INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS

What is Robotics?

Robotics is the study of robots, machines designed to execute tasks. Robots can vary widely
in their capabilities, from simple automated machines like factory arms to complex humanoid
robots. For robots, we use sensors to interact with their environment, and actuators to move
or manipulate objects. Projects often involve designing and building robots to solve problems
or perform specific tasks.

What is a robot?

A robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically,

especially one programmable by a computer. Robots are used across various industries,
including manufacturing, healthcare and entertainment. Robotics combines elements of
engineering, computer science and sometimes biology to mimic the behavior of humans or
animals. The field of robotics continually evolves, pushing the boundaries of what machines
can do.

FATHER OF ROBOTICS

Isaac Asimov: Although not an actual inventor of robots, Isaac Asimov, as mentioned earlier,
is often referred to as the "father of robotics" in a metaphorical sense. His science fiction
writings and the introduction of the Three Laws of Robotics greatly influenced the public
perception and ethical considerations surrounding robotics.

The first digitally operated and programmable robot called Unimate was invented by
George Devol in 1954

THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS

 First Law: A robot should not injure humans and animals.

 Second Law: A robot should obey the order given by its Master.
 Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence.
TYPES OF ROBOTS:

i) Stationary robots
ii) Mobile robots

STATIONARY ROBOTS:

Fixed robots are valuable for their ability to enhance productivity, reduce
human error, and perform dangerous tasks in a controlled environment.
They play a crucial role in automating processes in various sectors,
contributing significantly to efficiency and safety.

MOBILE ROBOTS:

Autonomous robots are machines capable of performing tasks in complex,

real-world environments without requiring constant guidance or control by a
human operator. These robots are equipped with sensors, processors &
software that enable them to assess their surroundings, make decisions.
 I. Think and Answer

1. Why do robots need both sensors and actuators to complete a task?

________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you think robotics helps improve life in industries like healthcare or
manufacturing?

________________________________________________________________________

3. If you could invent a robot, what job would you want it to do and why?

________________________________________________________________________________

II. Name The Following and State The Purpose

1. Name the person known as the "Father of Robotics." What is his contribution to the
field? Name:
Purpose:
2. Name the first programmable robot. What was its main use?
Name:
Purpose:
3. Name two types of robots. What is the key difference between them?
Name:
Purpose:
III. Pick The Odd One Out

1. Isaac Asimov – George Devol – Elon Musk – Unimate

2. Sensors – Actuators – Factory arm – Processor

3. Sensors – Actuators – Wheels - Novels

IV. Choose From Similar Answers and State Why:

1. Which of the following is a stationary robot?

i) Robot vacuum
ii) Industrial arm in a car factory
iii) Delivery drone

Your Answer:
Why:
 2. Which component helps a robot sense its environment?
i) Actuator
ii) Sensor
iii) Processor

Your Answer:
Why:

3. Which law of robotics focuses on self-preservation?

i) First Law
ii) Second Law
iii) Third Law

Your Answer:
Why:

III. Picture Based Questions

(Identify the type of robots)

IV. Choose the Appropriate Answer

1. What is the main purpose of actuators in a robot?

a) To collect information from the surroundings
b) To process data and make decisions
c) To move parts of the robot
d) To store programming code.

2. Who invented the first programmable robot, Unimate?

a) Isaac Asimov
b) Elon Musk
c) George Devol
d) Charles Babbage.

3. Which of the following fields is not commonly involved in robotics?

a) Engineering
b) Art History
c) Computer Science
d) Biology
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
What is Electronics?

Electronics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of electron flow in circuits. It
has revolutionized the modern world by enabling the development of computers,
smartphones and telecommunication system.

Types of Materials

There are three types of materials

 Good Conductor - Material that allows electricity to flow through them easily
 Semi-Conductor - Material that partially allows the electricity to flow through it
 Bad Conductor - Material that does not allow electricity to flow through them easily

Electronics Vs Electrical

Electronics deals with flow of charge (electron) through non-metal conductors

(semiconductor).

Electrical deals with the flow of charge through metal conductors. A Circuit is a path for
electrons to flow through.

CURRENT & VOLTAGE

Imagine a water pipe! Electricity travels in circuits in a way that's like water flowing in a pipe.

Current (Amps): A tiny invisible electron is flowing through the circuit at a certain time.
Think of it like how much water is flowing through the pipe each second. A bigger current
means more electricity is flowing, just like a wider pipe or stronger pump could move more
water.

Voltage (Volts): This is like the water pressure in the pipe. Higher voltage means there's a
bigger push behind the electricity, which can make more things happen (like lighting up a
bulb). Think of it like squeezing the hose to make the water come out faster!

So, current is the amount of electricity flowing and voltage is the pressure that pushes it.
Together they make your electronic gadgets work!

Imagine you have a water hose. Electricity travels in circuits a bit like water in a hose but
instead of water, it's tiny invisible electrons.

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Resistors: Resistors are passive electronic component that limits the flow of current in a
circuit. These are like little tools we can put in a circuit to control the flow of electricity. The
unit of measurement for a resistor is the ohm, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω).

BREADBOARD:

The breadboard is a white rectangular board with small embedded holes to insert electronic
components. It is commonly used in electronic projects. We can also say that breadboard is a
prototype that acts as a construction base of electronics.

The top and bottom holes of a row in a breadboard are connected horizontally, and the center
part is connected vertically.

Types of Breadboard:

There are different types of breadboard which are mentioned as follows

Mini breadboards are the smallest type of breadboard. They are about the size of a credit card
and have 200 tie points.

Half-size breadboards are about the size of a business card and have 400 tie points.

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I. Think And Answer

1. Why do you think semiconductors are important in electronics, even though they don't conduct
electricity as well as metals?

________________________________________________________________________________

2. How would your daily life change if electronic components like resistors and circuits didn’t exist?

________________________________________________________________________________

3. If a breadboard allows you to build and test circuits without soldering, why might this be important for
beginners and engineers?

__________________________________________________________________________________

II. Name The Following And State The Purpose

1. This component is used in circuits to control or limit the flow of electric current?
Name:

Purpose:

2. This tool allows you to easily build and test circuits without needing to solder components?

Name:

Purpose:

3. This type of material is used in electronics because it can partially conduct electricity and is
essential
for making diodes and transistors?

Name:

Purpose:

III. Pick the Odd One Out

1. Mini Breadboard – Half-size Breadboard – Full-size Breadboard – Soldering Iron

2. Voltage – Current – Resistance – Hosepipe

3. Good Conductor - Semi-Conductor – Circuit - Bad Conductor

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IV. Choose From Similar Answers and State Why:

1. Which of these materials is a good conductor of electricity?

a) Plastic
b) Rubber
c) Copper

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

2. Which tool is used to build circuits without soldering?

a) Breadboard
b) Soldering Iron
c) Multimeter

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

3. Which of the following controls the amount of current flowing in a circuit?

a) Resistor
b) Battery
c) Wire

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

V. Picture Based Questions

(identify the components)

____________________ ____________________

VI. Choose The Appropriate Answer

1. What is the function of a resistor in a circuit?

a) Increases voltage
b) Measures current

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c) Stores energy
d) Limits current flow

2. Which material is most commonly used as a semiconductor in electronic devices?

a) Copper
b) Silicon
c) Gold
d) Aluminum

3. What does the breadboard primarily allow you to do?

a) Solder components
b) Build and test circuits without soldering
c) Measure resistance
d) Store electrical charge

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER
WHAT IS A MICRO-CONTROLLER?

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit with a processor,

memory, and programmable input/output pins. It's designed to perform specific tasks in
embedded systems, such as controlling appliances or devices.

The central processing unit (CPU): The brain of the microcontroller, responsible for
processing instructions and data.

MEMORY:

Random-access memory (RAM): For storing data that is currently being used.

Read-only memory (ROM): Stores the program instructions that the microcontroller
executes. This can be Flash memory, which can be rewritten.

Input/output (I/O) pins: Allows the microcontroller to interact with the outside world. This
can include things like digital pins for reading ON/OFF signals, analog pins for reading
analog values/signal and serial communication ports for communicating with other devices.

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Applications of Microcontrollers

Consumer electronics: Cell phones, tablets, digital cameras, TVs, game consoles, etc.

Home appliances: Washing machines, dryers, refrigerators, microwaves etc.

Introduction to Arduino

Arduino is a popular open-source electronics platform that consists of a physical

programmable circuit board (hardware) and a piece of software (IDE) used to program it.

THE HARDWARE:

Arduino boards are essentially single-board computers containing a microcontroller at

its core. ATMega328p microcontroller is the brain of the Arduino. This
microcontroller is a tiny computer chip that can be programmed to interact with
electronic components.

There are many different Arduino boards available, each with varying features and
capabilities. The most popular board for beginners is the Arduino Uno. It has a good
range of digital and analog input/output pins that can be connected to various sensors
and actuators.

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KEY COMPONENTS OF Arduino

Microcontroller - ATmega328P:

This is the heart of the Arduino Uno. It's a powerful and versatile 8-bit microcontroller
responsible for processing instructions and data.

Power Supply:

USB Connector: The Arduino Uno can be powered either through a USB cable connected to
a computer or a separate DC power supply connected to the DC power jack (MAX 9V).

Power pins: The power pin on an Arduino Uno is where you connect the voltage source
(usually 5V or 3.3V) to provide power to the board. It's like the fuel line for your Arduino,
supplying the energy it needs to operate. The GND pin on an Arduino Uno is like an
electrical sink it's where negative charges flow to complete the circuit and keep everything
running smoothly.

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Power Supply:

USB Connector: The Arduino Uno can be powered either through a USB cable connected to
a computer or a separate DC power supply connected to the DC power jack (MAX 9V).

Power pins: The power pin on an Arduino Uno is where you connect the voltage source
(usually 5V or 3.3V) to provide power to the board. It's like the fuel line for your Arduino,
supplying the energy it needs to operate. The GND pin on an Arduino Uno is like an
electrical sink it's where negative charges flow to complete the circuit and keep everything
running smoothly.

Input/Output (I/O) Pins:

14 Digital Pins: These pins can be configured as either inputs or outputs. They can read
digital signals (high or low voltage) from sensors or control digital devices like LEDs. Six of
these pins can also provide Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output, which can be used to
control the brightness of LEDs or the speed of motors.

6 Analog Input Pins: These pins can read analog voltage signals from sensors like
temperature sensors or light sensors. The analog values are converted to digital values that
the microcontroller can understand.

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Communication:

USB Interface: Allows communication between the Arduino Uno and a computer for
programming and uploading code.

ICSP Header (In-Circuit Serial Programmer): Provides an advanced way to

program the microcontroller without using the bootloader.

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THE SOFTWARE:

You write instructions for the Arduino board using the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment). This software provides a simplified version of C++ that makes it
easier to learn the program, especially for beginners. The IDE compiles your code into a
language that microcontroller can understand and then uploads it to the Arduino board.

Getting Started with Arduino:

Here are the step-by-step instructions to install Arduino IDE 2.3.2 on your computer:

1. Go to the official Arduino website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

2. Click on the "Download the Arduino IDE" button.

3. On the download page, select the version of the IDE you want to download (in this case,
select 2.3.2).

4. Choose the appropriate operating system for your computer (Windows/mac) and click on
the download

link.

5. Once the download is complete, double-click on the downloaded file to start the
installation process.

6. Follow the prompts of the installation wizard. Choose your preferred language, and accept
the license agreement.

7. Choose the location where you want to install the IDE. The default location is usually the
best option.

8. Choose the components you want to install. You can leave the default components selected.

9. Click on the "Install" button and wait for the installation process to complete.

10.Once the installation is complete, click on the "Finish" button.

Initial Setup

Step 1:

When we download and open the application, a window will open like this

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Step 2:

We need to set up the environment using the Board bar, and select “Select other board and
port”

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We need to set up the environment using the Board bar, and select “Select other board and
port”

Step 3:

Then select the type of Arduino we want to program, in our case it’s the Arduino Uno and
select the correct port. Then click on the “ok” button.

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Arduino Programs: Sketches

Arduino programs are called sketches. These sketches are written in a simplified version of
C++. Unlike regular C++ programs, Arduino sketches have a specific structure that makes
them easy to write and understand.

The Two Essential Functions:

setup() function: This function is like the initialization stage of your program. The code
inside setup() runs only once, right after the Arduino board starts up or resets. It's typically
used to:

 Define pin modes (input or output) for your Arduino pins.

 Initialize variables you'll use throughout your program.
 Start communication libraries if your sketch needs to communicate with other
devices.

loop() function: This function is the workhorse of your program. The code inside loop() runs
continuously, over and over again, as long as the Arduino has power. This is where you put
the code that controls what your Arduino does repeatedly. Think of it as the main instructions
that keep your program running.

Step 4:

After completing the code click on the Compile Icon. Once done click on the upload Icon.

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PROGRAM EXPLANATION

 Each line ends with a semicolon (;). It is like a full stop, we should terminate every
statement with a semicolon.
 Initially, we have to define (using the #define function) or initialize (using the int
keyword) the LED with its PIN.

In the setup() method:

 We want to set the LED to output mode. We do this by calling a special function called

pinMode(pin no, I/O) eg: pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);

 We’re dealing with an LED we need to set it to a constant called OUTPUT. When we
were working with a sensor or other input device it would be INPUT.

In the loop() method:

 LED is connected to a digital pin which is the output mode, we use a special method
called digitalWrite (LED pin, HIGH/LOW)
 The HIGH/LOW state indicates the ON/OFF of the LED
 Here, delay() denotes the duration of the LED pin to be HIGH or LOW state.

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 ACTIVITY 1

BLINKING AN LED

AIM:
To create a simple Arduino circuit that makes an LED blink on and off .

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Arduino Boards
 Led
 Resistor (220Ω)
 Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

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CONCLUSION:

Thus, the blinking LED circuit has been successfully created and tested
using Arduino UNO.

I. Think And Answer

1. Why do we use the setup () function in every Arduino sketch?

2. What is the purpose of the digital Write () function in the LED blinking program?
3. Why must we click the upload icon after compiling the code?

II. Who Am I
1. I am a tiny electronic component that glows when powered. Who am I?
→
2. I help define whether a pin should take input or give output. Who am I?
→
3. You write your sketches in me, and I turn them into code the Arduino understands. Who am I?
→

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III. Pick The Odd One Out

1. LED, Resistor, Breadboard, Banana

→
2. delay(), pinMode(), orange(), digitalWrite()
→
3. Arduino Uno, C++, Sketch, Excel
→

IV. Jumble Words

1. DOULP →
2. TTUPOU →
3. TDEI →

V. Circle The Words

Words to Find: Arduino, LED, Resistor, Upload, Code, Sketch, Output

A R D U I N O X L

S C O D E P Q W R

U P L O A D Z E P

L E D L B F D X M

S K E T C H M P Y

O U T P U T K J E

R E S I S T O R A

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 INTRODUCTION TO PUSH BUTTON

DEFINITION:

A momentary switch, also known as a momentary push button or momentary contact switch,
is a type of electrical switch that remains in its actuated state only for the duration it is being
pressed or held down. It returns to its original state as soon as the pressure is released.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The working principle of a momentary switch involves making or breaking an electrical

connection within the switch when it is pressed or released. When the switch is pressed, it
completes the circuit, allowing current to flow through it. As soon as the pressure on the
switch is released, it returns to its default state, breaking the electrical connection.

APPLICATION:

 Key switches on keyboards or calculators.

 Reset buttons on electronic devices.
 Game controller buttons for video game consoles.
 Panic buttons and emergency switches in alarm and security systems.

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 ACTIVITY 2
INTERFACING PUSH BUTTON

AIM:

To interface a pushbutton with an Arduino board and control an LED using the pushbutton.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)

 Breadboard
 Pushbutton switch
 LED
 Resistors (1K ohm)
 Jumper wires
 USB Cable

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROGRAM:

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CONCLUSION:

Thus the controlling an LED using pushbutton was done successfully.

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 I. Think And Answer

1. Why do you think a resistor is needed when connecting a pushbutton to an Arduino? What might happen
if it is not used?

2. How would you modify the circuit or code if you wanted the LED to turn OFF when the button is pressed and turn
ON when it is released?

3. Can you think of a real-life device that uses more than one pushbutton? How do you think the system
detects which button was pressed?

II. Name the Following And State the Purpose

1. A microcontroller board used to read inputs and control outputs in electronic project?

Name:

Purpose:

2. A component used to limit the amount of current in a circuit?

Name:

Purpose:

3. A plastic board with holes used to build and test temporary circuits without soldering?

Name:

Purpose:

III. Pick The Odd One Out

1. Arduino Uno – Resistor – LED – Mouse

2. Game Controller Button – Panic Button – Keyboard Key – Bulb

3. ) Calculator - Video game controller - Light switch on the wall - Computer keyboard

IV. Choose From Similar Answers And State Why

1. Which function is best suited to read the state of a pushbutton?

a) digitalRead()

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b) digitalWrite()
c) analogRead()

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

2. Which of the following is used to define an Arduino pin as an input or output?

a) pinMode()
b) setup()
c) loop()

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

3. Which data type is commonly used to store a pushbutton state (HIGH or LOW)?
a) int
b) float
c) String

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

V. Rectify Error In Program And Describe Output

int buttonPin = 2;

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT)

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

int buttonState = digitalread(buttonPin);

if (buttonState = HIGH) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); }}

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 ACTIVITY 3

LED CHASER CIRCUIT

AIM:

To make a LED (Light Emitting Diode) chaser circuit using Arduino.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 LEDs - 5Nos
 Resistor (1KΩ) - 5Nos
 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)
 Jumper Wire
 Breadboard
 USB cable

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROGRAM:

CONCLUSION:

Thus the LED chaser circuit activity has been finished successfully.

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I. Think and Answer

1. Why is the ATmega328P microcontroller considered the "brain" of the Arduino Uno?

________________________________________________________________________

2. What would happen if you connect a power supply with a voltage higher than the recommended
range (e.g., 12V instead of 9V) to the Arduino Uno?

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain the role of the setup() function in an Arduino sketch. What would happen if it were
omitted?

____________________________________________________________________________

II. Name the Following and State the Purpose

1. Name the microcontroller used in the Arduino Uno and state its purpose.

Name:

Purpose:

2. Name the component that allows the Arduino Uno to communicate with a computer and describe its
purpose.

Name:

Purpose:

3. Name the type of program used to program Arduino boards and explain its purpose

Name:

Purpose:

III. Pick the Odd One Out

1. Random Access Memory (RAM) – Read-Only Memory (ROM) – USB Interface – Flash Memory

2. 14 Digital Pins – 6 Analog Input Pins – 6 PWM Output Pins – 10 Pins for Communication

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 3. Arduino Uno – Resistor – LED – Mouse

V. Rectify Error in Program and Describe Output

1. Error in the program:

void setup() {
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

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 INTRODUCTION TO IR SENSOR
WHAT IS A SENSOR?

A sensor is a device that detects or measures changes in its surrounding environment and
provides information about those changes.

Sensors can be found in everyday objects like smartphones, cars, and home appliances. They
work by detecting changes in temperature, pressure, light, motion, and many other physical
properties, depending on the type of sensor.

WHAT IS AN IR SENSOR?

IR rays

IR (Infrared) rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that are invisible to the naked eye.
These rays have a longer wavelength than visible light, which means they have lower energy
and cannot be seen by humans.

IR Sensor

An IR (Infrared) sensor is a device that detects infrared radiation in its surrounding

environment. It works on the principle of detecting IR radiation emitted or reflected by
objects.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Emitter: In an IR sensor system, there's typically an IR emitter that emits infrared radiation.

Detector: The sensor also contains a detector that receives the emitted or reflected IR radiation.

Response to IR Radiation: When an object is in the proximity of the sensor, it either emits
or reflects IR radiation.

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APPLICATIONS OF IR Sensor?

Automatic door openers: These use active IR sensors where an invisible beam of IR light is
emitted. When someone interrupts the beam, the sensor detects the change and triggers the
door to open.

Remote controls: Many remote controls use IR LEDs to transmit signals to electronic
devices like TVs or music players. The receiver on the device detects the specific IR pattern
and carries out the corresponding function.

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 ACTIVITY 4
SECURITY ALARM

AIM:

To make security alarm circuit using IR Sensor and buzzer.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 IR Sensor
 Buzzer
 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)
 Jumper Wire
 Breadboard (if needed)
 USB cable

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROGRAM:

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CONCLUSION:

Thus the security alarm activity has been finished successfully.

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I. Think and Answer

1. How do infrared sensors differ from visible light sensors in terms of the type of radiation they detect?

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do IR sensors require a specific detector to receive the infrared radiation? What would happen if
the detector was not present?

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why is it important to consider interference from other light sources when using IR sensors in
applications like security alarms?

__________________________________________________________________________________

II. Name the Following and State te Purpose

1. A device that detects the infrared radiation reflected from an object?

Name:

Purpose:

2. A component that emits infrared radiation in an IR sensor system?

Name:

Purpose:

3. A plastic board with holes used to build and test temporary circuits without soldering?

Name:

Purpose:

III. Pick The Odd One Out

1. IR Emitter – IR Receiver – Photodiode – Buzzer

2. Infrared Radiation – Visible Light – Sound Waves – Ultraviolet Radiation

3. Emitter – Detector - Remote control - Fan blade

IV. Choose from Similar Answers And State Why

1. Which component of an IR sensor emits infrared radiation?

a) IR Receiver

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b) IR Emitter
c) Photodiode

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

2. Which of the following is used to define an Arduino pin as an input or output?

a) pinMode()
b) setup()
c) loop()

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

3. Which of the following is a disadvantage of IR sensors?

a) Sensitive to ambient light interference
b) Low cost
c) Short detection range

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

V. Rectify Error In Program And Describe Output

int irPin = 3;
int buzzerPin = 8;
void setup() {
pinMode(irPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
if (digitalRead(irPin) = HIGH) {
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
}
else {
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
}

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 INTRODUCTION TO LDR
WHAT IS LDR?

An LDR, or Light Dependent Resistor, is a type of sensor that changes its electrical resistance
based on the amount of light it detects.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Imagine a tiny photocell made of a light-sensitive material like cadmium sulfide. In darkness,
this material has a high electrical resistance, which means poor conductivity. However, when
light hits the LDR, the material's internal structure changes, allowing electrons to flow more
easily. This results in a significant decrease in resistance.

 Darkness: High resistance (acts almost like an insulator)

 Light: Low resistance (conducts electricity more readily)

APPLICATIONS:

 Automatic Lighting Control: LDRs are commonly used in streetlights, automatic

door openers, and security lights. As darkness falls, the LDR's resistance increases,
triggering a circuit to turn on the lights. Conversely, when light levels rise in the
morning, the LDR's resistance drops, signaling the circuit to turn off the lights.

 Camera Light Meters: Early cameras used LDRs to measure ambient light and
adjust the exposure settings automatically.
 Automatic brightness control for displays: LDRs could be used in conjunction with
other components to automatically adjust the brightness of displays based on ambient
light, improving readability and battery life.

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 ACTIVITY 5

FRIDGE DOOR ALARM

AIM:

To create an fridge door alarm system using an Arduino UNO.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)

 LDR module (Light-dependent resistor)
 Buzzer
 Jumper wires
 Breadboard (if needed)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 PROGRAM:

CONCLUSION

Thus the fridge door alarm circuit has been finished successfully.

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I. Secret Spy Connection

1. I detect light, and when there’s none, I help trigger the buzzer. Who am I connected to?
A) LED
B) Buzzer
C) LDR
D) Switch
2. In the fridge door alarm system, the buzzer will sound when the LDR senses:
A) Full daylight
B) Very low light (darkness)
C) Constant voltage
D) High resistance
3. When the fridge door opens, light hits the LDR. What happens to the resistance?
A) It increases
B) It decreases
C) Stays the same
D) Turns into voltage

II. Circle The Words

Words to Find: Light, LDR, Resistor, Sensor, Alarm, Darkness, Circuit

L D R E M Q W E L P

I G H T K A S N O X

R E S I S T O R L T

S E N S O R A P A E

D A R K N E S S D M

C I R C U I T B K J

A L A R M G R V E P

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III. Pick The Odd One Out

1. Streetlight system – Remote control – Camera light meter – Display brightness adjuster

2. Photoconductivity – Magnetic field – Light intensity – Semiconductor

3. Streetlight that turns on at night - Camera that adjusts to light - Remote control for a TV -
Display that gets brighter in sunlight.

IV. Choose From Similar Answers and State Why:

1. What property of light affects the behavior of an LDR?

a) Light wavelength
b) Light pressure
c) Light intensity

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

2. Which of the following is used to define an Arduino pin as an input or output?

a) pinMode()
b) setup()
c) loop()

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

3. Which is a correct application of an LDR?

a) Measuring humidity
b) Adjusting screen brightness automatically
c) Sound amplification

Your Answer: ____________________

Why: _____________________________________________________________

V. Rectify Error In Program And Describe Output

int ldrPin = A0;

int buzzer = 8;

void setup() {

pinMode(ldrPin, INPUT);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

}void loop() {

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 int ldrValue = digitalRead(ldrPin);

if (ldrValue < 500) {

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

} else {

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

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 WORKING WITH SOUND SENSOR
WHAT IS A SOUND SENSOR?

A sound sensor is a device that detects the presence and intensity (loudness) of sound waves in
its environment. It converts these invisible pressure fluctuations into an electrical signal that
can be processed by electronic circuits.

Features:

 Sound Detection: The KY-037 module can detect sound or sound intensity in its
vicinity.
 Analog Output: It typically provides an analog output signal that is proportional to the
detected sound level.
 Adjustable Sensitivity: Some versions of the KY-037 module come with a
potentiometer that allows users to adjust the sensitivity of the sensor.
 Operating Voltage: It operates within a specific voltage range, usually around 3.3V to
5V.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The working principle of sound sensors depends on converting the physical movement caused
by sound waves into an electrical signal. It has a thin diaphragm that vibrates when sound
waves hit it. The way this vibration is converted to an electrical signal depends on the
microphone's design.

Condenser Microphone: Changes in the distance between a thin diaphragm and a charged
back plate due to vibration affect the capacitance, which in turn affects the voltage output.
Dynamic Microphone: A coil of wire attached to the diaphragm moves within a magnetic field when the diaphragm
vibrates. This movement induces a current in the coil due to electromagnetic induction

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APPLICATIONS OF SOUND SENSOR

 Simple Sound Alarm: You can program your Arduino to trigger an alarm (sound an
LED or buzzer) when the sound level detected by the microphone exceeds a certain
threshold.

 Audio Recording (with additional hardware): While the KY-037 itself cannot
directly record audio, it can be used in conjunction with an SD card module or other
audio storage shield to capture sound wave data for simple recording applications on
your Arduino.

 Sound-Activated Switches: Used in applications where devices are activated or

triggered by specific sound levels.

 Sound Level Monitoring: Employed in projects that require monitoring of sound

levels in various environments, such as noise pollution monitoring or sound level
meters.

 Interactive Projects: Integrated into interactive installations or projects that respond

to sound inputs, such as sound-reactive LED displays or sound-activated alarms.

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 ACTIVITY 6

CLASS ROOM NOISE INDICATOR

AIM:

To create a sound-activated LED blinker using an Arduino Uno and a sound sensor

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)

 Sound sensor module
 LEDs - 5Nos
 Resistor (1KΩ) - 5Nos
 Jumper wires
 Breadboard

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROGRAM:

CONCLUSION:

Thus the class room noise indicator activity has been finished successfully.

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I. Connection Riddle

1. I connect the sound sensor's analog output to this pin on Arduino to read sound levels. What am I?
→
2. I bring power to all the components. Without me, nothing works. I’m red on the breadboard. Who
am I?
→
3. I’m the common ground for all electronic connections. Find me on the Arduino and the sound
sensor. Who am I?
→

II. Match The Following

A B

KY-037 Sensor - Detects sound levels

Potentiometer - Adjusts sensitivity

LED - Lights up when sound is detected

III. Name The Components

1. Name the sensor that detects changes in sound pressure.

→
2. What component emits light when the sound level crosses a limit?
→
3. Which board is used as the brain to process sound signals?
→

IV. Choose The Correct Path

1. Which of the following is the correct path for connecting a sound-activated LED circuit?
A) Sound Sensor → LED → Battery
B) Battery → LED → Sound Sensor
C) Battery → Sound Sensor → Arduino → LED
D) Arduino → Battery → Sound Sensor → LED

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V. Build And Boost

If you build a classroom noise indicator system, in what type of robot or environment could you use it?
What important work will the robot or system be able to do with the help of the sound sensor?

VI. Circuit-Based Questions

1.The sound sensor is connected to the Arduino using the __________ (A0 / D0) pin for signal reading.

2.The number of LEDs connected in the circuit to indicate noise levels is __________.

3.The resistor connected to each LED helps to __________ the current flowing through it.

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 WORKING WITH RAIN DROP SENSOR
WHAT IS A RAINDROP SENSOR?

A raindrop sensor, also known as a rain sensor or a rain detector, is a device used to detect
rainfall or the presence of water.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RAINDROP SENSOR

A raindrop sensor works by detecting rainfall through a decrease in resistance between

conductive traces on a substrate. When raindrops bridge the gap between these traces,
conductivity increases, triggering the sensor to indicate rainfall.

It sends out a beam of infrared light that, when water droplets are on the windshield, is
reflected back at different angles. This tells the system to activate the wipers, as well as
adjust wiper speed and frequency based on the intensity of the precipitation combined with
the vehicle's speed.

APPLICATIONS

 Weather Monitoring
 Automated Irrigation
Systems
 Smart Home Technology
 Industrial Applications SENSOR MODULE

RAIN DROP SENSOR

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 ACTIVITY 7

RAIN DETECTION SYSTEM

AIM: To build a security alarm circuit using a raindrop sensor and buzzer.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Raindrop Sensor
 Buzzer
 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)
 Jumper Wires
 Breadboard (if needed)
 USB cable

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROGRAM:

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CONCLUSION:

Thus the rain detection system activity has been finished successfully.

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I. Think And Answer

1. What is the working principle of a raindrop sensor?

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Why does the resistance change when a raindrop falls on the sensor?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Mention two real-life applications of raindrop sensors.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

II. Pick the Odd One Out

1. Which of the following is NOT a use of a raindrop sensor?

A) Smart irrigation systems
B) Security cameras
C) Weather monitoring
D) Smart home devices

2. Which of these is NOT a component of a raindrop sensor system?

A) Conductive Traces
B) Water
C) Capacitor
D) Arduino

3. Which of these is NOT affected by rain detection?

A) LED
B) Motor
C) Light intensity
D) Buzzer

III. Choose the Appropriate Word:

1. Raindrop sensors work on the principle of ____________.

A) Light reflection
B) Sound detection
C) Electrical conductivity
D) Magnetic field

2. When raindrops fall on the sensor, the resistance ____________.

A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) Becomes constant
D) Changes randomly

3. Raindrop sensors are mostly used in ____________ systems.

A) Noise detection

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 B) Smart rain
C) Rain-sensing
D) Security

IV. Name the Following and State the Purpose :

1. Name the sensor used to detect rain and state its use.
2. Name the two main parts of a raindrop sensor board.
3. What signal is produced when the sensor detects rain?

V. Label the Parts In the Given Circuit Diagram:

Instructions: Label the parts of a raindrop sensor circuit:

a. Sensor Board
b. Analog Output Pin
c. VCC Pin
d. GND Pin

VI. Diagram-Based Question

Draw and Explain:
Draw a circuit diagram showing a raindrop sensor connected to an Arduino and buzzer. Explain how the
buzzer is activated when rain is detected.

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 INTRODUCTION TO MOTOR DRIVER
What is the L298N Motor Driver?

The L298N motor driver is a type of electronic board that helps control the speed and
direction of motors. Imagine you have a small robot with wheels; the L298N can help you
decide how fast each wheel moves and in which direction.

How Does It Work?

Inputs and Outputs:

The L298N motor driver receives signals (instructions)

from a remote control or a computer. These signals tell
the motor how to behave. Based on these instructions,
the L298N sends power to the motor. It controls how
much electricity goes to the motor, which affects how
fast the motor spins.

What Can You Do With the L298N?

Build Robots: You can use it in building robots that

can move in different directions.

Automate Systems: It can be used in systems where things need to move automatically, like
a small automated drawbridge or a fan that turns towards you.

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 ACTIVITY 8

MINIATURE WASHING MACHINE

AIM:

To build a circuit for a miniature washing machine using Arduino and L298N motor driver.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 L298N motor driver

 BO motor with wheel
 Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)
 Jumper Wires
 Li-ion battery (As required)
 Battery holder (As required)
 USB cable
 Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROGRAM:

CONCLUSION:

Thus the miniature washing machine system activity has been finished successfully.

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I. Identify The Components And Describe Its Function

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

II. Draw The Circuit Symbol

1. Draw the circuit symbol for a DC motor used in the miniature washing machine.

2. Draw the circuit symbol for the L298N motor driver.

3. Draw the symbol for a battery used to power the circuit.

III. Circle The Required Components

Circle the required components to build a circuit for a miniature washing machine using Arduino and
L298N motor driver.

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IV. Find – Who Am I?

1. I control the direction and speed of motors. I take signals from a microcontroller and send power to
motors. Who am I?
→
2. I spin to move something in a circuit and I’m often found with a wheel. Who am I?
→
3. I act as the brain of the project and can be programmed to run electronics. Who am I?
→

V. Crossword

Across

1. Used to connect electronic components without soldering.

2. Main microcontroller used in the miniature washing machine.

Down
2. Controls speed and direction of motors.

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 INTRODUCTION TO PIR SENSOR

WHAT IS PIR SENSOR?

A PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor is a type of sensor used to detect motion. It works by sensing infrared
radiation, which is emitted by warm objects like humans and animals. When an object with a different
temperature (such as a person) moves in or out of the sensor's range, the sensor detects the change in
infrared energy. This change triggers the sensor to send a signal, indicating motion.

PIR sensors are commonly used in security systems, automatic lighting, and other applications where
detecting the presence or movement of people or animals is necessary. They are called "passive" because
they don't emit any signals; instead, they only detect the infrared radiation from other sources.

How Does It Work?

Infrared Radiation Detection: All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit infrared radiation
(heat). The amount of infrared radiation depends on the temperature of the object. Humans and animals
typically emit infrared radiation at around 37°C (98.6°F), which is detectable by the sensor.

Sensor Components: A typical PIR sensor consists of a sensor element (usually a pyroelectric material)
and a lens called a Fresnel lens. The pyroelectric material detects the infrared radiation, while the fresnel
lens focuses the infrared radiation from the surrounding environment onto the sensor.

Field of View: The fresnel lens is designed to create multiple detection zones, so when an object (like a
person) moves through these zones, the sensor will detect the change in infrared radiation from the
different areas.

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Detection of Motion: When a person or animal moves within the sensor's field of view, the infrared
radiation in the sensor’s detection area changes. The pyroelectric sensor reacts to this change in radiation.
If the infrared radiation detected by the sensor increases or decreases (which happens when something
moves into or out of the sensor’s range), it creates a small electrical signal.

Signal Processing: This electrical signal is then processed by the sensor's circuit, which determines
whether the detected change is due to motion (rather than, say, a change in temperature caused by
something like a passing cloud or a breeze).

Triggering Action: If the sensor determines that the change in infrared radiation is caused by motion
(such as a person moving across the sensor’s field), it sends a signal to trigger an action. This action could
be turning on a light, triggering an alarm, or activating another device.

In short, PIR sensors detect infrared radiation changes due to movement and then trigger an action, making
them highly useful for security and automation applications.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Security Systems – Used in motion detectors for alarms and surveillance cameras.
2. Automatic Lighting – Turns lights on when motion is detected, commonly used in outdoor and
hallway lighting.
3. Energy-Saving Systems – Helps in automating HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
systems by detecting occupancy.
4. Smart Home Automation – Used in smart devices to detect movement and trigger actions.
5. Automatic Doors – Found in shopping malls and offices to open doors when movement is
detected.
6. Robotics – Helps robots navigate by detecting human presence or movement.
7. Animal Deterrents – Used in farms and gardens to trigger alarms or sprinklers when animals
approach.
8. Counting People – Installed in public places to track the number of people entering and exiting an
area.
9. Hand Dryers & Faucets – Used in washrooms for touchless operation of hand dryers and taps.
10. Health Monitoring – Integrated into medical equipment to monitor patient movement.

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 ACTIVITY 9

MOTION ACTIVATED SECURITY LIGHT

AIM:

To build a circuit for a motion activated security light using Arduino Uno and PIR sensor.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 PIR Sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor)

 LED (Light Emitting Diode)

 Breadboard

 Jumper Wires

 Resistor

 Arduino UNO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROGRAM:

CONCLUSION:

Thus the activity motion activated security light has been finished successfully.

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I. Think And Answer

1. Why is a PIR sensor considered "passive" instead of "active"?

2. What would happen if the Fresnel lens was removed from a PIR sensor?
3. Why are PIR sensors commonly used in energy-saving systems?

II. Who Am I?

1. I detect infrared radiation but do not emit any signal myself. Who am I?
2. I am a special type of lens used in PIR sensors to focus infrared light. Who am I?
3. I am a small device that can turn on lights automatically when someone enters a room. Who am I?

III. Pick The Odd One Out

1. Security Systems - Automatic Lighting - Bluetooth Speaker - Smart Home Automation

2. PIR Sensor – Resistor - Fresnel Lens - Banana

3. Hand Dryers – Faucets – Cameras - Toaster

IV. Jumble Words

1. NRSPEOS →
2. DAOINUR →
3. ITOCDEMTOE →

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V. Label Parts Of Components

VI. Circle The Words

Words to find: PIR, Sensor, Arduino, LED, Resistor, Breadboard, Jumper

P I R E T W R S J K T
S E N S O R G L R P Y
U B R E A D B O A R D
M U L E D H B V P E I
P A T Y J U M P E R F
E U S N M I O A R B G
R K L A R D U I N O S
A M B I E O T I E X T
D Z I O T E P V C D O
B T O P V A H R N K B
R A S F J U L D P A P

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 ACTIVITY 10

LIGHT FOLLOWER BOT

AIM:

To build a circuit for a light follower bot using Motor, Motor driver and LDR sensor.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Arduino Uno
 LDR
 Resistors
 Motor Driver Module (L298N)
 DC Motors
 Wheels
 Chassis
 Jumper Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROGRAM:

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CONCLUSION:

Thus the activity light follower bot has been finished successfully.

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I. Puzzle It Out

1. I can see light and help the robot decide where to go, but I am not a camera. What am I?
2. If both LDR sensors detect darkness, what movement will the bot perform?
3. Arrange these steps in the correct order: (A) Connect motors to driver → (B) Write the Arduino
code → (C) Connect LDR sensors → (D) Upload the code to Arduino.

II. Crossword

1. Across: Device that controls motors by receiving signals from Arduino. (11 letters)
2. Down: A light-sensitive component used in the bot. (3 letters)
3. Across: The brain of the light follower bot. (7 letters, starts with "A")

III. Secret Spy Connection

1. Match the motor driver with its correct label: (A) L298N (B) L293D (C) LDR
2. Find the secret link: What connects LDR sensor and analog input?
3. Secret Clue: Identify two components that must be powered properly for the bot to move.

IV. Mystery Diagram

1. In the circuit diagram, how many DC motors are connected?

2. Name the module placed between the Arduino and motors.

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 3. Identify the two sensors attached to the Arduino Uno.

V. Find The Correction From The Following :

1. If one motor wire is wrongly connected to the 5V pin instead of the Motor Driver, what problem
would occur?
2. If both LDR sensors are connected to the same analog pin, what issue will the bot face?
3. The battery is connected but the GND (ground) wire is missing — what will happen to the bot?

VI. Build And Boost

1. Modify the bot to make it stop completely if no light is detected on both LDR sensors.
2. Add a buzzer to your bot. When it finds bright light, it should beep. How will you do it?
3. If you want your bot to move faster, which part would you change: (A) Motor Driver (B) Motors
(C) Arduino Board?

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