Processing
The sub-domains of this plane;

• Intelligence

• Conversion (Data and Format conversion, Data cleaning)

• Learning (Making sense of temporal and spatial data patterns)

• Cognition (Recognizing patterns and mapping it to known patterns)

• Algorithms (Control and monitoring algorithms)

• Visualization (rendering in the form of trends, graphs, charts, etc.)

• Analysis (Estimating the usefulness of the generated information,

estimating future trends based on past and present patterns of

information obtained)
 IoT Networking Components

An IoT implementation is composed of several components, may vary with their application domains.

The broad categories of IoT networking components.

1. IoT node

2. IoT router

3. IoT LAN

4. IoT WAN

5. IoT gateway

6. IoT proxy.
A typical IoT network ecosystem highlighting the various networking components from IoT nodes to the Internet
 IoT Networking Components
Various IoT nodes within an IoT LAN are configured to one another as well as talk to the IoT router whenever they are in

the range of it.

• The devices have locally unique (LU-x) device identifiers.

• These identifiers are unique only within a LAN.

• These identifiers may be repeated in a new LAN.

• Each IoT LAN has its own unique identifier, which is denoted by IoT LAN-x.
Figure

• A router acts as a connecting link between LAN by forwarding messages from the LAN to the IoT gateway or

the IoT proxy.

• The proxy is an application layer device.

• It is possible to include features such as firewalls, packet filters, and other security measures besides the

regular routing operations.

• Various gateways connect to an IoT WAN, which links these devices to the Internet.

• The gateway or the proxy may directly connect to the Internet.

• This network may be wired or wireless; however, IoT deployments heavily rely on wireless solutions.

• Wireless technology is the only feasible and neat-enough solution to avoid the hassles of laying wires and

dealing with the restricted mobility

 IoT Networking Components

IoT Node

• These are the networking devices (made up of a sensor, a processor, and a radio).

• These devices communicates with the network infrastructure (either within the LAN or outside it).

• The nodes may be connected to other nodes inside a LAN directly or by means of a common

gateway for that LAN.

• Connections outside the LAN are through gateways and proxies.

 IoT Networking Components

IoT Router

• An IoT router is a networking equipment.

• Purpose: Routing of packets between various entities in the IoT network.

• It keeps the traffic flowing correctly within the network.

• A router can be used as a gateway by enhancing its functionalities.

 IoT Networking Components

IoT LAN

• The LAN enables local connectivity within the purview of a single gateway.

• Typically, they consist of short-range connectivity technologies.

• IoT LANs may or may not be connected to the Internet.

• Generally, they are localized within a building or an organization.

 IoT Networking Components

IoT WAN

• The WAN connects various network segments such as LANs.

• They are typically organizationally and geographically wide, with their operational range lies

between a few KM to hundreds of KMS.

• IoT WANs connect to the Internet and enable Internet access to the segments (LAN)
 IoT Networking Components

IoT Gateway

• An IoT gateway is a router connecting the IoT LAN to a WAN or the Internet.

• Gateways can implement several LANs and WANs.

• Their primary task is to forward packets between LANs and WANs, and the IP layer using

only layer 3.
 IoT Networking Components

IoT Proxy

• Proxies actively lies on the application layer.

• Proxies performs application layer functions between IoT nodes and other entities.

• Application layer proxies are a means of providing security to the network entities under it.

• It helps to extend the addressing range of its network.

Addressing Strategies in IoT
Address format of IPv6, which is 128 bits long
• The first three blocks are designated as the global prefix, which is globally
unique.
• The next block is designated as the subnet prefix, which identifies the subnet of
an interface/gateway through which LANs may be connected to the Internet.
• Finally, the last four blocks (64 bits) of hexadecimal addresses are collectively
known as the interface identifier (IID). IIDs may be generated based on MAC
(media access control) identifiers of devices/nodes or using pseudo-random
number generator algorithms
The IPv6 addresses can be divided into seven separate address types, which is
generally based on how these addresses are used or where they are deployed.

1. Global Unicast (GUA): These addresses are assigned to single IoT entities/
interfaces; they enable the entities to transmit traffic to and from the Internet.
In regular IoT deployments, these addresses are assigned to gateways, proxies,
or WANs.
2. Multicast: These addresses enable transmission of messages from a single
networked entity to multiple destination entities simultaneously.
3. Link Local (LL): The operational domain of these addresses are valid only
within a network segment such as LAN. These addresses may be repeated in
other network segments/LANs, but are unique within that single network
segment.
4. Unique Local (ULA): Similar to LL addresses, ULA cannot be routed over
the Internet. These addresses may be repeated in other network
segments/LANs, but are unique within that single network segment.
5. Loopback: It is also known as the localhost address. Typically, these
addresses are used by developers and network testers for diagnostics and
system checks.
6. Unspecified: Here, all the bits in the IPv6 address are set to zero and the
destination address is not specified.
7. Solicited-node Multicast: It is a multicast address based on the IPv6 address
of an IoT node or entity.
 Address Management classes
The addressing strategies in IoT may be broadly differentiated into seven classes
(i) Class 1: The IoT nodes are not connected to any other interface or the Internet except with themselves. This
class can be considered as an isolated class, where the communication between IoT nodes is restricted within a
LAN only. The IoT nodes in this class are identified only by their link local (LL) addresses, as shown in Figure
4.11(a). These LL addresses may be repeated for other devices outside the purview of this network class. The
communication among the nodes may be direct or through other nodes (as in a mesh configuration).
(i) Class 2: The class 1 configuration is mainly utilized for enabling communication between two or more IoT
LANs or WANs. The IoT nodes within the LANs cannot directly communicate to nodes in the other LANs
using their LL addresses, but through their LAN gateways (which have a unique address assigned to them).
Generally, ULA is used for addressing; however, in certain scenarios, GUA may also be used. Figure 4.11(b)
shows a class 2 IoT network topology. L1–L5 are the LL addresses of the locally unique IoT nodes within the
LAN; whereas U1 and U2 are the unique addresses of the two gateways extending communication to their
LANs with the WAN. The WAN may or may not connect to the Internet.
(iii) Class 3: Figure 4.11(c) shows a class 3 IoT network configuration, where the IoT LAN is
connected to an IoT proxy. The proxy performs a host of functions ranging from address
allocation, address management to providing security to the network underneath it. In this class,
the IoT proxy only uses ULA (denoted as Lx-Ux in the figure).
(iv) Class 4: In this class, the IoT proxy acts as a gateway between the LAN and the Internet, and provides GUA to the IoT nodes
within the LAN. A globally unique prefix is allotted to this gateway, which it uses with the individual device identifiers to extend
global Internet connectivity to the IoT nodes themselves. This configuration is shown in Figure 4.11(d). An important point to note
in this class is that the gateway also enables local communication between the nodes without the need for the packets to be routed
through the Internet. Additionally, the IoT nodes within the gateway can talk to one another directly without always involving the
gateway. A proxy beyond the gateway enables global communication through the Internet.
(v) Class 5: This class is functionally similar to class 4. However, the main difference with class 4
is that this class follows a star topology with the gateway as the center of the star. All the
communication from the IoT nodes under the gateway has to go through the gateway, as shown
in Figure 4.11(e). A proxy beyond the gateway enables global communication through the
Internet. The IoT nodes within a gateway’s operational purview have the same GUA.
(vi) Class 6: The configuration of this class is again similar to class 5. However, the IoT nodes are
all assigned unique global addresses (GUA), which enables a point-to-point communication
network with an Internet gateway. A class 6 IoT network configuration is shown in Figure 4.11(f).
Typically, this class is very selectively used for special purposes.
(vii) Class 7: The class 7 configuration is shown in Figure 4.11(g). Multiple gateways may be
present; the configuration is such that the nodes should be reachable through any of the
gateways. Typically, organizational IoT deployments follow this class of configuration. The
concept of multihoming is important and inherent to this class.
 Addressing during node mobility
The need for addressing of mobile nodes is extremely crucial to avoid address clashes of
addresses accommodating a large number of IoT nodes. One of the following three strategies
may be to for ensure portability of addresses in the event of node mobility in IoT deployments
(i) Global Prefix Changes: Figure 4.12(a) abstracts the addressing strategy using global prefix
changes. A node from the left LAN moves to the LAN on the right. The node undergoing
movement is highlighted in the figure. The nodes in the first LAN have the prefix A, which
changes to B under the domain of the new gateway overseeing the operation of nodes in the
new LAN.
(ii) Prefix Changes within WANs: Figure 4.12(b) abstracts the addressing strategy
for prefix changes within WANs. In case the WAN changes its global prefix, the
network entities underneath it must be resilient to change and function
normally. The address allocation is hence delegated to entities such as gateways
and proxies, which make use of ULAs to manage the network within the WAN.
(iii) Remote Anchoring: abstracts the addressing strategy using a remote
anchoring point. This is applicable in certain cases which require that the IoT
node’s global addresses are maintained and not affected by its mobility or even
the change in network prefixes. Although a bit expensive to implement, this
strategy of having a remote anchoring point from which the IoT nodes obtain their
global addresses through tunneling ensures that the nodes are resilient to
changes and are quite stable. Even if the node’s original network’s (LAN) prefix
changes from A to B, the node’s global address remains immune to this change.

Tunneling in networking is a technique

that allows data to be transmitted across
a public network while appearing to be
intended for a private network