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Satellite Comm

The document discusses satellite communication, detailing the types of satellites, advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, and various applications such as TV, internet, and military uses. It also explains the concept of Earth Stations, their types, configurations, and the necessary RF subsystems involved in satellite communication. Additionally, it mentions the introduction of Direct To Home (DTH) services in India and the frequency used for DTH systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views33 pages

Satellite Comm

The document discusses satellite communication, detailing the types of satellites, advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, and various applications such as TV, internet, and military uses. It also explains the concept of Earth Stations, their types, configurations, and the necessary RF subsystems involved in satellite communication. Additionally, it mentions the introduction of Direct To Home (DTH) services in India and the frequency used for DTH systems.

Uploaded by

gb7498649
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Satellite Communication

A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object. There are two kinds of satellites:
1. Natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth) or
2. Artificial (such as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth).
Satellite Communication

Sputnik -was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite.


Advantage of Satellite Communication
Number-1: Point to multipoint communication is possible whereas terrestrial
relay are point to point, this is why satellite relay are wide area broadcast.
Number-2: Circuits for the satellite can be installed rapidly. Once the satellite is
in position, Earth Station can be installed and communication may be
established within some days or even hours.
Number-3: During critical condition each Earth Station may be removed
relatively quickly from a location and reinstalled somewhere else.
Number-4: Mobile communication cab be easily achieved by satellite
communication because of its flexibility in interconnecting mobile vehicles.
Number-5: As compared to fiber cable, the satellite communication has the
advantage of the quality of transmitted signals and the location of Earth
Stations. The sending and receiving information independent of distance.
Disadvantages of Satellite Communication:
Apart form advantages Satellite Communication also posses some disadvantages
that are as follows:
Number-1: With the Satellite in position the communication path between the
terrestrial transmitter and receiver is approximately 75000 km long.
Number-2: There is a delay of ¼ sec between the transmission and reception of a
signal because the velocity of electromagnetic wave is 3* 10^5 Km/second.
Number-3: The time delay reduces the efficiency of satellite in data transmission
and long file transfer, which carried out over the satellites.
Number-4: Over-crowding of available bandwidth due to low antenna gains is
occurred.
Number-5: High atmosphere losses above 30 GHz limit the carrier frequency.
Services / Applications provided by Satellite:

Satellite Communication has a wide range of services. Applications are in


numerous and broadly classified as follows:
Number-1: In communication such as T.V. telephony, data transfer such as mail
and internet etc. are mostly done through different communication satellites these
days.
Number-2: Remote sensing and Earth observation can be done with the help of
lower Earth Orbits (LEO) Satellite.
Number-3: Metro logical applications such as whether survey to study different
layers and amount of ozone’s content in the atmosphere.
Number-4: Military applications like short distance local communication from any
camp to another, to study the location of the enemy etc,
Other services provided by Satellite Communication is:
•Fixed satellite service Applications of Satellite Communication
•Broadcast satellite service (i) Weather forecasting
•Navigational satellite service (ii) Radio and T.V. broadcasting
•Meteorological satellite service (iii) Military applications
•Mobile satellite service. (iv) Satellites for navigation
(v) Global telephone services
(vi) Mobile communication
Earth Station
Definition: Earth Station also known as the ground station is an arrangement of various
equipment on the surface or atmosphere of the earth that is used to transmit or receive signals
in the form of voice, video, or data through single or multiple satellites. It is sometimes called
the earth terminal and is a part of the ground segment of the satellite network.
The earth station is an earth-based terminal that can be present on a ship or an aircraft as
well.

Types of Earth Station-


•Transmit type: This is only designed to transmit the signals towards the satellite and has no
arrangement of signal reception.
•Receive type: It performs the function of reception of signals coming from satellite and
cannot transmit the signal to the satellite in space.
•Transmit-Receive type: It handles two-way communication i.e., sends the signal to the
satellite and also receives the signal coming from the satellite.

The earth station is not a single entity but an arrangement of various elements that
combinedly operate as a single unit.
Thus, the subsystems of the earth station, in general, are as follows:
1.Antenna (generally reflector type)
2.Feed system for sending and receiving radio frequency carrier
3.Tracking equipment that helps to keep the satellite in the operating region of the antenna.
We can categorize the earth stations based on the type of service. For example-
Fixed satellite service (FSS),
Broad cast satellite service (BSS) and
Mobile satellite service (MSS)
Configuration of an earth station-

• Signals from the terrestrial network or directly from the user in some applications are fed
to an earth station via a suitable interface.
• The baseband signals are then processed, modulated and upconverted to the desired
frequency, amplified to the required level, combined with other carriers (if necessary) and
transmitted via the antenna.
• The feed system provides the necessary aperture illumination, introduces the required
polarization and provides isolation between the transmitted and received signals.
• Signals received by the antenna are amplified in a low noise amplifier, down converted to
an intermediate frequency, demodulated and transferred to the terrestrial network via an
interface (or directory to user in some application).
The following RF subsystems used in earth station-
(i) Earth Station Antennas
(ii) High Power Amplifier (HPA)
(iii) Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
(iv) Up and Down converters
(v) Monitoring and Control
• RF signal and IF signals: RF signal is coming from an antenna. So it contains electromagnetic
waves. But when the signal is processed using electronics circuits, the range of frequency may not
be sufficient. So that RF has to be convert to some other frequency acceptable by the circuit. And
IF is the intermediate frequency used for tuning & other purpose.
• Up conversion is the translation of intermediate frequency to RF frequency while Down conversion
is translation of RF frequency to intermediate frequency (a)Up Conversion (b)Down Conversion
• LNA (Low noise Amplifier) is a special type of amplifier used in communication systems to
amplify very weak signals captured by an antenna. LNA is often located very close to an antenna.
• Need of LNA -The signal received by the antenna has a lot of noise. The signal is very close to
noise level and any degradation of SNR of the signal will make the signal level go below the noise
floor. This will cause the signal to be lost and we can’t get the data from the signal. As the NF of
the system is mainly determined by NF of the first device if the gain is very high. As LNA has a
very low noise figure and a very high gain, so the noise figure of the system is very low. The
arrangement of antenna followed by LNA is called as an active antenna. Thus LNA is one of the
most important part of the RF front end.
• RF power amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that converts a low-power radio-frequency
signal into a higher power signal. RF power amplifiers drive the antenna of a transmitter. A voltage
or a current amplifier does not have sufficient POWER (volts V x current I).Thus we need a Power
amplifier.
Block diagram of Satellite Earth Station
Draw block diagram of satellite subsystem
DTH-Direct To Home

• The idea of DTH was first provided to India in 1996. But it was not
approved then as there were concerns about national security. But the
laws were changed by the year 2000 and thus DTH was allowed.
• Ku-Band frequency is used for all the DTH.
Basic components of DTH system
INDOOR UNIT

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