Bahir Dar Institute of Technology Engineering Mechanics-| (Statics) (CEng 2061) CHAPTER-2-FORCE SYSTEMS By: “Abebaw M. (MSc.) Aug 2024Contents > Introduction »Coplanar Force Systems (2D) v Resolution of forces v Moment and couple v Force-couple system v Resultants »Non-coplanar Force Systems (3D) v Resolution of forces v Moment and couple v Force-couple system v Resultants Oo __ > EEEIntroduction = A force has been defined as the action of one body on another = Itis a vector quantity and its SI unit is Newton (1 N = 1 kgm/s?). = The action of force on a body can be classified into two effects (external and internal). v Causes body Y Causes body to deform or break Q BT FCWRECont... = Since the course deals essentially with the mechanics of rigid bodies, we will treat almost all forces as sliding vectors for the rigid body on which they act. = When only the resultant external effects of a force are to be investigated, the force may be treated as a sliding vector, and it is necessary and sufficient to specify — the magnitude ~ direction and — line of action of the forcePrinciple of Transmissibility = It states that a force may be applied at any point on its given line of action without altering the resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it acts. = For example: — the force P acting on the rigid plate may be applied at A or at B or at any other point on its line of action, and the net external effect of P on the bracket will not change. = The external effects are the force exerted on the plate by the bearing support at O and the force on the plate by the roller support at CForce Classification » Based on Interactions A. Contact forces ¥ generated through direct physical contact between two bodies Examples: * applied force * friction force and + normal force Applied force ae Friction force B. Body (non-contact) forces ¥ those applied by remote action, such as Normal force * gravitational and + magnetic forces w uu ® "om Magnetic force Electric force Gravitational force oor .>Based on Application A. Concentrated forces v When the dimensions of the finite area over which the force is applied is very small compared with the other dimensions of the body, the force is considered to be concentrated at a point with negligible loss of accuracy. B. Distributed forces ~ Force can be distributed over ¥ an area, as in the case of mechanical contact Y over a volume when a body force such as weight is acting ¥ over a line as in the case of the weight of a suspended cable > Based on Positioning A. Coplanar (2D) forces ¥ when the line of action of all the forces acting on the body is in the same plane. B. Non-coplanar (3D) forces ¥ when the line of action of all the forces acting on the body does not lie in the same plane. oo 2 |; EeeCoplanar Force Systems (2D) = Coplanar forces — are forces which act on the same plane = Depending on their arrangement on the plane too, coplanar forces can further be divided as: a) Coplanar collinear forces — are coplanar forces acting on the same line collinear. b) Coplanar parallel forces — Are forces which are on the same plane and parallel c) Coplanar concurrent forces — Are forces on the same plane whose lines of action intersect at a single point. d) Coplanar non-concurrent, non-parallel forces = are coplanar and the line of action of all the forces are neither parallel nor concurrent. oo _ : EEECont... y F, arc > xX Za) Coplanar Collinear forces z y Eek ae ¢) lanar non-parallel 2b) Coplanar parallel forces z el Coolena npr OrResolution of Forces = The most common two-dimensional resolution of a force vector is into rectangular components. F= F, + Fy — Where F, and Fy are vector components of F in the x- and y-directions. = Each of the two vector components may be written as scalar times the appropriate unit vector. F=Fit+ 8, j — Where the scalars F, and Fy are the x and y scalar components of the vector F. = The scalar components F, and F, may in general be positive or negative, depending on the quadrant into which F points.Components and Projections of Force = Components of a force are not necessarily equal to the projections of the force unless the axes on which the forces are projected are orthogonal. a) Components of a force — their sum should give the force — F, and F, are components of R. R=F,+F, b) Projections of a force — is the shadow of a force on axes ~ F, and F, are perpendicular projections on axes a and b, respectively. Dion — R#F, + Fp unless a and b are perpendicular to each other. 7 b Fy — a SP) Dot Product Grae + =Eng 27" ° Fy=F.np / eae a The projection Where, is the “shadow’ + tq & Mp are unit vectors along axes a & b, respectively ‘Br rT) FCWREDetermining the Components of a Force = Dimensions are not always given in horizontal and vertical directions, angles need not be measured counterclockwise from the x-axis and the origin of coordinates need not be on the line of action of a force. " It is essential that we be able to determine the correct components of a force no matter how the axes are oriented or how the angles are measured. Fos £ Fsin £Addition of Force Vectors using Rectangular Components = Rectangular components are convenient for finding the sum or resultant R of two forces F, and F, which are concurrent at a point O. R=F, + Fy = (Fit Fj) + Pei + Foi) or Rit Ri =F, + Fei + @, + Fei then R, = Fy, + Fo, = =F, R, = Fi, + Fo, = 2F, —--«x i R= / (Re+ Ry)Example 1 1) The forces F,, F2 and F;, all of which act on a point A of the bracket, are specified in three different ways. Determine the x and y scalar components of the three forces. Also, determine the sum, S, of the three force vectors. (Ans. S = 449.7i — 72. 3j N (Vector form) [S| = 455.5 (magnitude)Solution Given — Fy, = Fycosa = (600cos35° ) N -~F,=600N Y > Fi, = 491.5.N (Ans.) — F, =500N ~ Fyy = Fysina = (600sin35° ) N ~F,=800n | = F1y = 344.N (Ans,) b ii, Scalar components of Fz Required F, =500N — F, and f, scalar components of F,, F, and F, — Sum S of the force vectors “Scalar components . a — Fry = —Fycos| (500 x i. _ Scalar components of Fy ee = | - Fy =F,sinB = (500 x (gen) N = Fry = 300 N (Ans.)Cont. iii, Scalar components of F3 — F3, = F;cos6 = (800cos63.4° ) N > Fs, = 358.2.N (Ans.) - Fay = —F;sin@ = —(800sin63.4° ) N = Fay = —715.3 N (Ans.) > ar “Sum S of the force vectors - $=S1+S,) S_= DR = Fix + Fox + Fax = S, = 491.5 — 400 + 358.2 = 449.7N Sy = DK, = Fy + Fy + Fay = Sy = 344 + 300 — 716.3 = —72.3N Then, = 5 = 449.7i — 72.3j N (Vector form) + IIsil= fesse + (5) = (449.7)? + ©72.3)? = 455.5N = ||S|| = 455.5 (magnitude)Alternate Solution = Using unit vectors along the line of ii. Scalar components of Fz action of each force - F,=Fom = Scalar components i. Scalar components of Fy ~ Fy=Fymy > n, = -0.8i + 0.6j and F, = 500N. j Then, But 1 = Tamas Coo ee F, = 500(-0.8i + 0.6f )N > ny = cos35° + sin35°% = F, = (—400i + 300j N = Ny = 0.8191 + 0.574j P= ( i + 300} ). and F, = 600 N. Hence, Then, F, = —400 N & Fy = 300N F, = 600(0.819i + 0.574j )N =F, = (491i + 344) )N Hence, F,x = 491 N & F,y = 344.N On rl |: EEEiii. Scalar components of F3 VoaF+Coay = ng = 0.4471 — 0.8944 and F, = 800 N. Then, F = 800(0.447i — 0.894j )N = F, = (358i — 716 )N Hence, F,, = 358 N & F,, = -716N 3 2 ——— eee, ::: eee RE OCC Cont. Sum S of the force vectors ww - S=S5,14+5j Se = Dy = Fux + Fax + Fax = S, = 491 — 400 + 358 = 449 Sy = LB, = Fy + Fry + Fay = S, = 344 + 300-716 = —72N Then, = S$ = 449i — 72j N (Vector form) = Isl = J? +(s,)° = (449)? + C72)? = 455.5N = ||S|| = 455 N (magnitude)Example 2 (2/25) 2. The guy cables AB and AC are attached to the top of the transmission tower. The tension in cable AC is 8 KN. Determine the required tension T in cable AB such that the net effect of the two cable tensions is a downward force at point A. Determine the magnitude R of this downward force. (Ans. T = 5.68 KN, R = 10.21 kN) 50 m + 40 m +} Se ee aSolution Given A = Tac = 8KN Tap = T, — R (resultant) is vertically downward Required Jac = 8 kN — T =? (tension along AB) — R=? (magnitude of resultant) Solution D — Since the angle between AB and AC is Se eee epg different from 90°, T,z and Tyc are non- between AB and AC. rectangular components of R. = @=tan™ (3) =51.3° — Hence, we have to use parallelogram law of vector addition to find R. — Take AABD, B = 180° — (a + 8) = 180° — 85° @+0=513+337=85 #90 =p =95° or > EeR _ Tac sing sina Re agains = R = SAMS" = 10.21 KN sin5i.3 Tac + R= 10.21 KN (Ans.) = From sine law Tag _ Tac sind sina Tas = et sins.3" T = 5.68 KN (Ans.) or ee : EeExample 3 (2/19) 3. Determine the components of the 800-Ib force, F along the oblique axes a and b. Also, determine the projections of onto the a- and b-axes. (Ans. Components: F, =1093 Ib, Fy = 980 Ib and Projections: ProjaF = 400 Ib, ProjpF = 207 Ib)Solution Given — F =8001b Required i. Components F, and F, ii, Projections Proj,F and Proj,F Solution = First let's determine the angle between axes, a and b. — 6 = 180° — (60° + 45°) — Now, 60° + 6 = 60° + 75° = 135° + 90° Components F, and F), — Since the angle between a and b is different from 90°, F, and F, are non- rectangular components of F. ~ Hence, we have to use parallelogram law of vector addition to find R. F = 800 lb be = From sine law ~ Sings? — Snags 2 + Fqa= 1092.8 lb (Ans.) Fp F__, p — Fsin6o" _ s00lbxsin6o* Sine” Sinass “@ ~ “Sina ‘sina +: Fy= 979.8 lb (Ans.) oo EE | EeeCONT. cree li. Projections Proj,F and = Using the angles, ProjpF — ProjaF = Fcos60° = 8001b x cos60° — Projections of a vector onto a line +: Projq F = 400 Lb (Ans.) or another vector is the ~ ProjyF = Fcos = 800Lb x cos75° rectangular component of that Prof, F = 207.1 tb (Ans:) vectorExample 4 (2-58) 4. Express each of the three forces acting on the bracket in Cartesian vector form with respect to the x and y axes. Determine the magnitude and direction, 8 of F, so that the resultant force is directed along the positive x'-axis and has a magnitude of Fr = 600 N. Fy = WONSolution Given x ii. Cartesian components of Fz -F,=350N ! — $F, =350N — F,=100N & — Fox = F,cos0° = 350 N x cos0° ~ Fx = 600N (along x’) = Fy = 350N Required — Fey = 350 x sind? = 0.N -R= = Fy =0N -6 '2 = (3504 + Of) N (Ans.) iii, Cartesian components of F, “Cartesian components e = — Fax = F,c0s90° = 100 N x cos90° i. Cartesian components of Fy apes Fr > Fay = 0N ay Fy = F,cos0 ina vii ino? = eee Fzy = 100 N x sind? = ON F, = (F,cosd)i + (F,sin8)j > Fy = -100N (ans.) A «Fs = (04-100) N(Ans.) p, "199“Cartesian components iv. Cartesian components of Fr F — Fy = Facos30° = 600 N x cd830° = Fay = 520N — Fay = Fasin30° = 600 x sin30° => Fry = 300 + Fy = (620i + 300/) N (Ans.) = Now from vector addition, - Fp=F,+F,+Fs = (Frei + Feyi) = (Fusi + Fiyd) + Fact + Fad) + (Fax + Fayi) = (520i + 300/) = ((Fycos6)i + (F,sin8)j ) + (350i + 0f) + (0i — 100j) = (520i + 300) = (F,cosé + 350 + 0)i + (Fysind + 0-100) = Then, equating the terms of two independent components, i and j. — £: 520 = Fycosé + 350 +0 = 170 = F,cos9 — 7 300 = ising + 0-100 = 400 = A,sind ... — Dividing (2) by (1)— Dividing (2) by (1) Fysind 400 _ 40 Fcosd 1707 mo = 37 =>0=tan™" ao = 67° a “) = — From equation (2) = F,sin@ = 400 = F,sin67° = 400 =F, = =435N ~ sin7* 1 = 435 N and @ = 67° (Ans.)